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ROMANTICISM. 257 ROMBLON. pions asserted the right of the man of letters to proceed untrammeled. to clioose his (hemes from whatever source might please liim and to treat them as he liked: and they further demanded that the product should bo judged by itself, irre- spective of what somebody else has done. Though no one country can delinitcly claim the glory of the achievement, it is yet to be observed that the awakening took place earliest in England. In literature the results liave been greatest for Eng- land and France. Germany's poets of the first rank did not belong, strictly speaking, to either of her romantic schools. Un the other hand, from one of the impulses of romanticism — the re- vival of heroic legend — has come that wider movement which has culminated for Germany in national unity. Bibliography. Beers, A History of English liiiii(iiiticism in the Eighteenth Century (New Vork. 1899) ; id., A History of English Romanti- cisiii in the Nineteenth Century (ib., 1901); Phelps, English Romantic Movement (Boston, 1893) ; Herford. Age of ^yor(lsworth (London, 1897): Gates. Studies (ind Appreciations (New York. 1900); Gautier, Histoire dii roniantisnie (Paris. 1874); Pellissier, Moiirrnicnt Ulteruire an XlXcnie sieele (ib., 1889; Eng. trans.. New Vork, 1897); Heine, Die romantischc Schiile (Hamburg, 1836; Eng. trans.. New York, 18S2) : Hettner, Die ronumtische Schiile (Braun- schweig, 1850) : Haym, Die romantische Schule (Berlin. 1870) : Scherer, Gesehichte der deutschen Litterntur (1883: Eng. trans.. New York, 1886) ; Brandes, Main Currents in yineteenlh Century Literature, vol. ii., "The Romantic School in Germany" (Eng. trans., London, 1902). ROMANTIC SCHOOL OF MUSIC. See Misii', Schools oi' ( 'om position. ROMA'NTJS. The name of four Byzantine emperors. KoMANUs I., Lec.apenus. was Em- peror from 919 to 944. He was born in Ar- menia of poor parents. He entered the Imperial fleet, was high admiral on the accession of Constantine VII.. Porphyrogenitus. and by in- trigue became Augustus in 919. His reign was filled with war; the Bulgarians were bought oflf in 926 and again a few years after; and in 941 Romanus was victorious over a great Russian fleet under Ingor. In 944 Constantine formed a league with Ronianus's two sons, deposed him and forced him into a monastery, where he died after four years (948). Constantine's son, Ro- itANUs II. " (c.930-963) . succeeded his father in 9.59. He lived a life of ease and was poisoned by his wife. Theophano. His granddaughter Zoewas married by her father, Constantine VIII., to Rojiaxus III., Aroykus (c. 968-1034), who was comi)elled to divorce his first wife and assume the Empire in 1028. With an excellent policy, he was unsuccessful for lack of administrative ability. It is supposed that he was put out of the way by Zoe. who was in love with a general, Michael Paphlago. Romanus IV., Diogenes ( ?-1071 ) , made freciuent attempts to revolt under Constantine Ducas, and after the hitter's death was arrested on the charge of plotting against Eudoxia, Constantine's widow, wdiose passion for him as soon as she saw him rescued Romanus from death and brought him to the throne ( 1068) . After a few years of successful war against the Seljuks, he was defeated by Alp-Arslan (q.v. ), and was killed in the sunie year by a revolution- ary parly in Cnnstantinople. ROMAN WALL. I he remains of the lincH of defense erected by the Uonianx to protect the northern boundary of Britain. We tirst hear o( such defenses against the tribes of Ciileduiiiii, when -Xgrieola built a chain of forts to secure liitt conquests north of the Clyde. Of these, however, few, if any, traces remain, unless in a fort at Camelon, near Kalkirk. Across tlic narrow neck, about 35 miles in wi<ltli. between the Kirtli of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, under the Emperor Antoninus Pius about A.». 142. was built a ram- part of turf, with a broad ditch on the norlli and a military road on the .south. A chain of eighteen forts furnished stations for the garri- sons. This line was held for less than lifty years, and then the Romans fcdl back to a southern line, already established by Hadrian, which cro.s.st'd the island from the Solway to Xewcastleon-tlic- Tyne. Here, about A.n. 120, there was a similar turf rampart, protected by a ditch, and having a length of about 80 miles. Nearly ninety years later vScptimius Severus swrns to have replaeeil this by a stone wall, which followed in general the same eour.se. This wall is still so far preserved as to be easily traced. South of it. at an irregular distance, ran the vallum, which was simply a broad ditch with a low mound on each side. It does not seem to have had a military purpose, but was apparently a boundary mark. South of this was a chain of detached forts, connected by a road, and with castles and watch towers at in- tervals. The term Roman Wall is also sometimes ap- plied to the Limes or boundary wall or palisade erected by the Romans to mark the frontier be- tween the Rhine and the IlanidH-. This work was really in two sections. (Jne. forming the north- ern Ijoundary of Rhaetia, ran from Hienhcim on the Danube. "near Regensbiirg. almost due west to a point near Stuttgart: the other, starting from the Rhine, nearly opi)osile Rheinbrohl. ran at first southeast, and then turned more to the south until it joined the Klurtian line. At first both were little more than a palisade and ditch, with a second line of wooden towers and forti- fied camps. Later the line of Upi)er Germania was defended by an earthen rampart, and that of Rh.-etia by a stone wall. Stone camps and towers replaced the wooden structures of the second line. Similar forts defended the line of the Danube along Pannonia and Noricimi. though here no outer boundary line was ni>eded. ROMBERG. i-omlicrK. Andreas (1767-1821). A Gerinau violinist and composer, born at Vechta, near Jliinster. In Paris he was engaged as vio- lin .soloist at the Concerts Spirituels ami snb.se- quently made several tours. He lived in Ham- burn- (1801-15). and then succeeded Spohr as Court kapellmeister at (Jotha. He wrote eight operas which are unimportant, and many violin concertos, symphonies, and string quartets, sev- eral of theiii of great excellence, but is most fa- mous for his choral and solo works with orches- tra, of which the best known are those set to Schiller's poems, as "Die Glocke." -'Die Kindes- monlcrin," and "Monolog der .Iiingtrau von Or- leans." ROMBLON, rAtn-blon'. A group of islands forminir a separate province of the Philippine Islands. The group belongs to the Visayas, and