Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/308

BOON. 280 ROOSEVELT. commander of the Fourteenth Division, and six months later beeiune liouteiiant-general. In 185!) he was made Minister of War. and in 18(il beeame also Minister of Jlarine, hold- ing that olliee for 10 years. The splendid elVeet- ivencss of the German arm.y in 1806 and 1870-71 was due in very great measure to Von Koon's talents as an organizer and administrator. On January 1, 1873, he was made President of the Cabinet, and Field-Marshal. He resigned No- vember 9, 1873, the ministry of war and the presidency of the Cabinet, as Bismarck found it ncc<'ssary to combine his position as Imperial Chancell'or with that of President of the Cabinet. Vim Kcion, who was a pupil of Karl Ritter, wrote a number of authoritative Geographical works, the best known of which is the Anfanr/sgriinde drr Enl-. Viilkcr- and S1aatenl:unde ( 1834) . Consult : Waldcniar Count Rooii. Denkiourdiglceiten aus dcii) Lchen di:i (!cneiaI-Feldmarschalls Graf en von Hoon (2 vols., Breslau, 1892) ; id., Kriegsminis- ter von Roon als Redner (ib., 1895-96). ROOS, ros, JoHANN Heinkich (1631-85). A Gernuin animal painter and etcher, born at Otter- berg in the Palatinate. Early in life he went to Amsterdam, where he studied under Juliaen du Jardin, Barend Graat, and Adriaen de Brie. In 1650-54 he visited Italy. France, and England, in 1657 .settled at Frankfort, and in 1673 was appointed court painter to the Elector-Palatine. At first Boos painted portraits and genre scenes, but soon turned to those animal pieces with land- scape surroundings, for which he is famous, ex- celling particularly in the representation of sheep. His works, notwithstanding their great finish and his comparatively short life, are very numerous ■and are to be found in the Pinakothck in Munich, in Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, and Frankfort, wliile two may be seen in the collection of the Histor- ical Society, New York. His forty-four etchings are also held in great esteem. His son and pupil, Philipp Peter (surnamed Rosa di Tivoli) (1655-1705), born at Frankfort, painted land- scapes and animals, in his earlier period in the style of his father; but in 1677 he went to Rome, studied under Brandi, whose daughter he mar- ried, and after settling at Tivoli, whence his sur- name, he adopted a peculiar style of his own, painting life-size figures and animals in a broad manner and a heavy brown tone and producing a rather unpleasant etTect. Another son and pupil, .lOHANN Melciiior (1659-1731), born at Frankfort, was an animal and portrait painter. The Darmstadt and Stuttgart museums contain each a "Stag Hunt" and a "Boar Hunt." the Dresden Gallery. "Stags Under an Oak" (1714), and the Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort, a "Lion Fam- ily in a Landscape" (1716). ROOSA, roo'si, Daniel Bennett St. John ( 1838— ) . An American physician, born at Bethel, Sullivan County, N. Y. He graduated in 1860 at the medical school of the University of New York, was assistant-surgeon in the Fifth New Y'ork Volunteers' three-months' troops, be- came resident surgeon at the New York Hospital in 1862, and in 1864, after study in Europe, be- gan practice in New York City. From 1863 to 1882 he was professor of diseases of the eye and ear in the medical school of the Univer.sity of the City of New York (now New York Univer- sity), and from 1875 to 1880 held a similar diair in the University of Vermont (Burlington). In 18S8 he was appointed professor of diseases of the eye in the New York Post-()raduate Medical Si'hool, of whose faculty he also beeame presi- dent. He was one of the founders of the Man- hattan Eye and Ear Hospital. Among his orig- inal works are: A Treatise on the liar (1860) and On Die 'Necessity of Wearing Glasses (1877). ROOSEVELT, ro'z'-velt, Nicholas J. (1767- 1854). An American inventor. He was born in New York City. His claim to distinction is based upon his invention of the vertical ])addle-wheel for use in steamboats. As early as the Revolu- tion he used the idea in a small boat in which there were two side-wdieels that were turned by springs. In 1797, together with R. R. Living- ston and John Stevens, he built a steamboat; but, as contrary to his advice, chains and floats were used instead of paddle-wheels, the boat proved a failure. Financial difficulties prevented him from following out his idea, and ultimately Fulton adopted it with success. In 1809 Roose- velt, after considerable controversy with Fulton, entered into a partnership with him for the in- troduction of steamboats on western waters. Two years later Roosevelt built at Pittsburg the boat New Orleans, and successfully navigated her down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New Or- leans. Consult Latrobe, "A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat," in vol. v. of the Marij- land Historical Society Fund Publication (Balti- more, 1871). ROOSEVELT, Robert Barnwell (1829—). An American autlior and reformer. He was born in New York City, and was the son of Nicholas van Schaick Roosevelt and an uncle of Theodore Roosevelt. He was admitted to the bar in 1850, and practiced with success for many years. In 1867 he brought about the formation of the New York State Fishery Commission, and until 1888, when he became United States Minister to Hol- land, was one of its commissioners. He first en- tered active politics as an opponent of the Tweed 'Ring,' and as an organizer of the 'Com- mittee of Sevent}',' as vice-president of the Re- form Club, and as an editor of the Citizen, he did much to break up that organization. In 1870 he was elected to the lower House of Con- gress, and served there with credit. He published: The Game Birds of North America (I860) ; The Game Birds of the North (1860) ; Superior Fishing (1866) ; Florida and the Game Water Birds (I86S) ; and Progressive Petticoats (1871). ROOSEVELT, Theodore (1858—). The twenty-sixth President of the LTnited States, born in New York City, October 27, 1858. He was edu- cated at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1880, and afterwards attended the law school of Columbia University. He turned early to poli- tics and was elected to the New York Assembly in 1881 as an opponent of the Tammany Hall ma- chine. There, for more effective service, he allied himself with the Republican minority, although not a member of that party, and for three terms, 1882,-83,-84, was its leader. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884 and in the same year removed to Medora, N. Dak., where he conducted a ranch for two years. As the Republican candidate for Mayor of New York in 1886, he opposed Henry George, Single-Taxer, and Abram S. Hewitt, Democrat, the successful candidate. From 1889 to 1895 he was a mem-