Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/333

ROSS. 301 ROSS. colonel in 1703 and apiminteil jiovernor of Tort (ietiige, and became general in 1812. ROSS, Alexander (1783-1850). A Canadian aulliur and [lioneer. He was born in Xainsbire, Scotland; emigrated to Canada in 1805, taught school for a time in Glengarry, Upper Canada, and in 1810 went with John Jacob Astor's expe- dition to Oregon. About 1825, after many years' senice with the Hudson's Bay Company, he set- tled in the Red River country, and held some offices there. He wrote Adrtii lures of the First Settlers uii the Oregon, or Coliiiiihia Hivcr (1849), The Fur Buulers of the Far West (1855), and The Red River fiettleuieiit, Its Rise, Progress, and Present State (185(i). ROSS, Alkxaxder MiLTOX (1832-97). A Ca- nadian naturalist, born in Belleville, Ontario, December 13. 1832. He studied medicine in New- York and took his degree in 1855. During the Civil War he served as a surgeon in the Federal army, and at its close served in ilexico under Juarez. He then rctirned to Canada and de- voted himself to the study of natural history. He published: Recollections of An, Aholitionist (lS(i7l: Birds of Canada (1872); Buttcr/lics and Moths of Canada (1873) ; Flora of Canada (1873) : Forest Trees of Canada (1874) ; ilum- mals. Reptiles, and Freslncatcr Fishes of Catuidu (1878) ; Vaccination a Medical Delusicm (1885) ; Medical Practices of the Future (1887). ROSS, Edward Al.swortii (1806—). An American economist and sociologist, born in Virden. 111. He graduated at Coe College, Cedar Rapids, in 1880, and took graduate courses at Berlin and in Johns Hopkins University. He was , appointed professor of economics at Indiana University in 1891, associate professor of po- litical economy at Cornell in 1892, and from 1893 to 1900 was professor at Leland Stanford University, first of economics and then of so- ciolog}". His resignation from this post under pressure in 1900 aroused some excited discussion of the right of academic free speech. After- wards he was appointed professor of sociology' in the University of Nebraska. His publications include: Sinking Funds (1892); Honest Dollars, a free-silver pamphlet (1896); and Social Con- trol, a Surcey of the Foundation of Order ( 1901 ) . ROSS, Edward Dexiso- (1871 — ). An Eng- lish Orientalist. He studied at University Col- lege, London, specialized in Oriental languages at the University of Paris and Strassburg, traveled in the East, and after five years in the chair of Persian at University College, in 1901 became principal of the Calcutta JIadrasa. He published: A History of the Moyhuls of Central Asia — a translation of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of llirza Haidar (1898) ; The Heart of Asia (with Skrine. 1899) ; and a biographical sketch of Omar Khavvam prefixed to an edition of Fitz- Gerald's version (1900). ROSS, George (1730-79). A signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was born in Kew Castle. Del., .studied law with an elder brother in Philadelphia, and established himself at Lancaster, Pa. In 1768 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature, and was repeated- ly reelected. He espoused the cause of the Indians and strove to protect them against unscrupulous whites. He was one of the seven delegates from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress of 1774, continued a nienilier of that body until .January, 1777, and .signed the Decluni'tiori uf Judepeudenee. During the .same jwriod lie con- tinued to sit in the I'eniisylviinia Lcgislutiire, and in that capacity did nnuh tuwurd putting the .State into a condition of defense. In .Vpril, 1779, Ire was coniniissiimed Judge of the IN'mi- sylvania Court of Admiralty. Inil died nut lung after taking oUice. Consult Dwiglil, lArta of Iha Signers (New York, 1876). ROSS, Georce Wiu.iAM (1841 — ). A Ciinn- dian educator and statouian, born near Nair, Out., and educated in the Toronto Normal School and in the Law School of Albert I'niversity. He was called to the bar in 1887, anil at llint lime liad long been iirominent in educational af- fairs, and from 1872 to 1883 had bwn a Liberal member of the Dominion Commons, where he urged reciprocity with the United States. In 1883 he became Minister of Education for On- tario, and in 1899 was named Premier and Treasurer of the Province. He became well known as an orator and lecturer, and an agitator for temperance reform and |>rohibition. He wrote Life ami Times of Alexander MavLcnzic, with William Buckingham (1892), and Thr (niriTsi- ties of Canadji, Their History and Origin- (1S96). ROSS, Sir James Clark (1800-021. An Eng- lish navigator and .Vrctic and . laretic ex- plorer, born in London. He entered the navy under his uncle. Sir .lohn Ross, in 1812, accom- panied liim on his first expedition to discover the Northwest Passage in 1818, and participated in the voyages of Captain Parry in 1819 to 1825, and also in 1827, when Parry nuule the highest point north reacjied up to that time, lie then served on the four years' expedition of his uncle in his second attempt to find the Northwest Passage. On this expedition the younger Ross made himself famous by his Jjrilliant sledge jour- neys. He discovered King William Land and determined the position of the north magnetic pole oti" the west coast of Boothia Felix (1831). In 1834 he was made a |)ost-ca])tain. In lS3'.t he was put in command of the expi'dition suggested by the Royal Society and the Uoval Geographi- cal Society for the" discovery o{ the southern magnetic pole. In 1840 his. two vessels, the Erebus and the Terror, pushed through the ice pack southward of New Zealand, sailing along the 170th meridian, east longitude, and on .lanu- ary 11, 1841, he discovered in latitude 71° 15' S." a new land, rising in high |H-aks. Ross pushed in a southerly direction along the coast, landing at two islands named by him Pos- session Island and Franklin Island, and on .lanuary 28th came upon an active volcano more than 12,000 feet high, which he named Mount Erebus, and an extinct volcano more than 1(1,000 feet high, which he named Mount Terror. He then sailed to the eastward along a Imrrier of ice some 300 feet high, and returned to Tas- mania. He named the lU'W territory Victoria Land. It is the largest land mass yet found in the southern polar regions, and has been revisited by several other expeditions. (See Polar Ke- SEAKfU.) In the succeeding year he revisited this land and reached a latitude of 78° 10' S.. which remained the lowest southern record until 1900. In the course of his first voyage he had fotind open water at n spot where Lieutenant Wilkes of the United States Navy, who had