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ROUSSEAtr. 320 ROUSSILLON. and had ooinniaiul of Fort Rosccians iindor Gen- eral Thomas in the Xashville campaign. After the war he became a member of the National House of Representatives, and while serving in this capacity he made an assault upon Josiah B. Grinnell of Jowa, was censured l)y the Hovisc, and resigned, but was reelected during the follow- ing recess. In 1807 he was made a brigadier- general in the Regular Army, and was sent to Alaska, where he received the formal transfer of that Territory from Russia. At the time of his death in 18G9 he was commander of the Department of the Gulf. ROUSSEAU, Philippe (1816-87). A French jiainUr. lie was born in Paris in 1816, and was a pupil of Gros and Victor Bertin. He be- gan as a landscape jjainter, but later painted chiefly animals, fruits, and flowers, ranking with Chardin and Decamps in depicting mon- keys. His painting lield the qualities of the Dutch School and was deep, broad, and har- monious in color. Ivory work, metal or porce- lain bowls of glowing fruit, he displayed to per- fection against a background of exquisite tone. Among his works are: "Storks Taking a Siesta," '"The Jlonkey Photograph," "Le rat de ville et la rat dcs champs." etc. ROUSSEAU, Theodore ( 1812-67 ) . A Frencli landscape painter, of the Barbison School, born at Paris, April 15, 1812, the son of a well-to-do bourgeois tradesman. He was the brother of Philippe Rousseau. At the age of fourteen he produced "The Signal Station," which secured for liim ])ennission to devote himself to art. He studied under Remond and Lethi&re. As a pupil of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts he revolted against the prevailing classicism, and though competing for the Prix de Rome in 1831, he produced, in- stead of the historical landscape set for a subject, a "Site d'Auvergne," that failed of the prize but determined his own independent course. In 1834 he received a third-class medal for "Les Cotes de Grandville." but when he ne.t essayed the Salon with his "Descente des Vaches," he found himself, along with Decamps, Delacioix. Champ- martin, and other Romanticists, shut out from exhibition. Academic hostility lasted until the reform of the Salon jury in 1848, and the con- sequence to Rousseau wa.s a bitterness of spirit hardly appeased by his later honors. At the Exposition Universelle in 1867 he was made president of the French jury, and received the grand medal of honor by the votes of all the juries of the various nations. His later life was passed at Barbison. where he built his home in 1848. He was a recluse from society, married to a peasant woman who became stricken with insanity and whom he tenderly cared for. On December 20, 1867, he succumbed to paraly- sis, attended to the last by the painter Millet, his most intimate friend. A distinguishing char- acteristic of Rousseau's art is the remarkable balance of intellectual and emotional qualities. He has well been called the epic poet of land- scape art. He chose the most solid features of the landscape, the vigor of oak and beech tree, the .structural emplacement of rock and hills, the serene placidity of water and plain. Always a good and careful draughtsman, his early pictures show almost an over-insistence on details; the eye is carried back into remote reaches of dis- tance, from point to point of subtlv developed planes. But he never sacrificed breadth and har- mony of color. In 1833 Rousseau took u]) his aliode at Barbi- son and spent his life mainly in painting scenes of the forest. He visited Brittany in 1837 and painted his "Avenue of Chestnuts;" he also painted in the Ile-de-France, and in Berry and Gascony, but no characteristic feature of the forest of Fontainebleau escaped his eye and brush. Many of Rousseau's masterpieces are owned by private collectors in America. His principal works include: "Landscape After a Rain;" "Edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau" ( 1852, Louvre) ; "Hoar Frost," in the Walters Collection. Balti- more, and "Fens in the Landes" {1854, Louvre) ; "The Gorges of Apremont" (1859, in the Vander- bilt collection. New York) ; "Le chene de roehe" ( 1861) ; "Road in the Forest," and "Setting Sun" (1866), both in the Louvre. Consult: Sensier, Souvenir sur Theodore Rousscdu (Paris, 1872) ; Gensel, Millet imd Rousseau (Bielefeld, 1902) ; Muther, History of Modern Paint iny (London, 1896) ; Coffin, in Van Dvke, Modern French Mas- ters (New York, 1896).' ROUSSEL, roo'sel', Gerard (c.1480-1550). A French reformer, born near Amiens. He was an intimate friend of Lef&vre d'Estaples (see Faber), and, like him, embraced the Reforma- tion and boldly defended it, with the view that he could do so without separating himself from the Catholic Church. He taught iu the college of Cardinal Le Moine. in Paris, but in 1521 his religious views brought him under disfavor, and he went to Bishop Bregonnet. at Meaux, another of the open sympathizers with the Reformation. But persecution followed him and he went to Stras.sburg (1525). The next year the Queen of Navarre, Marguerite d'Angoulcme, made him her confessor, and under her powerful protection and patronage he lived securely. She had him ap- pointed to the Bishopric of 01#ron (1536). Early in 1550, while preaching at Mauleon against the excessive number of ecclesiastical festivals, he was set upon by a fanatic and fatally injured. Consult his Life by Charles Schmidt (Strassburg, 1845) and the letters and notes given by Hermin- gard, Correspondance des ref amies (2d ed., Paris, 1878). ROUSSET, roS'sa', Camille FfiLix IMichel (1821-92). A French historian, born in Paris. He became professor of history at Grenoble iu 1843. and from 1845 to 1863 held the chair of history at the Coll&ge Bourbon in Paris. In 1864 he was appointed historiographer and librarian to the Minister of War, a post which he held until 1876. He was elected to the French Acad- emy on December 30, 1871. Among his works the following deserve mention: Precis d'hisioire de la Revolution fran^aise (1849); Hisioire de LoKvois et de son administration politique et militaire (1861-63); Les volontaires de 1791- 9]t (1870) ; Histoire de la guerre de Crimee (1877) ; La conquete d'Alger (1879) ; Les com- mciicenients d'une conquete (1887). ROUSSILLON", roa'se'yoN'. Formerly, a province of Southern France, lying between Lan- guedoc. Foix. the Pyrenees, and the ilediterra- nean; now comprised within the Department of Pryen#es-Orientales. (See. under France, map showing former French provinces.) Its capital was Perpignan (q.v. ). Its ancient inhabitants were the Cardones, whose capital, Ruseino, gave