Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/360

KOYAL SOCIETY. 328 ROYER-COLLAKD. amended in l(jti;j, and on ilay 13th of that year the council of the lloyal Society met for the first time. From the outset the society established and niivintained correspondence with men of philo- sophical attainments on the Continent, from which spranp tlic well-known work of the society, I'hilosophicdl Tidiisaclions, the first number of which appeared in Marcli, 1665. By 1750 there had l)een fovir liundred and ninety-six numbers, or forty-six volumes, issued, and it was decided lliat thereafter the work be publislied annually in volumes, under the superintendence of a com- mittee of the council. In 1666, on invitation of Henry Howard, of Arundel, the home of the society was clianged to Arundel House. Howard also presented the council with the library of his grandfather, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, which was the foundation of the fine library of over 45,000 volumes now possessed by the society. In 1710 the society moved from Arundel House to Crane Court, where it remained until 1780, when the Covernment assigned it apartments in Somerset House. The present home of the society is Bur- lington House. The Royal Society, among other duties, has the administration of the annual Government grant of £2000 to be divided among a limited number of persons as compensation for outlay incurred by them in scientific research during the year. Four medals are awarded every year, viz. one Copley, two Royal, and a Davy. The Copley Medal was founded on a bequest from Sir Godfrey Copley in 1700, and is awarded to the living author of such philosophical research, either published or com- municated to the society, as may appear to the council to be deserving of that honor. The Royal Medals were established by George IV. and are awarded annually for the two most important contributions to science published in the British dominions not more than ten years nor less than one year from making the award. The Davy Jledal was founded by Dr. .lohn Davy, brother o*f Sir Humphry Davy," and is bestowed annually for the most important discovery in chemistry in Europe or British America. Foreign members of scientific eminence, to the number of fifty, are also eligible for membership. The session of the society lasts from November to June, ordinary meetings being held weekly. Papers are read at various times and during the year are piiblished in either the PhUosopliiraf Trnnsdclions or the Proceedings of the society. ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. An examining and degree-conferring institution, situated in Dublin, Ireland. It was established by the University Education Act of 1S79 and was formally organized in 1880. The Queen's Uni- versity in Ireland, established in 1850 and con- sisting of the Queen's College at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, was dissolved in 1880 and super- seded by it. It confers the various degrees in arts, sciences, engineering, music, medicine, and law. Diplomas are also granted in treatment of mental diseases, sanitary science, teaching, and agriculture. Both sexes are equally eligible for the examinations. ROYAN, rwii'yaN'. A seaside resort in the Department of Charente-Inf&ieure, France, at the mouth of the Gironde, 22 miles southwest of Rochefort. It is a well-built town with a hand- some municipal casino. Royan dates from a priory in which the Abbe dc Brantome wrote part of his memoirs. As a Huguenot strong- hold it was besieged by Louis XIII. in 1622. rermanent population, in 1901, 8374. ROYCE, .JcsiAii (1855-). An American philosopher, born at Grass Valley, Nevada Coun- ty, Cal. He graduated at the University of Cali- fornia (Berkeley) in 1875, studied also' at Leip- zig, Gottingen, and the Johns Hopkins University (Ph. D., 1878), in 1878 was appointed instructor in English in the University of California, and in 1882 instructor in philosophy in Harvard. In 1885 he became assistant professor, and in 1892 was advanced to the chair of the history of phi- losophy. In addition to a work of fiction. The Feud of Oakfield Greek (1887), his publications include A Primer of Logieal Analysi», for the Use of Composition Students (188'l), The Re- ligious Aspect of Philosophy (1885), Calif m-nia from the Conquest in ISJ/S to the Second Vigi- lance Committee in San Francisco (1886; in the "American Commonwealths" serie.s ) , The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (1892), The Conception of God (1895). Studies of Good and Evil (1898), The Conception of Immortality (1900; Ingersoll lecture on Immortality. Harvard), and The World and the Indiridual (2 vols., 1900-01: .series i., The Four Historical Conceptions of Being; series ii.. Nature, Man, and the Moral Order), being the Gifford lectures delivered at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1899- 1900. Professor Royce also wrote a brief Psy- chology (1903), laying particular emphasis upon the psychical characterization and development of the "self.' In metaphysics Royce is considered to be one of the foremost exponents of neo-Hege- lianism in America, and his work in popularizing and interpreting the abstrusities of Hegel has been of great importance. Of still greater sig- nificance have been his original contributions, especially on the development of the concept of the '.self or individual, his expositions of ideal- ism, his doctrine of truth and error, and his in- sistence upon the ethical aspects of philosophy. ROYER-COLLARD, rwii'ya' ko'lar', Pieree Paul (I76:M845). A French statesman and philosopher, born at Sompuis (Marne). He prac- ticed law and held various offices after the out- break of the Revolution. Being proscribed for his moderate views during the Reign of Ter- ror, he returned to his old liome at Sompuis, and lived as a farmer, in order to evade the suspicions of the Jacobins. In 1797 he was elected to the Council of the Five Hundred, but after the 18th Fructidor he retired from pol- itics. In 1809 he accepted the chair of phi- losophy in the newly created L'niversity of France and soon came to exercise an immense influence on philosophic thought in France. He rejected the sensualist sy.stem of Condillae, and adopted an eclectic philosophy, giving special prominence to the principles 'of the Scotti-sh school of Rcid and Stewart. In August. 1815. he Avas appointed president of the Commission of Public Instruction, which office he held, with the title of councilor of State, till July, 1820. In 1815 also the electors of Marne chose him as their Deputy. In 1817 Royer-Collard for the first time withdrew his support from the Government, and in 1819 the rupture was com- plete. In spite of his royalist leadings, he found- ed the political party of the Doctrinaires in 1820