Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/381

BUGS. 34^3 RUKWA. sides instead of one. They were tiisl uiunufiic- tured in Glasgow, in hit or miss and mottled patterns, from the waste elienille of carpet nianii- faeture. They were introduced about 1S80 into America, where, in place of a mottled de- sign, the patterns were copied from Oriental rugs and the goods were given their name of Smyvnas. JIosAlc WOOL rugs are made of variously col- ored woolen threads, arranged so the ends form a ])attern. These tlireads, about 17 feet long, are stretclied tirmly in iron frames, in a di-nse mass. To convert the threads into separate rugs, with the pattern on each, tlu' up])er surface, composed of the ends of the threads, is cemented onto a canvas backing. When dry. the threads are cut across by a ver,v keen circular cutter, leaving a horizontal slice about ^5 of an inch thick adher- ing to the backing. This slice, when turned up, presents the original design in a soft nap of woolen threads. The ])roces9 is repeated until the whole mass is transversely cut up and forms about a thousand rugs. ()RiEKT.L is a general term for the hand-made rugs which are woven by the peasants of Western Asia, particularly of Turkey, Persia, Daghestan, and India. Their designs are chiefly geometrical figures or conventioiialized flowers. This is due to the fact that the weavers are Jlohammedans, whose religion forbids the representation of the forms of human beings or of animals. The colors uiost used and most durable are the blues, reds, and yellows. Formerly only animal and vege- tal)le dyes were used, producing colors of wonder- ful softness and durability. The advent of ani- line dyes has greatly deteriorated the perma- nency and beauty of Oriental colorings. In Per- sia the Government has forbidden their importa- tion and confiscates all brought into the country. The loom used for the weaving of an Oriental rug consists of a crude frame of poles and tree trunks. The threads of wool which form the ]>attern are attached to the warp by a running knot, and a weft thread is woven in at the back. The dirt'erent names which Oriental rugs bear are usually deried from the district in which they are woven. Formerly each district had its own peculiar patterns and coloring, so that it was easy to identify a rug at a glance. But since rugs have been made so extensively for the West- ern markets it is not so easy to determine the make. In general Turkish rugs are loosely woven of coarse yarn, with a long, thick pile. Among the most common varieties are the Carabagh, Syrian, and Daghestan, the Anatolian, and the Bok- hara. Of the Indian rugs the Candahars and Agras are perhaps the most beautiful. The Per- sian rugs are the handsomest Oriental rugs pro- duced. They are line, closely woven, with a short pile. Camel's liair is much used in their manufac- tiire. The Hamadan, Kirmau, Shirvan. Tehe- ran, Khorassan, Herat, and Kurdistan are well- known varieties. The jute rugs of China and .Japan are not dur- able in color or texture and are among the cheap- est and also the most unsatisfactoiy of floor cov- erings. Consult Mumford, Oriental Rtigs (Xew York, 1900) ; History and Miinitfdrtiire of Floor Cov- erinrif) (New York. 18i1!)). BtrHMKOEFF, n.im'korf, HEiNRicn Daniel (1803-77). A Gennan physicist and instrument maker, born at Hanover. In 1848 he founded at Paris an eslublishnient for the nianufiictiire of instruments and scientitic apparatu.-<, devoting himself especially to the ciinsi ruction of electrical and magnet ic iu'-truiiients. II ii nanu' is UHsoci- ated with a special form of induction coil which he invented in IS.'il. In lHi;4 lie was awarded a grand prizi' of jO.OOO francs for his applica tions of eleclricily. BUHNKEN, rmm'k.n, Davii. (l72:»-!t8). A (iernian classical phjiidogist. He was horn iiL Stoipe, L'omerania, ami studied at WitlenberK and I.e.vden. lie |)repared a new edition of Plato, collected the scholia of that author, and pub- lished an excellent edition of Tiniieus's hcxivuii I'ocHDi- I'latoniciirum (l7o4: reedited in a miuh im])roved form 17811). In 17lil lie wan a]i|i(iiiited to the chair of eloquence and history at I.eydcn. Ruhnken's chief service was in estab- lishing university instruction in (Jreek tlinmgli- out the Netherlands iijion the same bjisis as tliut in Latin. There are three collections of his let- ters, and his life has been written by his famous pujdl Wyttenbaeh ( I.eyrlen, 17il!); la.st ed. Frei- burg, 184(j). BUHB, rooi-. A river of Western Prussia, en- tering the Itliinc near Uuisburg, after a course of 14.J miles through an important industrial and mining region (Map: Germany. H .')). By means of 10 locks it has been made navigable 4ti miles. BUHROBT, roo'rort. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, at the junction of the Ruhr and the Khine, 12 miles west of Kssen (Map: Prussia, B 3). It has the largest river harbor in Europe, and possesses inunense shipbuilding (locks. It is the seat of a great coal trade. The uuinufactures incliule machinery and tin and iron ware. Population, in 1!)00, 12,407. BUIPEREZ. ron-e-p.-i'rath, I.ns (c.1832-67). A Spanish genre ])aint(r, born ;it .Murcia. .fter frequenting the academy of Barcelona, under Claudio Lorenzale ( 1814-89), and that of Madrid, he studied in Paris under Meissonier and be- came one of the most successful imitators of that master's style. The delicate and spirited touch of his pictures attracted nuich attention at the various exhil)itions in Paris and London, and the best of them found a ready sale in France and England, .mong these may be nu'iitioned: "A Novice of the Order of St. Francis" ( IS.')9, medal at Paris) ; "The Card Players" (l.S(i2( : "A Phi- losopher"; "Scene from Gil Bias" (1804, mednl at Madrid) ; "Orange Vender"; •■Fem'ing Les- son"; "A Violinist" (1807, great gold medal at X'ahMicia I . RUISDAEL. See Ruysdael. BTJIZ. rHo-eth'. .TfAX (?-c.l3.51). A Spanish poet, more commonly known as the .Vrchpriest of llila. Between 13.37 and IS.iO he was impris- oned by order of the Archbishop of Toletlo. Gil de .Vlbornoz. There he wrote most of his poetry, which, luider the title of lAhro de burn amor, is prefaced by a prose apologue iirging the mornl purpose of the work. The book involves a strange mixture of devotion, satire, humor, and hold at- tacks on the corruption of the Church, and in- cludes an unusual collection of fables. legends, and avioroHs stories. RUKWA, rook'va. . lake of German East Africa. See Rikwa.