indicate "I am directing my course to star- board;" two short l)lasts to indicate "1 am direct- ing my course to port;" and three short blasts to indicate '"My engines are going full speed astern." When a steam vessel is overtaking another she uHist keep out of the way of the other. When the vessels are crossing at an angle such that the overtaking vessel could not see the other's side liglits. if at night, the vessel coming up with the other shall l)e deemed an overtaking vessel. In narroxv chaiuiels every steam vessel must, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fairway or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. When a steam vessel and a sailing vessel are proceeding on such courses as to involve risk of collision, the steam vessel must keep out of the way of the other. When by any of the rules one of two vessels is required to keep out of the way of the other, the latter must keep her course and speed, but in interpreting the rules regard must be had to all dangers of navigation and to any special cireiuiistances which may render a de- parture from them necessaiy to avoid immediate danger, and nothing in any of the rules will ex- onerate any vessel or her master, owner, pro- prietor, or crew from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or keep a proper lookout, or to take any precaution which may be required by the common practice of sea- men or by the special circumstances of the case, and nothing in the rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any har- bor, river, or inland water. When two sailing vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, viz.: (a) A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of one which is close-hauled. (b) A vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of one which is clo.se-hauled on the starboard tack. (e) When both vessels are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. (d) When both are running free with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the one which is to leeward. (e) A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of one which has the wind on some other bearing. Distress Sign.ls. W'hen a vessel is in dis- tress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the sig- nals to be used or displayed by her, either to- gether or separately, viz.: In the daytime — ( 1 ) A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute. (2) The international code signal of distress indi- cated by NC. (See Plate with article Signals, M.iRiNE.) (3) The distance signal, consisting of a square flag having either above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball. (4) A con- tinuous sounding with any fog signal apparatus. At night — (1) A gun or other explosive sig- nal fired at intervals of about a niintite. (2) Flames on the vessel as from a burning tar bar- rel, oil barrel, etc. (3) Rockets or shells throw- ing stars of any color or description, fired one at a time, at short intervals. (4) A continuous sninding with any fog-signal apparatus. Copies of the complete rules may be obtained free of charge at naval branch Hydrographic Orticcs and at small expense from most dealers in nautical instruments. BlHLiouK.PHY. Holt, The Rule of lite Road (London, 1867) ; Thompson, A Treatise o>i the Law of Highicays (Albany, 1891); Marsdcn, .1 Treatise on the Law of Collisions of Sea (Lon- don, 1807) : Hughes, Handbook of Admiralty Law (.Saint Paul. 1901).' RULING MACHINE. A mechanical device by means of which parallel lines ma_v be ruled on a surface at regular or definitely spaced in- tervals. The ruling machine employed by en- gravers is a form of dividing engine (q.v. ) and is used in making tinted surfaces on blocks for printing. It consists of a tool that can be given a lateral motion by a screw or other device and a transverse or cutting motion as it is moved across the surface. The term ruling machine is also applied to a device used for ruling the lines in account and other blank books. This machine consists of a series of fountain pens or thread supplied with ink of the desired color, which press against the paper. See Dividing Engine. RUM (abbreviation of rumbullion or rum- booze, the first word being perhaps an extended form of rumble, and the latter from rum. good, Gyp.sy rom, husband, Rommani, Gypsy, from Hind, dfjm, domra, from Skt. dOmba, name of a low caste -|- booze, bouse, from JIDutch bfisen, Ger. hausen. to guzzle). A spirit made by fer- menting and distilling molasses and the refuse which accumulates in making cane sugar. The best rum is made from the ]Hire molasses ; a second grade is obtained from the skinnnings and other wastes of sugar-making. Fermentation is induced by the use of dunder; molasses is added, in the proportion of 6 to 100, and the fermenta- tion alloW'ed to continue to completion. When new. rum is white and transparent; its color is produced after distillation by adding caramel- color. Rum is greatly improved by age and when very old has a high commercial value. The man- ufacture was at one time an important industry in Xew England, but has constantly decreased. The best rum is made in .Jamaica. It owes its peculiar fiavor to butyric ether, which fact is taken advantage of to produce an artificial rum. Consult Sadtler, Organic Chemistrti (Philadel- phia, 1900). See Distilled Liquors or Ardent Spirits and Liquors, Fermented and Distilled, Statistics of.
RUMA′NIA. A kingdom of Europe, the most northeastern country of the Balkan States. It embraces the former principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (united in 1861) and the district called the Dobrudja, detached from Bulgaria in 1878. The Eastern Carpathians and their westward continuation, the Transylvanian Alps, presenting their convex side to Rumania, are the western and northern barriers separating the kingdom from Hungary. The Danube marks the line between Rumania and Bulgaria on the south, except in the extreme east of the country, where there is an artificial boundary. The Black Sea bounds the country on the east for a distance of about 130 miles. In the extreme north an artificial frontier extends between Rumania and Russia, and the Pruth separates them on the
