Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/465

SAGINAW. 425 SAGUNTUM. has necessarily led to the abandonment of its saw-mills and to a change in the nature of its industry. There are still large firms engaged in the manufacture of rough and dressed lumber, and sash, doors, and boxes. With the passing of the lumljer industry came the discovery of bituminous coal, the mining of which is now very important. More than 1,000,- 000 tons were mined in 1902. Three of the mines are within the municipal limits. A pro- ductive beet sugar district surrounds the city. In the census year 1900 the capital invested in the various manufacturing industries was $7,558,- 80(3, and the total output was valued at $10,- 034.499. This has been very largely increased since 1900, over $2,000,000 having been invested in new industries during 1902. Among the lead- ing establishments are the Saginaw Plate Glass Company (the only one in ilicliigan), with a yearly capacity of 1,000,000 square feet, and im- mense beet-sugar factories, which were built at a cost of over three-quarters of a million dollars each. Besides lumber, glass, and beet sugar, there is a great variety of manufactured prod- ucts. As an industrial point Saginaw ranks third in the State. Its railroads, radiating in eleven difltTent directions, comprise seven divi- sions of the Pfre Marquette, tliree of the Michi- gan Central, and the Grand Trunk Railroad. Tlie city is therefore the great distributing point for northern Michigan, and its wholesale houses are among the largest in the country. Under the revised charter of 1897, the govern- ment is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The majority of the ad- ministrative officials are either appointed by the mayor or elected by the council. The school board, however, is chosen bj' popular vote. For maintenance and operation, the city spends an- nually about $450,000, the chief items being: Schools, $142,000; interest on debt. $57,000: streets, $40,000; police department, $38,000; and for the fire department, $35,000. The water- works, which were constructed in 1872 at an outlay of $909,895, are owned by the municipal- ity. Saginaw was created in 1890 by the con- solidation of Saginaw City and East Saginaw. It was first settled in 1822. East Saginaw re- ceived a city charter in 1859. Population, in 1890, 40.322'; in 1900, 42,345. SAGINAW BAY. An arm of Lake Huron, 60 miles long and 20 miles wide, extending south- westward into the State of Michigan (Map: Michigan, K 5) . It receives the Saginaw River (q.v.). SAGINAW mVER. A short river of Michi- gan, formed by several headstreams at Saginaw City, and emptying into Saginaw Bay after a course of about 20 miles (Map: Michigan, J 5). It is navigable up to the city for steamers draw- ing 10 feet. SAGO (from Malay sSgfi, sagu, sago). A starch prepared from the pith of several species of palms (Mytroxylon. Borassus, Arenga, etc), natives of the East Indies. The pith constitutes a large proportion of the trunk and contains a considerable qiantity of starch, which is elabo- rated by the plant as a reserve material. The tree must be cut down after blossoming, otherwise it is useless for the production of sago, as the starch is used by the tree for the growth and development of the seed. The pith, sometimes ns much as 700 pounds from a single trw, is pounded in wooden mortars, the stjireh removed by washing with water and purified by sieving in the usual way. (See St.vkcii.) The finely di- vided sago (sago Hour) is worked into a ilougli by kneading and forced through sieves upon hot greased pans to form pearl sago. The dough forms granules, which become covered with a paste made from some of the starch by the action of heat. The finished product consists of translucent globes. Sago has the following per- centage composition: Water, 12.2; protein, 9.0; fat, 0.4; nitrogen-free extract (chielly starch), 78.1; ash, 0.3. It is an important article ot diet with the natives of the East Indies, and is largely exjiortcd to Europe and America for thickening soups, making puddings, etc. A | u- liarity of pearl sago is that the grains swell ami become still more translucent on cooking, but do not form a homogeneous paste. Imitation sago is made from potato starch and other starches. SAGRA, sii'gra, R.m6.n de l. (17981871). A Spanish economist and historian, born at Coruna. From 1822 imtil 1834 he was director of the botanical garden at Havana, Cuba, and then became an editor at Madrid. Among his numer- ous works are: Hislorica cconomica, politica y estadistica de la ishi de Gitba (1831) ; llistorica fisica, politica i/ natural dc la isla de Cuba (2 vols.. 1837-42); and Icones Plantariiin in Flora Cuhana Deseriiiturum (1803). SAGtTA LA GRANDE, sli'gwa la griin'dft. A town of Cuba, in the Province of Santa Clara, situated on the Sagua River, 5 miles from the north coast and 30 miles north of Santa Clara (Map: Cuba. E 4). It is a comparatively mod- ern town with wide streets, and has machine shops and lumber yards. The main article of export is sugar. The town is connected by rail with Santa Clara and Havana. Population, in 1899, 12.728. mostly whites, and a considerable number of Chinese. SAGUENAY (sag'e-na') RIVER. A large tribiitary of the Saint Lawrence River, falling into the estuarv-. on the north side, about 115 miles below Quebec (Map: (Quebec, F 2). It is the outlet of Lake Saint John, though its name is sometimes extended to the Chamouchouan, the main feeder of the lake, rising 150 miles to the northwest of it. The length of the Saguenay below the lake is about 1.30 miles. It leaves the lake in a series of rajiids. and for the first 30 miles is a narrow stream running between densely wooded hills. At Chicoutimi it widens out into a tidal estuary or fiord about two miles wide, and for the rest of its course it passes between bare and gloomy cliffs, rising to a sheer height of 1000 to 1800 feet, and broken here and there by deep, wooded, but equally gloomy cross val- leys. The water in this fiord has a mean depth in mid-channel of 800 feet, and in some places the depth exceeds 2000 feet. The largest ships can ascend to Ha Ha Bay, a few miles below Chicoutimi. SAGTTN'TTJM (Lat.. from Gk. zaito»#o«. Za- kanlhos). An ancient town, near the eastern coast of Spain, on an eminence near the mouth of the Pallantias (modern Palancia). about midway between the mouth of the Ehro and N'ew Carthage (Carthagena). Later tradition attributed its