Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/475

SAUTT AliBANS. -tSH (Map: Vermont, B 2). It is attractively situ- ated at an elevation of 400 feet, about two miles distant from Lake t'lianiplain. Near liy are the AUiis and liellevuc Hills, which atluril extended views of the (irecn Mountains, Lake Cliamplain, and the Adirondaeks. The city has a public library, the Warner Home for the Destitute, a hospital, and the Villa IJarlow Convent. Saint Albans is noted as the centre of large dairying interests, and has a large creamery, several but- ter and cheese making eslablishnu'nts, and manu- factories of iron and steel bridge work, iron roof- ing, and other iron i)rodncts. Shops of the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad also are here. Popula- tion, in 1000, (i^.SO. Saint Albans was incorporated as a village in 1850, and was chartered as a cjty in 1807. It was a rendezvous of insurrectionist leaders dur- ing the Canadian troubles of 1837-38. On Octo- ber 10, I8G4, it was raided by Confederates from Canada, who seized more than .$200,000 deposited in the local banks. In IStUi a i)arty of Fenians started from Saint Albans to attack Canada, and later a force of United ,States troops under (ien- eral Meade was stationed here to prevent further acts of hostility against Great Britain. Consult Tcrmmtt Historical Gazetteer (Burlington, 1807- 82). SAINT ALEXANDER NEVSKI, nff'sk^. A Russian military order founded by Peter the Great in 1722. It was first conferred by Catha- rine I. in 1725. Only those of the rank of major-general are eligible for the distinction. The decoration is an eight-pointed red cross with double eagles in the angles, and in the centre an image of the saint on horseback, armed. SAINT-AMAND, saN'ta'niaN'. A town in the Department of Nord, France, 7 miles north by west of Valenciennes, at the confluence of the Elnon and Scarpe rivers (Map: France, K 1). It is noted for its mineral springs and baths. The town hall is the most prominent structure and affords a magnificent view of the surrounding coimtry. The town is important for its manu- facture of iron and steel. Population, in 1901, 13,705. SAINT-AMAND, Imbert de. See Imbebt DE Sai.ntAmamj. SAINT- AMAND-MONT-ROND, moN-rON. The capital of an arrondisscment in the Depart- ment of Cher, France. 27 miles north by west of Montluoon. on the Cher River (Map: France, J 5). In the vicinity are interesting ruins of an old Roman city. The town is also noted as the birthplace of the great Condc. It played an im- portant part in the Hundred Years' War. Popu- lation, in 1001, 8320. SAINT-AMANT, seN'fal'mriN', Antoinr Gi- BARD, Sieur de (1504-1001). A French poet, born probably near Rouen. Gautier calls him the creator, with Scarron and Thcophile de Viau, ef burlesque poetry in France. The most important of his poems are: Mo'isc sauvi' dcs eaux, which contains some beautiful descriptive writing; Solitude, which Roileau calls his best work; and Alhion. a cirious picture of English manners. He published his (Fiivres pn^tiques, in 4 parts (1020, 1031, 1043, 1040), and a Der- nier reeveil in 1058. Consult Gautier, Les gro- tesques (Paris, 1844). SAINT-ARNAUD. SAINT AN'DREWS. A royal burRh, sea- port. ■.id watering place in Fifeshire, .Scothmd. on Saint An<lrcwM l!ay, 15 miles southenst of Dundee (Map: Scotland, K 3). It has two small harbors, and is one of the most fashionable of Scotch summer resorts, and its line g(df links stretch along the shore to the north of the town for two miles. Saint Andrews has been noted as an educational centre sinc^e 1120. (See Sai.nt Anukews, U.NivicusiTY OF.) The manufacture of golf clubs and balls is the chief indistry, .Saint -Xndrews being the headciuarters of golling in Scotland. Fishing gives considerable employ- ment, and coal is mined in tlu' neighlioiiiood. There are ruins of the cathedral conimenced in 1100 and destroyed in I .■)r)0, iif the castle dating from 1200, and of a Dominican monastery found- ed in 1274. Population, in 1001, 7li21. Consult the monograi)hs by Lang (London, 1803) and Boyd (il)., 1802; another vol., 1800). SAINT ANDREWS, Univeh.sity ok. The oldest Scotch university. It was founded in 1411 by Bishop Henry Wardlaw and eonlirmed by a bull of l'o])e Benedict XIII. It was modeled in most respects after the University of Paris (q.v. ), and from the very begiiming received the encounigemelit of the Scottish kings. By the middle of the sixteenth century there existed already three colleges: Saint Salvator, Saint Leonards, and Saint Mary, established in 1450, 1512, and 1537, respectively. They were at first devoted mainly to theology' and philosophy, and although originally intended to combat heresy, they became the strongholds of Protestantism, particularly Saint Leonards. In 1570 the col- leges were reorganized. Saint Salvator and Saint Leonards assuming the instructicm of philosopliy, law, and medicine, while theology was taught at Saint Mary's. The secular colleges were united in 1747. University College, founded by Dr. John Baxter and Miss Baxter in 1880, at Dundee, became atliliated with Saint .Andrews in 1800. The university library, founded in 1456, contains over 115,000 voUunes and manuscripts. The university's :ittcMdaii<c in 10(12 was 204. SAINT ANDREW'S CROSS. A cross with beams forming the letter X, so named l)ecause Saint Andrew is said to have suffered on such a, cross. Since it forms the initial of the tireek word for Clirist, it was held in great honor. It is also calleei Hurgundian cross, because it ap- peared in the l!nrgiindi:in arms. SAINT ANN, OiuiKii op. A Russian order founded in 1735 by Duke Charles Frederick of Holst<'in-(iottorp in memory of his wife, Anna Petrovna. In 1707 it was made a Russian order of merit, and its single class was divided into three, to which two classes, for military candi- dates, were .subsequently added. The decoration is a red cross bearing the inmge of Saint . n, and is worn by the first class in connection with an eight-pointed star with the Imperial crown and the device, "Amantibus .Tustitiiim, Pietatem, Fidem." The first class confers hereditary no- bility. SAINT ANTHONY, Falls of. See Minne- APOMS. . SAINT ANTHONY'S FIRE. Sec Ektsipe- LAK. SAINT-ARNAUD, sas'Ur'nA', .Iacqies Le- itoY DE (1790-1854). A French marshal, bom