Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/481

SAINTE-BEXJVE. 441 SAINTE GENEVIEVE. hissed him, and lie ri'si{;ned. lie was made Sena- tor in 18(i5, and. altliougli a partisan of Napoleon 111., distinguislied liiniself by liis plea.s for free- dom of .si)eeeli and of the press. He was in liis last years an acute snll'erer and lived mueli in retirement. Sainte-Beuve had vast knowledge, wonderful taet, and acute perception of what was vital and significant in his subjects. The mere bulk of his work (53 vols.) is imposing, and when we consider its precision,- subtlety, and delicacy, the whole stands alone in the litera- ture of criticism. A .selection of the Causei'ies in English appeared as English Portraits (New York, 1875), and another as Essays on. Men and M'omen (London, 1890). Consult: Sainte-Beuve, "Ma Biographic," in Xourcnux Itindis, vol. xiii. (Paris, 1863-72) ; Haussonville, Haintr-Beuve, sa vie, scs wucres (ib., 1875) ; Vattier, Hainte-Beuve (ib., 18!)2) ; Levallois, Sainte-Beuve (ib., 1872) ; Bruneti&re, Evolution des genres, vol. i. (Paris, 1889) ; id.. Manual of French Literature (Eng. trans. London, 1898) ; Pons, Sainte-Beuve et ses Inconnucs (Paris, 1879) : Troubat, Souvenirs du dernie)' secretaire de Sainte-Beuve (ib., 1890). SAINTE CHAPELLE, saNt shi'pel'. A chapel or uiatory built to receive relics of pe- culiar sanctit,y. The name is, however, commonly used to designate in particular the 'Sainte Cha- pelle du palais' at Paris, erected 1242-47 within the precincts of the royal palace, to serve at once as the chapel royal and as a depository for the crown of thorns and fragments of the true cross, brought from Jerusalem b.v Louis IX., at whose expense it was built. The architect was tlie cele- brated Pierre de Montreuil (see JIoNTREUiL) or de Jlontereau; and this, his master work, is just- ly regarded as one of the most consummate prod- ucts of mediieval architecture. The extraordinary rapidity of its construction resulted in a remark- able unity of style not found in Gothic buildings whose erection extended over considerable periods of time. Its execution is marvclousl.y refined and perfect. It consists of a lower or basement chapel, 24 feet high, and the main or upper chapel, pre- ceded b}' a superb open porch, vaulted likewise in two stories. The upper or main floor was on the level of the main floor of the palace, with which the porch communicated. The length over all is 135 feet, with a height of 128 feet to the ridge of the roof, above which rises a slender (modern) spire. The upper chapel is internally 105 feet long, 33 feet wide, and 64 feet high to the ridge of the vault; it is without colunms, and termi- nates in a polvgonal apse, in which once stood the shrine of the relics. The superb vault is carried and abutted by a construction of but- tresses, the space between which are wholly oc- cupied by magnificent traceried windows 50 feet high, filled with the most gorgeous stained glass; the effect is extraordinary in its sumptuousness of color and boldness of design. The exterior is no less remarkable in exemplif.ving the perfection of French Gothic construction and carving in the middle of the thirteenth century. The rose win- dow is of a later date. Other saintes chapelles were at Saint-Germain, Vincennes, and the Ab- bey of Saint-Germain-des-Prf's. Consult: De- Cloux and Doury, La Sainte Chnpelle (Paris, 1865) ; ViolIet-le-Duc, Dietlonnaire raisonni' de I'architecture, s. v. '■Chapelle," "Chapelles, Saintes" (ib., 18."i8-68). SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE, saNt'klftr'de- vcl', lli;.M<i lvni;..h; (lsl.S-81). A I'rcnch chem- ist, born at Saint Tliomas, West Indies. He received his education in France. For several years he was instructor at Hcsan<;on ; in 1851 he was appointed professor of ihcmistry at the Ecolc Normale and subse(|Uently also at the Sorbonne, in Paris. His chief work in theoretical chemistry consisted in a series of researches on the |)henomena of what he termed di.i<sociation, a peculiar and important class of ])h.Vsico-cliemical reactions, the study of which lias contributed greatly to our knowledge of the mechanism of reactions in general. Bv the use of a simple apparatus of his own invention, he demonstrated and succeeded in nuMisuring the dissociation of carbonic acid gas, sulphur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid gas. See Di.snociatkin. Deville founded two important industries, viz. the alumiiuun and the magnesium indus- tries. In 1854 he rediscovered independently and showed how to ap|ily on a large scale Woh- ler's method by which metallic aluminum is isolated by decomposing its chloride willi metal- lic potassium; instead of iiotassium Deville em- ployed the cheaper metal sodium, in the indus- trial production of which he introduced highly valuable improvements. Ingots of aluminum were exhibited by him, for the first time, at the Paris Exposition of 1855. By applying Wiihier's principle to magnesium, he succeeiled, jointly with Caron, in producing this metal, likewise, on a large industrial scale. His researches ou the metallurgy of platinum, carried out in con- junction with Debrav, have also proved of the highest importance. Deville wrote De I'alumi- nium, ses propriftes, etc. (1859) ; Mftallurijie du platine (jointl.y with Debray; 2 vols., 1863), etc. Consult Gay, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, sa vie ct ses travaux (1889). SAINTE CROIX, krwii. The largest of the Danish West India Islands. See Sakta CruZ. SAINTE CTJNEGONDE. Fr. pron. kvi'nft'- goxd'. A northwestern suburb of ilontreal. Can- ada, constituting a. city of Hochclaga County, Quebec. It is noted for its educational insti- tutions and has some manufactures. Population, in 1891, 9291; in 1901, 10,912. SAINT EDMUND HALL. The only re- maining hall or hotel of Oxford University. It is said to have derived its name from Saint Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Henry III., and to have been founded in 1226. At the "dissolution of the inonasteries, it came into the possession of Queen's College (1557), and since 1559 the perpetual riglit of nominating its principal has been vested in that societ.v by an act of congregation. The foundation consists of a principal and a vice-principal. There are ten exhibitions attached to the hall for students de- signed for holy orders. The buildings, dating from the seventeenth century, adjoin those of Queen's College, and the undergraduates of Snint Edmund are admitted to lectures in Queen's. SAINTE GENEVIEVE. A city and the county-seat of .Siinle (ienevieve County. Mo., 60 miles hy water south-southeast of Saint Louis; on the Mississippi P.iver (Map: ^lissouri. F 4). It is the shipping centre for a farming and stock- raising section, which also has deposits of build- ing stone and copper. Flour and beer arc the