Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/512

SAINT PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. 464: SAINT PETER. Paul's.' Ill 1131) the building sullVifd severely from fire, but was soon restored with gieater lua^iiificeuce, not finally eoinpleted till the latter pari of the century. Old Saint Paul's was the largest church in "the coinitiy, and the cloister was 90 feet square, with a beautiful chapter- house in the centre. In lOGU the great fire of London destroyed the old eathiHlral, whieh had twice previously sulVered serious damage from lightning and had fallen into dilapidation. Sir Christoi)her Wren (q.v.) was at first directed to arrange for the re- pair of the ruined cathedral, but he opposed this course, and it was finally decided to abandon the elfort and to clear away the site. The design at first prepared liy the architect was disapproved by the clergy, and' Wren was finally conii)elled to prepare a new design more nearly resembling Old Saint Paul's in plan, and this design, having been approved by King Charles II., was carried out, though witii many dianges of detail. The edifice was begun in llJTo and completed in 1710 under Queen Anne, during Wren's lifetime. The design tlius executed was a compromise, and most of its defects arise from the incom- patibility of the mediaeval plan forced upon the architect, with its excessive lengtli and small bays, and the Italian or classical style of archi- tecture in which it was carried out. In spite of all defects, however, it is a 'noble edifice and one of the finest creations of modern times. The spacious rotunda, as wide as the nave and side- aisles together, well suited to accommodate a vast congregation, rests on eight piers, and as many arches alternately of 38 and 22 feet span. It is in the treatment of the smaller or intermediate arches that the chief infelicity of the interior architecture is found, two superposed arches taking up the vertical space occupied by one of the larger arches, but in a manner exceedingly awkward and unsatisfactory. The nearly equal length of nave and choir prevents alike the im- pression of a long unbroken vista, and of a pre- dominantly central domical structure to which all else is subordinated. The total length is 490 feet; the internal width across the three aisles is 94 feet; the transepts are 240 feet over all (not including their columnar porches) : the dome is internally 108 feet in diameter and 216 feet high to the lunette at the crow^l. Externally the dome is 370 feet high to the summit of the cross. The constructive skill displayed is of the highest order; particularly bold was the concep- tion of the brick core which envelops the inner cupola and rises high above it to support the stone lantern which crowns the ediiice. The inward contraction of the drum, devised partly for structural, partly for artistic reasons, is less successful. The outer shell of the dome is of wood, covered with lead. The efl'ect of this dome is par- ticularly successful, and it is admitted to be one of the finest in existence. It is the earliest ex- ample of a dome with a free-standing ]icristyle around the drum, later imitated in the Pantheon at Paris. The west front, as seen from Ludgate Hill, is most striking ; the two campaniles group most harmoniously with the dome, and, together with the portico, produce a most pleasing and remarkable effect. This front is, however, open to criticism, as is also the second story of the flank of the exterior design. Both appear to in- dicate an upper story where there is none, and the actual construction and true form of the building are not expressed at all. Saint Paul's is the burial-place of many heroes and men of distinction, whose tombs are in the cry])t, and whose monuments adorn the interior of the cathedral. Among these are Nelson and Wellington, Collingwood, Moore, Howe, and many other celebrated soldiers and sailors ; Reynolds, Barry, Opie, West, Sir Christopher W'ren, and other distinguished civilians. The style of many of these monuments displays those faults of osten- tation and theatrical effect which are common in the sepulchral art of the eighteenth century, but a few among them show genuine artistic merit. Consult: ililnian. Annals of Siiint Paul's Co- Ihedral (London. 1808) ; Simpson, f^nint Pdul's Cathedral and Old City Life (ib.. 1895) ; Birch, London Clmrches of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth Centuries (ib.. 1890) ; and Dimock, Hand- hook of Saint Paxl's Cathedral (ib., 1900). SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL. A noted public school in London, England. It wa.s founded in 1500 by John C'olet, Dean of Saint Paul's. The first schoolhouse was elected in Saint Paul's church- yard and was destroyed b.y fire in 1G06. It has since been rebuilt, in 1074, and again in 1824. In 1884 new school buildings were erected at West Kensington, a suburb of London, on 16 acres of ground. The school now has an attendance of over 000 boys, taught by 34 masters. The gov- ernors offer four exhibitions every .year, ranging from £30 to £80, each tenable for four years at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and one of £50, at the Royal Academy, Woolwich. In 1900 a scheme for a day school for 400 girls, 39 of whom were to be foundationers, was ado])t- ed. Among those who studied at the school were Milton, Judge Jeffreys, the Duke of Marlborough, and Major Andre. SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL. A school for boys at Concord. X. H.. incor])orated in 1855. The founder was Dr. George C. Shattuck of Boston, who transferred to the trustees his countr.v home with 55 acres of land, near Concord. The first rector was Rev. Henry Augustus Coit, who con- tinued in that position until his death in 1895. The religious teaching and worship are those of the Episcopal Church. Saint Paul's has an active Alumni Association of about 3000, two literary societies, and a missionary societ.v, and maintains a monthly paper, the Borw Scholas- ticce, the oldest school paper in the country. The buildings include a fine Gothic chapel, the Shel- don Library, with shelf loom for 40.000 books, gymnasium, laboratoiy, and dormitories. It has athletic fields covering 70 acres suitabl.v equipped. In 1903 the students numbered 332, and the li- braiy contained 10.000 volumes. SAINT PE'TER. A city and the county-seat of Xicollet County, Minn., 75 miles southwest of Minneapolis ; on the Minnesota River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad (Map: Min- nesota, E 6 ) . It is the seat of Gustavus Adolphus College (Lutheran), opened in 1876, and has a State Hospital for the Insane and a public li- brary. Saint Peter is the commercial centre of an agricultural and lumbering region. Its indus- trial plants include a flouring mill, furniture fac- tories, shirt and trouse^ factories, gi'ain elevators, bottling works, woolen mills, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a coun- cil. The water-works and electric-light plant are