Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/523

SAINT-SIMON. 471 SAINT SOPHIA and he was oWiged to work as a copyist. Ill health (>oni]ielled him to give vip even the pit- tance he could earn in this way, and he found himself reduced to a condition of abject pov- erty. His family finallj- settled upon hira a small pension. In 1823 he attempted suicide. Supported by his friends, he devoted himself again to his propaganda, and succeeded in gain- ing numerous disciples, the most famous of whom were Augnstin Thierry and Auguste Comte. He died in 1825. The chief doctrines of Saint-Simon are as fol- lows: (1) The rules of science should be ap- plied as rigorously to the study of social facts as to the study of facts of a physical nature. (2) Through true science thus applied, the con- dition of humanity, and especially of the poorest class, can be improved, mentally, physically, and morally. (3) To industry — the ensemble of pro- ducers — should be given the political power heretofore held by the proprietary ami military classes. (4) Society should be reorganized, tak- ing labor for the basis of the entire hierarchy. (5) To this new society only producers should be admitted, and idleness should be proseribecl. "No man has a right to free himself from the law of labor." (6) In this society workers should be rewarded according to merit. ( 7 ) Laborers must unite and centralize their social forces in order to attain their common end. (8) The three in- stitutions — religion, the family, property — ■ must all be reorganized upon new bases. These doctrines were further developed by the follow- ers of Saint-Simon into the social philosophy called after its founder Saint-Simonianism. This school of socialism insists especially upon the ab- olition of the law of inheritance, upon the social- ization of the instruments of production, and upon a system of distribution based upon the merits of the individual. The following are the principal works of Saint- Simon: Lett re d'lin hahitant de Geneve a ses con- temporainsi (1802); Introduction aiix traraiix scientifiques du XlXeme siecle (1807) ; Reorgani- sation de la. socifte europ4enne (1814) ; L'indiis- trie. oil discussions politiqttes, morales et philo- sophiqiie» (1817) ; Du systeme industries (1821- 22): Catcchisme des industriels (1822-23); Opinions litternires, philosophiques et indus- trielles (1825); Xoureaii chrisitianisme; dia- logue entre un conservateur et un novateur (1825); Exposition de la doctrine de Siiint- Simon (1830-32). His complete works have been collected and comprise 1!) of the 47 volumes entitled CEurres de Saint-iiimon. et d'Enfantin (Paris. 1865-78). Bibliography. Charl^ty, Histoire du fiaint- Siinonisme (Paris, 1896) ; Hubbard, Saint- f!i- mon, sa vie et ses travaux (Paris, 1857) ; Janet, Saint-Simon et le Saint-Simonisme (Paris, 1878) : Weill. Vn precurseur du soeialisme, Saint-Sinum et son centre (Paris, 1894) ; id., L'Ecole Sainl- Simonienne, son histoire, son influence jusqu'h nos jours (Paris, 1896). SAINT-SIMON, Louis de KotTVBOT, Duke of (1075-1755). A noted French writer of memoirs. He was carefully trained, entered the army in 1692. resigned his army commissinn in 1702, and repaired to the Court of Louis at Versailles. He had considerable diplomatic aptitude, and in 1704 he proposed a method of ending the Spanish War of Succession, which formed, in part, the basis fur the Treaty of Utrecht, .fter Loiis XIV. '.o death (1715) Saint-.Sinion had a seat in the t'ouncil of the Regency, and was instrunientul in the degradation of .Madame Xlontespan's sons, the Duke of Maine and his brother ( .ugust 2(!. 17 IS), an event to which he devotes .seventy-seven pages of his ;l/('Hioirc.«. He was sent in 1721 on an em- bassy to Madrid to ask the hand of the Infanta for Louis XV. In 1723 he left V'crsailles for his country seat at La Ferte, near Chart res, wIutc he passed his remaining years. Saint Simon's ,l/<'»ioi'c('S, written from memoranda begun about 1699 and developed into notes |1734-3S|, were given their final fonn from 173!) to 1752, and impounded for the Foreign Ollice in 1761. Charles X. gave the manuscript to (Jeneral de Saint- Sinfcn, and an edition appeared in 1830, followed by Cheruel's (30 volumes) in 185t), and by Uois- lisle's final and full edition (30 volumes), begun in 1871. The preliminary notes for the M ('■moires were made in an interleaved copy of Dangeau's Journal, and were printed in 19 volumes in 1854. Other manuscripts of Saint-Simon were locked in the Foreign Office till 1880, when those con- cerning the vSpanish Embassy were printed. Eight more volumes appeared in 1890-92, but the Memoires are alone of striking interest. They are, as Saint-Simon calls them, "straightfor- ward, truthful, candid, inspired with honor and integrity," though often misinformed and dis- torted by prejudice, for Saint-Simon was a vigorous hater, with a certain ])Uritanic sternness that could grow fierce at the persecution of the Huguenots, pitiful over the sufferings of the peasantry, and bitter over the infamies to which in his view Madame de Maintenon (whom he hated intensely) degraded the Church. He saw behind the sham fagade of Louis's grandeur "a reign of blood and brigandage," and lie discerned no less clearly the masks of individual character, so that his Memoires alTord an inimitable por- trait gallery. He writes without art, he is con- fused, ungrammatical sometimes, yet he makes the reader share in the action as no other me- moir-writer has ever done. Bibliography. There is an abridged English translation of the Memoires by Bayle Saint .lohn, Tlie Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon in the Reiyn of Louis XIV. and the Uefjenrii (London, 1857). Consult also: Collins, The Dulcr of Saint- Simon, in "Foreign Classics" (Edinburgh, 1880) ; Sainte-Beuve, Causeries, vols. iii.. xv. (ib.. 1857- 02) ; id., Xouveaux lundis, vol. -. (ib., 1863-72). SAINT SOPHIA, Church and JIcsque of. A celebrated structure at Constantinople. The first church of this name was built by the Em- peror Constantine, on the occasion of the trans- lation of the seat of empire to Byzantium, and is so called as being dedicated to tlie llaaia Kophia (holy wisdom), or the Logos. The building of Constantine was subsequently rebuilt and en- larged by his son Constantins: this .second church of Constantins, having been destroyed in »404, was rebuilt by Theodosius the younger in 415': and it lasted unaltered till the battle of the factions of the circus, under Justinian, in 532, in which year it was totally destroyed. The present building is substantially that which was erected by Justinian in expiation of this sac- rilege. It was consecrated in 537. and occupied less than seven years in its erection. Ten thou- sand workmen are said to have been employed