Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/530

SALADIN. 476 SALAMANCA. of ^ahuliii, translated for the Palestine rilgrinis' Text Society (Lomlon, IS'.l'J) ; Jlarin, Histoire rfc iSaladin, sultan d'Egypte et de Hyric (Paris, 1758). SALADO, sa-!ii'D6, Rio. A river of Xorthern Arfieiitina. It rises among the Andean ranges in the northwestern part of the eountry, and Hows southeast through the Gran C'haco till it joins the Parana Kiver opposite the city of Parana, after a course of about 1000 miles (Map: Argentina, E 9). It is a shallow, un- navigable. and very sluggish stream, meandering over the plain and frequently dividing into a network of channels and backwaters, which dur- ing floods are merged into large shallow lagoons. At low water it evaporates so rapidly as to be- come brackish in its lower course, whence its name, which means 'salt river,' SALADO, Rio. A river of Western Argen- tina. It rises on the slope of the Andes in the Province of Catamarca, and flows southward in a rambling course over the plains, parallel with the mountains, from which it receives a number of tributaries (Map: Argentina, D 11). It is about 1000 miles long, and was formerl,v the most important member of the Colorado River system. Now, however, it never reaches the Colorado, but is lost by evaporation in the exten- sive .salt marshes 80 miles north of that river. There are evidences that the process of desicca- tion of the surrounding plains is still going on. SALAB PLANTS. Vegetables whose green parts are used for human food. The plants so employed may be divided into three groups: Piquant, or warm salads such as cress, nasturtium, watercress, and mustard : bitter, of which L'}'*'a»i2.'«'iT>'3:. <lin<l«'ion. chieor.y, and endive ■^^j'i^^^J^^ are typical; and neutral, to which belong such characterless plants as corn salad. Lettuce reallv belongs to the second group, but when properly grown the bitter flavor is so greatly modified that it approaches the neutral group. Tlie other bitter salads mentioned are similarl.v improved in flavor. Celery, which also belongs to the bitter group, and lettuce are unquestionably the leading salads in America, thoiisands of acres being annu- all.v devoted to their cultivation, Cardoon, which is grown in nuich the same way as celery, is rarely cultivated in the Uni- ted States, but is popular in Europe. It grows somewhat larger than most varieties of celery. In general salads require a very rich, light, well drained, fibrous, loamy soil well exposed to the sun. To be in best condition they must be quickl,v grown, gathered when in prime vegetative vigor, before any indications of going to seed are manifested, and placed upon the table in the shortest possible time after gathering, before they have lost any of their crispness. See articles upon the various vegetables mentioned above. SAL'AL. A shrub. See GArLTHERlA. SALAMANCA, sii'la-man'ka. The capital of the Province of Salamanca, in the old Kingdom of Leon, and one of the oldest and most famous CARiioox {Cynara, Carduneulus). university towns of S)iain, situated ou the Tonnes Kiver, 10.> miles northwest of Jladrid (.Map: Spain, C 2). It is built on three hills surrounded by a dreary, treeless plain with a climate severe in winter and very hot in sum- mer. It is surrounded by a wall, parts of which are very old, and a Roman bridge of 27 arches, more than half of which belong to the original structure, crosses the Tormes. The town still has a inedi;pval aspect, witii narrow, crooked streets lined with stately and venerable struc- tures. In the centre of the town is the large Plaza ilayor, the finest of its kind in Sjiaiu: it is surrounded by colonnades and by loft,v build- ings, among which is the town hall. Tliovigh a large part of the town was destro.ved during the French occupation in 1812, there are still in ex- istence 25 churches, some of which date from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, such as the old cathedral, a massive structure begun in 1100. Immediately adjoining it stands the new cathe- dral, begun in 1509 and finished in 1733. It is essentially late-Gothic, and has an imposing in- terior. Opposite the cathedrals stands the uni- versity building (see S.-vlam.^nca, Ukiveksity of), begun in 1415, with an elaborately decorated platcresque facade. Of the 25 colleges and numerous old convents the greater number are in various states of ruin, many having been entirel.v destroyed b,y the French. Among other interesting buildings are the Casa de la Salina. now occupied by the Provincial Assembly, and the Church of San Estfiban, both dating from the fifteenth century, and both hav- ing elaborate plateresque facades, and the Casa de las Conchas, whose facade is ornamented with shells. Industrially and commercially Salamanca is unimportant. Population, in 1887, 22,199; in 1900, 25,019. Salamanca was known in ancient times as Elmunticu or Salaimtntica. About B.C. 220 it was captured by Hannibal, who, according to the tra- dition, spared the city on account of the heroism of its women. It was taken and retaken several times by the Arabs. The town became especially important after the founding of its university in the thirteenth century. SALAMANCA. A Mexican town of the State of Guanajuato, situated on the right bank of the Lerma River, 28 miles south of the city of Guana- juato (Jlap: ilexico. H 7), and on the Mexican Central Railroad. It is an important glove and cotton manufacturing centre, and contains an establishment for the manufacture of porcelain. The first settlement in the town was made by the Augustinian Fathers in 1616. Its popula- tion, in"l805, was 13,121. SAL'AMAN'CA. A village in Cattaraugus County, X. Y., 62 miles south of Bufl'alo ; on the Allegheny River, and on the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Buflfalo, Rochester and Pittsburg, and other railroads (Map: Xew York, B 3), It is situated in a rich farming region, and has a large trade in lumber and important railroad inter- ests. There are railroad repair shops and yards, and various manufactures, including furniture, leather, and lumber products. Tlie government is vested in a village president, chosen annually, and a council. Settled in 1860, Salamanca was incorporated in 187S. Population, in 1890, 3692; in 1900. 4251. SALAMANCA, Univeb.sitt of. A Spanish university, one of the greatest and most re-