Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/585

SANDROCOTTUS. 525 SANDSTONE. SANDROCOTTUS (Lat., from Gk. yiapopd KOTTOS, l^iuiulrul^ollijs, from Skt. Candru</uplu, iiioon-protected). A Hiiulu kiug, probably a native of the I'unjal). For some unknown reason he left his liome and remained for several j'cars in the service of Chandrauies or Nandrus, King of Jlagadha (q.v. ). In some way he oll'cndcd Cliandramcs and returned to the Punjah. Here, after the murder of Porus (q.v.) by fcuilemus. about n.c. •'ilT. Sandrocdltus (nok advantage of the racial hatred felt by the Hindus for the Greeks, which had been increa.^cd by the assassination, and headed a revolt during the enforced absence of Eudemus. The rebellion was completely successful, and Sandrocottus made himself master of the Punjab. lie then invaded JIagadha, which he conquered with ease, and established his capital at Pataliputra (q.v.). Here, in B.C. 315. he founded the ilaurya dynasty, hicli ruled until n.c. 178. About B.C. SO.l Seleu- cus Xicator (see Seleicid.e) invaded India to recover the territories which the Greeks had lost there. Details of this inroad are lost, but it is kno«ni that Seleucus ceded to Sandrocottus Ge- drosia and Arachosia, as well as the Paropamisus and the lands on the west bank of the Indus, in return for five himdred elephants. The treaty was strengthened l)y the marriage of a daughter of Seleucus to the Indian King. This alliance had a result important for a knowledge of India in the fourth century before Christ, for Seleucus sent as an ambassador to the Court of Sandro- cottus the historian Megasthenes (q.v.), the fragments of whose India contain the earliest non-Hindu information concerning the country. As the grandfather of Asoka (q.v.) Sandrocottus is frequently mentioned in Buddhistic literature. It is noteworthy that Sandrocottus is the hero of the single historical drama of India, the ilu- dn/cu/i.wsa of Visakhadatta (q.v.). Consult Me- Crindle, Invasion of India by Alexander the Grrat (2d ed., Westminster, 1896). SAND-ROLLER. See TKOUT-PEKcn. SANDS, Henky Berton (1830-88). An emi- nent American surgeon, born in Xew York City and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1854. He was demonstrator of anatomy in his alma mater, 1856-66; professor of anatomy, 1867-79; and professor of surgery. 1879-88. He began to practice his profession in New York Citv in 1856. and was associated with the noted surgeon Dr. Villard Parker (q.v.) from 1860 to 1870. He was an occasional contributor to medical journals, but was best known as a teacher and a skillful surgeon. The part he played, shortly before his death, in the discussion of typhlitis'" and 'perityphlitis,' led the way to the discovery of appendicitis and the coining of that word. Among his published works, con- tributed to medical journals, are essays on amaurosis, bony ankylosis, Esmarch's bloodless method, gleet, tracheotomy, intussusception, stricture of the urethra, rupture of veins, and septic peritonitis. Consult his biography in Med- ical Record, xxxiv. (New Y'ork, 1888). SANDS, Robert Cii.rles (1709-1832). An American poet and miscellaneous writer. He was born in Flatbush, Long Island, gradiiated at Columbia in 1815, and studied law. He con- tributed essavs to various journals and wrote, with his friend J. W. Eastburn. an epic of King Philips War, Yamoyden (1820). Though ad- milted to the bar, he devoted himself to litera- ture, eililing several short-lived m:iga/.ines and, till his death, the Coiiimercial Advertiser. He collaborated with Bryant and Vcrplanck in an Annual, The Talisma'n (1828-30), and Talcs from the Glauber Spa (1832), and wrote Life and Correspondence of I'uul Jones (1831). His Works were collected by Gulinn C V'er- planck with a Memoir (2 vols., 183-t). SAND-SHARK. One of the small voracious sharks of the family Carchariidir, which have very sharp, triangular, and linely serrated teeth. TKETH OF BAND-80AHK. These sharks are of moderate size, chielly inhabit the Atlantic Ocean, and one species (Carcharias littoralis) , gray in color, and about five feet long, is common off the eastern coast of the United States. SAND-SMELT. The British name for the fislu's ot tlic widely distributed family Atherini- d:ie, allied to the barracudas and nuillets, the .merican si)ecies of which are known in general as 'silversides' (q.v.). Two species occur in Great Britain, swarming in the creeks and estu- aries along the coast, and are netted in great numbers in spring, when spawning, and when they make an excellent pan-lish. 'I'he most nu- merous one is Allierina hepsetus, about six inches long, and marked by a broad silvery stri|je along the side. The resemblance of certain re- lated species on our Pacific coast, especially Atherinops Californiensis, has led to its being called 'smelt' there. SAND-SNAKE. A small snake of the boa family and genus Erj-x, of which several species inliabit the Sahara and deserts to the eastward. They have no apparent neck, a blunt tail; are variegated in dull tints; creep about, half-buried in sand, or explore holes in rocks; liunt at night for insects and small animals; and are often carried about by snake jugglers, who mutilate the tail to give the snake the appearance of hav- ing t^"o hca<ls. SANDSTONE. A stratified rock composed of grains of sand. The grains are mostly quartz, but other minerals, such as mica, feldspar, hornblende, and pyroxene, may be present. With an increase or decrease in the size of the grains, sandstones pass into conglomerates on the one hand, and into shales on the other, and by an increase in the percentage of lime carbonate they may also grade into limestones. Sandstones con- taining little cementing material between the grains are soft, and occupy a mean position be- tw-een consolidated sandstone and loose sands; those with much cementing material arc very hard. The cement, which may be either lime carbonate, iron oxide, or silica, inlluences the crushing strength of sandstones, the last named material giving the greatest hardness. Thrt color is usually traceable to the presence of iron or carbonaceous matter, and is commonly brown, vellow. red. gray, or white. Sandstones are wid'elv distributed geographically, and also