Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/620

SANSOVINO. 554 SANTA ANNA. among architects. After completing the restora- tii.n of Saint -Mark's lie was {;ivoii charge of the Ihurch, Caiiipanilc.and ria/zn ili San ilarco. lie loniplctod Ou- Scuohi <lelhi Jlisericordia. the in- terior of San Francesco, built the Zecca, the F.ab- briche Xnove, and the Loggietta of the Caiiiiianile, for which he cxcnited four statues, a David, an ApoMo. a .Mercury, and a Minerva. From loJilJ to 1548 lie hiilt tlic Library of Saint Mark, "the most beautiful profane edifice in Italy." With the high development of his architectural skill went a deterioration of taste in his sculptures and the exaggeration of form. resi)onding no doubt to the demands of the time, made these decora- tive elements notably out of haniiony with the buildings they adorned. In his other buildings, palaces like "the Cornaro and .Marino on the Grand Canal, and churches like San Giorgio dei Greci and San Giuliano. the tendencies of the Decadence were all txemplified, an over- loading of ornament, and an exaggeration of sculptural form that in his followers developed into the extravagant style known as 'baroque.' Consult: Vasari, life (Florence, 1887); Te- manga. Mta <li Hansovino (Venice, 1752) ; Rosen- berg, in Dolime, Kunst und Kiinstler Jtaliens (Leipzig. lS7i)). SANS-SOUCI, sJiN'soo'se' (Fr., free from care). . royal palace at Potsdam, Prussia, erected by Frederick the Great in 1745-47, where he spent his last ,vears. The unpretentious, one- storied buildings, situated in a splendid park, and adorned with a fine colonnade, contain many per- sonal relics of the King. SAN STEFANO, siin sta-fii'nd. Treaty of. See BtRi.ix. ('on(;kess of; Ru.sso-Turkish War. SANTA ANA, san'ta ii'na. The largest city of the Kcpublic of Salvador, situated 28 miles northwest of San Salvador (Map: Central Amer- ica. C 3). It is the capital of the Department of Santa . a, is regularly laid out with straight and well-paved streets, and has several fine pub- lie buildings. The country is very fertile, and the city is the centre of the sugar trade. It is connected by railroad both with the cajiital and the port of'Aeajutla. Population, 33,000. SANTA ANA. The county-seat of Orange County. Cal., 30 miles south by east of Los An- geles : on the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads (Map: California, E .5). It has a public library and the Orange County Teachers' Library, and a fine court-house. The district is engaged extensively in fruit- growing, and has large dairy, nut, and celery in- terests. Santa Ana is important commercially. Santa Ana was settled in 1870 and was incor- porated in 1888. Population, in 1890, 3628; in moo, 41133. SANTA ANNA, or ANA, Antonio Lopez de ( 17957-1876). A Mexican general and politician, born at Jalapa. Entering the army at the age of fifteen, he first attracted attention in 1821 as an adherent of Tturbide ((|.v.) in the events leading up to the overthrow of the Spanish power. In 1822 he became commandant of Vera Cruz, but on being accused of harboring designs inimical to the Government, turned against Iturbide in De- cember of the same year and headed a rebellion which took shape as "the Plan of Casa Mata. and gained support so rapidly that Iturbide hastened to anticipate overthrow By resigning. In 1828 Santa Anna took the field as a partisan of Guerrero, whom he aided in his successful at- tempt to sujiplant Pedraza as President. He be- came, in the following year, Minister of War and commandcriii-chicf. and in .uj;ust and September achieved distinction by expelling from the coun- try a Spanish army of invasion, thus ending the last attempt on the part of Spain to reestablish its authority in Mexico. Personal ambition led him to rise in insurrection against both Guerrero and Guerrero's successor, Bustainante, after vvho.se enforced resignation in 1832, Pedraza. now an all.v of Santa Anna, held the chief power for some time. In Feliruary. 1833, Santa Anna was chosen President as the chief of the Federalist Party, whose aim was to establish ai centralized government in Mexico. Gomez Farias was chosen Vice-President, and to him Santa Anna left the cares of office and the odium of a generally un- popular polic.v, while he himself retired to his hacienda, whence, however, he kept a close watch on the progress of events. From federal- ism Santa Anna moved backward toward reaction and monarchism and entered into close relations with the Clericals. This led to republican insur- rections, the most formidable of which was sup- pressed with .severitv by Santa Anna in 1835. The Texas colonists having undertaken to organ- ize a government of their own, Santa Anna set out to reduce them to obedience. In Februarv. 1836. he attacked S.an Antonio, and on March 6th captured the Alamo (q.v.). On April 21st. how- ever. General Houston, who was being pursued by Santa Anna, suddenly turned and defeated the Mexican army at San Jacinto ( q.v. ) . Santa Anna was captured, and after promising to exert his ififluence for obtaining the independence of Texas was allowed to go to the United States, whence he returned in 1837 to Mexico. In November, 1838, he defended Vera Cruz against a French fleet, and. from the loss of a leg in the combat, derived for a time enormous popu- larity. In the disordered condition of the coun- try many turned to him for a strong leader, and in October. 1841, he became President with dic- tatorial powers. He ruled entirely in the inter- ests of the Federalist Party till .lune. 1844. when he was elected Constitutional President. Disaf- fection was rife, however, and in November an insurrection headed by Paredes led to his over- thrt)w. He was taken prisoner earlv in 1845 and banished. The threatened war with the L'nited States probably hastened his recall in Jul.v. 1846: in December he was made Provisional President, and soon after he took the field against the Amer- ican forces. On February 22-23, 1847. he was defeated b.y General Taylor at Buena Vista (q.v.). This was followed by his defeat at the hancls of General Scott at Cerro Gordo (q.v.) on April I8th. After the occupation of the City of Mexico bv the American army Santa Anna re- signed the Presidency, made an attempt to recap- ture Pueblo, and failing, sailed for Jamaica, whence he went to Venezuela. In 1853 he was recalled and elected President for one year, .^fter a series of intolerable and despotic acts he issued a decree. December. 1853, declaring himself Pres- ident for life, with the title of Serene Highness. The inevitable rebellion broke out in March, 1854, and after fifteen months campaigning in the Western States, Santa Anna realized the hope- lessness of his position and in August, 1855, sailed from Vera Cruz for Cuba. He lived for some time in Venezuela and Saint Thomas, and