in 1692. On August 18, 1846, it was occupied, without opposition, by United States troops under General S. W. Kearny. In 1851 it was chartered as a city and became the capital of the newly organized Territory of New Mexico. A trade with Missouri, opened in 1804 and facilitated in 1825 by the improvement of the ‘Santa Fe Trail,’ became very important subsequent to 1840. Consult: Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico (San Francisco, 1884), and a chapter by Hodge in Powell's Historic Towns of the Western States (New York, 1901).
SANTA FÉ DE BOGOTÁ, dắ bō′gṓtä′. The capital of Colombia. See Bogotá.
SAN′TALS, or SON′THALS. A people of Dravidian stock in Western Bengal, Northern Orissa, and Bhagalpur. They are of low stature, and dolichocephalic, with dark skins, and wavy hair. Some of the Santals are good agriculturists; others, in the more remote parts of the country, are still practically in the hunting stage. Except the few who have been converted to Hinduism or to Christianity, the Santals are ‘nature-worshipers’ with a sun cult and a belief in evil spirits. Their native system of government is village patriarchism. Like the Dravidian Tamils, the Santals have furnished many temporary or permanent emigrants from Hindustan, who have settled in Farther India. The Santals are generally monogamous, although polygamy and polyandry are not at all unknown among them. A grammar of the Santal language has been published (Benares, 1873) by Skrefsrud, and a collection of “Traditions and Institutions of the Santhals,” written down from the dictation in Santali of Kolean Haram, an old Santal, appeared at Benagoria in 1887. Consult: Man, Sonthalia and the Sonthals (London, 1867); Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta, 1872).
SANTA MARGHERITA LIGURE, mär′gȧ-rē′tȧ lḗ-gōō′rắ. A seaport and bathing resort in the Province of Genoa, Italy, 15 miles east-southeast of Genoa (Map: Italy, D 3). Coral fisheries are carried on and there are manufactures of olive oil and rope. Population (commune), in 1901, 7169.
SANTA MARÍA, mȧ-rē′ȧ. A town of Northern Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Iloco Sur, situated two miles from the coast and 11 miles southeast of Vigan, on the highroad and projected railroad from Manila to Laoag (Map: Philippine Islands, E 2). Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,030.
SANTA MARÍA, Domingo (1820-90). A South American politician, born in Santiago de Chile. He was obliged to leave Chile because of his share in the events of 1850-51 and was again exiled in 1858. Upon his return to Chile he held the positions of Minister of Finance (1863-64), envoy to Peru, judge of the Supreme Court (1868), and president of the Court of Appeals (1874), He was a member of President Pinto's Cabinet, with the portfolios of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, and War, and was President of the Republic in 1881-86, when he again became president of the Court of Appeals. Many of the present railroads were built during his administration, the Araucanian Indians were brought into subjection, and the disputes with Peru arranged on a more secure peace basis. His works include Biografía de José Miguel Infante (1853) and Memoria historica sobre la abdicación del director Don Bernardo O'Higgins (1858).
SANTA MARIA CAPUA VETERE, kä′pōō-ắ vā′tắ-rắ. A city of South Italy, in the Province of Caserta, 15 miles north of Naples, located on the site of ancient Capua, of whose stones it was partly rebuilt (Map: Italy, J 6). It is an active, thriving, attractive place, with a population of 22,146 (commune) in 1901. Its large, reconstructed cathedral, dating from 1766. has five naves and 52 columns. The Roman ruins attract many sight-seers. Ancient Capua, in Campania, was second only to Rome among the cities of Italy in wealth and population. Under the name of Volturnum it was the chief of the twelve cities said to have been founded by the Etruscans in this part of Italy. In B.C. 343 it formed an alliance with Rome for protection against the Samnite tribes of the mountains. After the battle of Cannæ, B.C. 216, the popular party opened the gates to Hannibal, whose army rapidly degenerated here under the new corrupting surroundings. The Romans obtained possession of the city in B.C. 211. In the fifth century A.D. Capua was devastated by the Vandals under Genseric. It recovered its prosperity again to some extent, but was totally destroyed by the Saracens in 840. Among the antiquities one of the most remarkable is the amphitheatre constructed of travertin, of which well-preserved arches, corridors, and seats for spectators still remain.
SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, dĕl fḗ-ō′rắ. The Duomo or cathedral of Florence (q.v.).
SANTA MARÍA DE PANDI, pän′dḗ. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Bulacán, situated near the Manila-Dagupan Railroad, nine miles east of Malolos (Map: Luzon, E 7). It was a handsome and well-built town, but, as it was used as a military centre by the insurgents, it was burned by the American troops and now consists chiefly of nipa huts. Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,508.
SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE, mȧd-jō′rắ. One of the oldest churches in Rome, reputed to have been built about 352 by Pope Liberius and reërected in the fifth century. Old marble columns and mosaics of this date are preserved in the nave, also fine fifteenth-century mosaics of the Coronation of the Virgin. Over the altar in the Borghese Chapel is an old picture of the Virgin ascribed to Saint Luke. This is one of the five ‘patriarchal churches’ and derives its name of Saint Mary Major from its importance among the eighty churches in Rome dedicated to the Virgin.
SANTA MARTA, mär′tȧ. The capital of the Department of Magdalena, Colombia, on the Caribbean coast, 45 miles east of the mouth of the Magdalena River (Map: Colombia, C 1). It has a cathedral, and is a port much frequented by vessels plying among the Antilles. Population, about 6000. Santa Marta was founded in 1525. It was long an important centre of exploration and conquest and was repeatedly sacked and several times entirely destroyed by pirates and Indians. Near the town is the hacienda where Simon Bolivar died in 1830.
SANTA MAURA, mou′rȧ, or Leucadia (Mod. Gk. Levkas). One of the Ionian Islands, belonging to Greece, off the west coast of Acar-
