Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/632

SAO PAULO. 566 ers of llic .-Mato are tlip Tunlo, Tictv, and the A-uupeliv, all of tliiii) tributaries of tlio Parana, ami partly iiavi'jabU'. The climate is ■■enerally iiuHliiate "and liealtlifnl and only the coast is ex- ccssivolv hot. while frost occurs on the plateau. The soil is of great fertility and is so well adapted fur the cultivation of collee that Sao Paulo has hecoiiie the chief coirccproducing State of Brazil. Supircane is also produced in the coast land, and stock-raising is carried on extensively in the inte- rior. The chief nianufactuied products are cotton goods, cigars and tobacco, and sonic iron products, t'oinuiercially S.'io Paulo occupies a very promi- nent position. The annual value of its ex|)orts amounts to nearly .$1.50.0011.000, of which coflTee forms over 90 per cent. The commerce and man- ufactures are largely in German hands. The cap- ital. Sao Paulo, is" connected by rail with the chief seaport. Santos, as well as with Rio de Janeiro and the railway lines of ilinas (ieraes. Population of the State, in 1890, 1,384,753, in- cluding a large European element. SAO PAULO. The capital of the State of SAO THOME. cording to Parsi mythology Zoroaster (q.v.) thrice approached his third wile, Hvovi, but williout union. The seed was preserved in the Lake of Kansava, which is identified with the modern Hamun swamp in Seistan. At the end of nine out of the twelve thousand years which elapse be- tween the creation and the day of judgment, a vir gin bathes in Lake Kansava, conceives, and bears the first of the millennial prophets, Ukhshat- ereta or Aushetar. After another thousand years a second virgin in like manner bears Ukhshat- neinah or Aushetar-mah, and when this millen- nium expires, Astvat-ereta, the great Saoshyant, is born. During these three thousand years the world continually grows better, so that even in the time of L'khshat-nemah but one-third of man- kind is evil, while human food consists only of vegetables and milk, and is taken but once in three days. When Astvat-ereta comes the prep- arations for the resurrection of the dead begin, commencing with the first man, Gayomart, and the primal pair, Mashya and Mashyoi. This takes lifty-seven years, during which the Saosh- yant is assisted by fifteen men and fifteen maidens. Sao Paulo. Brazil, and one of the largest cities 't^f^gy tijg judgment .Astvat-ereta, with his help in the Republic. It is situated 210 miles south- west of Kio de .Janeiro, on a plateau having a mild and healthful climate, and separated from its port, Santos, 25 miles distant, by the Serra do Mar (Map: Brazil. H 8). It has a modern ap- pearance, with long, busy streets, traversed by street railroads, lighted by electricity, and lined with fine shops and warehouses. The most nota- ers, performs a sacrifice of the ox Hadhayos or Sarsaok and the white Hom plant (see Soma). From these ofl'crings a mystic drink is prepared which gives immortality to all mankind. After this the Saoshyant, together with his helpers, gives, at the command of Onnazd (q.v.), recom- pense to all according to their deeds. The origin of the Saoshyant concept is uncer- ble buildings are the cathedral, the Government ^jjj,, Qjjg jg naturally inclined to derive it from building, which is an old .Jesuit college, dating - almost from the foundation of the city, the epis- copal palace, the treasury, and the mag-nificent Ypiranga Palace, erected to commemorate the Declaration of Independence. There are also a large and well-equipped hospital and a celebrated law school. Sao Paulo is the industrial centre of the State, the principal manufactures being articles of consumption. It also has a large trade, and is the centre of the State railroad sys- tem. Its growth during the last two decades has been exceedingly rapid, and is largely due to Ger- man and Italian immigration. Its population in 1890 was (54,934, and in 1900 it was estimated at 100,000. The city was founded by the .Jesuits in 1554 as a mission station. SAO ROQTJE, ro'ka. Cape. See Cape Sax EOQIK. SAOSHYANT, sou'shyant (Av. saoh/ant, he who is to save, fut. part, of sfi, Skt. su, to swell, prosper). The Iranian Messiah. In the earlier parts of the Avesta the term is frequently used in the plural to denote those who by their special sanctity and zeal further the cause of Zoroastri- anism, and also to refer to such saints as will appear at the millennium, where they will assist in the complete renovation of the world which will then take place. In its special and more usual sense, however, the Saoshyant is the last and greatest of the three millennial prophets, who is to usher in the day of judgment of all man- kind. This religious concept is not certainly men- tioned, although it may be implied, in the oldest portions of the Avesta (q.v.), the Gathas (q.v.); but in the later Avesta, especially in the nine- teenth yasht, the idea is developed, while the Pahlavi texts (see Pahlavi Language and Lit- EBATUBE) give tjie doctrine in full detail. Ac- Babylonia, whence certain Iranian ideas were certainly borrowed. Of this, because of the meagre eschatological literature of Assyria and Babylonia ( see E.schatology ) , there is little evi- dence, for Marduk, who, like Ninib and Gula, is called the 'restorer of the dead to life,' and who triumphs over Tiamat in the cosmic battle which is transferred in Zoroastrianism as in Judaism from the beginning to the end of the world, is scarcely an analogue. The revivification given by Marduk is only some such boon as deliverance of the sick from disease. Neither do the religions of India aflord any parallel to Astvat-ereta. So far as the material at present available goes, the idea is specifically Iranian. The analogy of the Zoroastrian with the Judieo-Christian Messiah idea is striking, especially in the teaching of the apocryphal books, as the apocalypses of Ezra, Paul, and John, and of the Gospel of Nico- demus ( cf . also Revelation xi. 3 ) that Enoch and Elijah, or Moses and Elijah (cf. also Matthew xvii. 3), are to precede the Messiah. On the other hand, it may be possible that the religious influence of Persia on the Jews has been over- estimated, and that the Saoshyant and the Mes- siah were independent developments. Consult: .Jackson, "Iranische Religion," in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundriss der iramschen Philologie, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1900-03); Casartelli, Philosophi/ of Ihe M azdayasnian Religion Under the Sasfsa- nids (Bombay, 1889) ; Soderblom. La vie future d'apri-s le Mazdeisme (Paris, 1901) : Biiklen, Yer- wfindtschaft der jiiidisch-christliche)! mit der parsisehen Eschatologie (Gottingen, 1902). SAO THOME, souN to-ma'. or Saint Thomas. An island belonging to Portugal, and situated off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, 270 miles south of the mouth of the Niger (Map: