Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/639

SARATOV. 573 SARCOPHAGUS. bank of the Volga, about 200 miles southwest of Suiiiarii (Jliip: Kussia, G 4). It is well laid out. but, like most Kussian provincial towns, is built chielly of wood. It has a theoloyieal seminary and a museum with a school of drawing' and a library attached to it. Flour mills, ciil presses, and distilleries are the principal industrial es- tablishments of the city. The export trade in grain is considerable. Population, in 1807, 137,- 109, including many descendants of Frencli and German settlers. The town was founded in the sixteenth century. SARAVIA, sa-raya. A town of Western Negros, Philippine Islands, situated on the north- west coast, 15 miles north of Bacolod (^lap: Philippine Islands, G. 9). Population, estimated, in 1800, 15,304. SARAWAK, sii'ra-wiik'. A British protec- torat<' on the northwestern coast of Borneo (q.v.). SARAWAKESE. The natives of Sarawak, in Northwestern Borneo, comprising the Punans (various wild but gentle tribes of savages scat- tered over the interior — nomadic hunters repre- senting the lowest type of culture) ; Kalamantan (more or less agricultural communities belong- ing to scattered and usually weak tribes along the coast and certain rivers) ; Kenyah-Kayan (immigrants several centuries ago from Dutch Borneo — well-organized and powerful tribes who have exterminated or enslaved some of the smaller aboriginal groups) ; Iban, or Sea Da yaks (originally on Batang Lupan and Saribas rivers, their spread being comparatively recent); and Mala_ys (now rather mixed by contact with indigenous coast populations) on the coast and for a short distance up some of the rivers. Consult: Brooke, Ten' Years in Saraicak (Lon- don, 1866) ; Dcnison, Tour Among the Land Di/aks of Upper Borneo (Singapore, 1879) ; Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Bor- neo (London, 1896). SARCEY, sar'sa', Francisque (1828-99). A French dramatic critic, born at Dourdan. He taught in the provinces (1851-58), on coming to Paris wrote first for the Figaro, and in 1859 be- came dramatic critic of L'Opinion Nationale (1859-67), and then of Le Temps, with which he was connected till his death, contributing also to About's Dix-neurivme Steele and other journals. Public-spirited, but never partisan, he voiced with lively wit and shrewd common sense the average opinion in drama and in social reform. Sarcey is often charged with excessive admiration of mere stagecraft. His dramatic articles were not collected during his life, save for two series of Comediens et eomcdiennes (1878-84) and Le thiutre (1893). A fuller selection by Larroumet is announced. Sarcey wrote also Souvenirs de jeunesse (1885) sinA Souvenirs d'uge mur (1892), translated by Carey, ReeoUeetions of Middle Life (1893) ; an Histoire du siege de Paris (1871) ; and several novels. SARCINA (Lat., bundle), or Sarcinul.. A genus of miiuite plants of very low organization, sometimes reckoned among algae, and sometimes among fungi. . number of forms or species are known. Although the most common seat of sarcinie is the human stomach, they have like- wise been detected in the stomach of the tortoise. the rabbit, the dog. the ape. and in the cipcum of the fowl; in the urine, in the lungs, in the f.Tcea and intestinal canal, in the lluid of the ventricles of the brain, in cholera stools, in the lluid of hydrocele, and in the bones. Sarcinai are present in vomited lluids in cer- tain forms of dyspepsia. SARCOLACTIC ACID. See Lactic Aciu. SARCOLEMMA (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. aipi, surx, llcsh -|- X^/ifxa, hinina, husk). A term ap- plied to the delicate sheath which invests each primary nuiscular fibre. See ^lusCLE. SARCOMA. See Timor. SARCOPHAGUS (Lat. sarcophagus, from Gk. aapKo<piyo!, sarkophagos, Hesh-eating, from irdpf, surx, llesh + ipayeTii, phagein, to eat). Any large coffin designed not to be buried, but to be placed in the open air or in a tomb where it may be seen. The material is usually stone. The name was derived from the ancient belief that coffins made from a certain stone fouml near Assos possessed the pro|)erty of consniuing the body with the exception of the teeth within forty days. Fgj'pt is probably the place of origin. Here the sarcophagus is the dwelling of the dead. In the great tombs of the ])yramid-builders and later kings it is a huge block of granite in which is hollowed a receptacle for the nuinuny case, while another block forms the cover. The (u-ig- inal idea of the house is sometimes indicated by the rounded roof. In less prosperous times and in poorer tombs the sarcophagi are of clay or of wood, often elaborately jiainted or decor:iled with inlaid work in glass and paste. About the seventh century B.C. another form of stone sar- cophagus is found which reproduces the mummy case, showing the human head and outline of the swathed form. This type is especially eonnnon in Phoenicia and Phoenician lands, such as Cy- prus, Carthage, and some of the Sicilian settle- ments. Especially noteworthy is a large group of these 'anthropoid' sarcophagi made of white Greek marble, and showing clear proof in the human heads, sculptured in relief on the lids, of Greek workmanship. This series begins shortly after the Persian wars and continues down to about the time of Alexander the Great. Among the Cireeks the use of sarcophagi seems to have been borrowed from the East, and appears first in Asia llinor. In general, the Greek and Asiatic sarcophagi are distinctly of the house or temple type, often showing in relief the gables, columns, and other architectural details. On the early sarcophagi of Cyprus these forms are less clear, and the custom of decorating the sides with scenes in relief is found. In Greece sarcophagi proper were not used till late in the fifth century and do not seem to have been very generally em- ployed at any time. Greek sarcophagi are con- sequently not numerous, and the finest specimens were found in a tomb at Sidon in 1887. Of the seventeen sarcophagi, one is an Eg^'ptian anthro- poid, and the others Greek, four of them being richly decorated with reliefs. The earliest of these, 'the sarcophagus of the Satrap,' belongs to the time shortly after the Persian wars, and shows Ionic art of the transitional period. The 'Lycian iSarcophagus' is evidently of the end of the fifth century and inspired by the sculptures of the Parthenon. To the earlier fourth century belongs the 'Sarcophagus of the Jlourners,' which is in the form of a temple, between the eolunms of which are standing or seated women, whose faces and attitudes are the embodiment of woe.