Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/659

SATTGERTIES. 591 SAUL. SATTGERTIES, sn'gGr-W-z. A villafio in Ulster County. N. Y., 12 miles north of Kinjjston; on the lliuison Kiver, and on the West Shore Kail- road (ilap: New York, F. 3). It is in a farm- inj,' region, and has important stone quarries. Paper, blank books, briek. and eenient are manu- factured. There is a public library. The first settlers probably came as early as Ki.S", and in 1710 a colony of Talatines settled here. Until 1811, when the town was incorporated, Sauger- ties was part of Kingston. The village was in- corporated in 1831. Population, in 18i)0, 4237; in IflOO, 3097. Consult: Brink, The Early His- tory of Satiiicrties (Kingston, N. Y., 1902). SATJGOK'. A low swampy island of Bengal, India, at the mouth of the Hugli (Jlap: India, E 4). It is one of the holy places of the Hindu religion, noted formerly for its infant sacrifices. It is visited by multitudes of pilgrims in Novem- ber and January at the time of the full moon, when, after the ceremony of purification, a great fair takes place. The island has an area of 225 square miles, chietly covered with Jungle, infested by tigers and other wild animals. Among its structures are a lighthouse, visible 1.5 miles, and meteorological stations. The population is not large, a cyclone and a tidal wave having de- vastated the island in 1SG4, sweeping away over two-thirds of the inhabitants. SAXJGXJS, sa'gtis. A town, including three villages, in Essex County, Mass., 8 miles north of Boston ; on the Saugus River and ilassa- chusetts Bay, and on the Boston and ilaine Rail- road (Jlap: Massachusetts. F 3). It has a public library with more than 0000 volumes. Brick, spices, and woolen goods are manufac- tured. The government is administered by town meetings, convening annually. Saugus was in- corporated in 1815. Population, in 1890, 3073; in 1900, 5084. SAUK (from their own name, Osar/i, of xmcer- tain etymology, also known as Sac, and frequent- ly referred to, in connection with their con- federated tribe, under the compound title of Sacs and Foxes). A prominent and warlike tribe of Algonquian stock ( q.v. ) , formerly holding both banks of the Mississippi and the entire Rock River region in northwestern Illinois, eastern Iowa, and southwestern 'isconsin, with a jjor- tion of Missouri. According to tradition they once lived on the Ottawa River, Canada, but, with other tribes, were driven out by the attacks of the Iroquois. About 1070 thej- were found by the French in northern Wisconsin, in immediate vicinity of their close kindred, the IMuskwaki or Foxes. From this position the two tribes were gradually pressed southward by the Ojibwa. The Foxes suffered severely in a war with the French, and in a great battle with the Ojibwa about 1700 were so greatly reduced that they were forced to confederate "with the Sauk, who retained the leading position. On the conquest of the Illinois about 17C5 the Sauk took pos- session of the Rock River country of Illinois and the adjacent territory in Iowa. In 1832 a con- siderable party, led by Black Hawk (q.v.), com- bined to resist the execution of a treaty by which the Indians were to give up all their lands east of the Mississippi, but in the short war they were defeated. The Indians were removed to the west side of the Mississippi, in Iowa, and subsequently, in different bodies, to Kansas and the Indian Territory. A part of those who removed to Kansas, chielly of the Muskwaki or i'ox tribe, afterwards returned to Iowa and repurchased lands near Tama. In 1903 the Sauk an.l .Musk- waki numbered togetlier about 930. As a people they are strongly conservative. SAUL (Hel). shuul. asked [of Yahweh], or devilled [to Yaliweli], pass. part, of shutil, to ask) . The first King of Israel, the beginning of whose reign is placed at about B.C. 1050! He was a son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin. The account of his career, embodied in I. Sam. ix. to II. Sam. i., rei)resents a eondiination of the two chief sources believed by modern critics to be found in the books of Samuel (q.v.). As a eonseqm'nce it is asserted that we have two varying accounts of the manner in which he came to "occupy his posi- tion as head of the people. According to one of these accounts, it was while searching for the lost as.ses belonging to his father that he en- countered the seer Samuel, who announced to Saul that he was destined to deliver Israel from the oppression of the Ammonites and Philistines. Soon afterwards Xahash. a chief of the .Xnunon- ites, laid siege to Jabesh-tiilead. The inlinbitants appealed to the West-.Iordan tribes for aid, and when the news reached Saul he gathered a force with which he inflicted a crushing defeat on Kahash. At Samuel's bidding the people then gathered at Gilgal and solemnly crowned Saul as King. The other account represents the peo- ple as dissatisfied with their condition and de- manding of Samuel that a king be placed at their head. Samuel, while rebuking the people, nevertheless yields to the popular request and at an assembly held at Mizpah Saul is chosen. Those who accept the above theory conclude from these varying accounts that it was not so much Samuel's interference as the natural course of events that brought Saul forward. The chief efforts of his career were directed toward re- ducing the power of the Philistines. In a series of well-directed campaigns he drove the Philis- tines back to their territory along the seacoast. He was equally successful in' his campaign against the Amalekites. His victory over them repre- sents the climax in his career. Intertribal jealousies and family intrigues loosened the union of the tribes after the crisis had been tem- porarily passed, while the growing popularity of the youthful David (q.v.). originally introdviccd at Saul's court as a skillful harp-player, brought out the worst elements in Saul s nature. A strange melancholy settled upon him, and this ill- ness, which at times resembled madness, was a factor leading to the quarrel between Saul and David; and while David was obliged to take flight, he did more harm to Saul's cause by alli- ances with the enemies of Israel than he" could possibly have done had he remained in Saul's service. Encouraged by this state of affairs, the Philistines roused themselves to renewed ac- tion, and at Mount Gilboa succeeded in defeating the Hebrew army. Saul's three sons perished in the battle, while the King himself, when he real- ized the despcrateness of the situation, "fell on his sword" and thus put an end to his life. Consult: the chapters on Saul in the Hebrew his- tories of Stade. vol. i. (Giessen, 1881). Guthe (Freiburg, 1899), Renan (Paris, 1887), Piepen- bring (ib.. 1899). Kent (New York, 1891), and Welihau.sen (Berlin, 1895). See David.