Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/701

SCHEM. 633 SCHENKEL. SCHEM, slieiii. Alexander Jacoh (1S2(>-S1). An Aiiu-ric-un statistician. He was born in West- phalia, and, after studying at tlie universities of Bonn and Tubingen, edited Westplialian news- papers until 1851, when he came to the I'nited States. Here he was engaged as professor of Hebrew and nKulern languages at Oiekinson Col- lege (1854-00). but resigned in hStiO to devote himself to literature. From 1874 until his death he was assistant superintendent of schools in New York, He edited statistical almanacs for 18(10 and 1808-09: published a Latin-Euglish Xcliodl Lcjcicoii (with Rev, George R, Crooks, 1857) ; a Vyclopadia of Education (with Henry Kiddle, 1877 ) ; and was one of the editors of The Methodist and of The Methodist Qiiurtcriii lie- rieic. He edited the Deutsch-Anierikanisches Co II rcrad lions- Lexicon (12 vols.). SCHEMNITZ, shem'nits (Hung, Selniecx- bunya). A royal free city and the capital of the County of Hont, Hungary, in a narrow moun- tain gorge, 06 miles north of Budapest (Map: Hungary, F 2). There are six suburbs. The academy for mining and wo'odcraft, embracing collections of minerals and a chemical laboratory, is the chief architectural feature. There are a ruined castle and a Piarist seminary. Cigars and shoes are manufactured. Schenmitz is fa- mous for its mines, which extend under the town, and produce gold and silver, as well as copiier, iron, and suljihur. It was made a free royal city in the twelfth century. Population, in 1900, 10.:570. SCHENCK, skeuk, Robert Gumming (1809- 90), An American soldier, political leader, and diplomat, born at Franklin, 0. He graduated at Jliami University in 1827, later studied law, and was admitted to'the bar in 1831. In 1851-53 he was Minister to Brazil. While in South America he negotiated treaties between the United States and the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Para- guay, Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1801 he aided in clearing the mountains of West Virginia of Confederates, and the next spring he commanded the Federal right wing at Cross Keys, At the second battle of Bull Run he led his troops with the utmost gal- lantry and was severely wounded. He was then promoted to the rank of major-general of vol- unteers, but resigned his eommi.ssion in 1863. He was a member of Congress from 1863 to 1870, .".nd was successively chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs and chairman of the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. In 1871 he was a mem- ber of the .Toint High Commission which dreAV u]i the Treaty of Washington, and was Minister to England from 1S71 to 1870, when he resigned in consequence of accusations made against him in connection with the Emma Silver Mine fraud. Subsequent investigations cleared him of all sus- picion of complicity, SCHENECTADY, ske-nek'tii-di. The county- seat of Schenectady County, X, Y., 17 miles north- west of Albany : on the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal and on the Xew York Central and Hudson River, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Fitchburg railroads (Map: Xew Y'ork, F 3), It rises gradually from the Mohawk River, The more elevated section is principally residential, and has the grounds and buildings of Union Col- lege (q.v, ), a non-sectarian institution opened in 1795. Noteworthy are the court house, city hall. Van Curler Opera House, the Public IJI)rary, high school building, and Kllis Hospital. Selic- nectady is important industrially. In 1900, $0,- 517,864 capital was invested in its various manu- facturing establishments, whose output was val- ued at $9,288,387, There are large electrical works, locomotive works, foundries and nuichine shops, bottling works, and manufactories of pat- ent medicines, brooms, and brushes. The govern- ment, under the revised charter of 1897, is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a vniicameral council, and in administrative oIKeials. For main- tenance and operation the city spends annually about $400,000, the prineijial items iH'ing: Schools. $85,000; interest on debt, $00,000: water works, $60,000: municipal lighting. $30,000: lire department, $30,000; streets, $.30,000: i)o!iec, $30,000, The Avater works, which represent an outlay of $1,230,010. are owned and operated by the nuinicii)ality. The population in 1890 was- 19,902: in 1900, 31,082, Schenectady was settled in 1602 by Arendt Van Corlear. on tlie site of the great Mohawk "Castle' and cajiital of the Five Nations, ,Schonowe, On February 8, 1090, the French and Indians mas- sacred 60 and captured between 80 and 90 of its 250 inhabitants, and destroyed CO of its 00 houses. In 1748 another massacre occurred in its immediate vicinity. Schenectady was chartered as a borough in 1765 and became a city in 1798. In 1819 a large part of the town was destro.yed by fire. Consult: Howell and Mun- sell. History of Schenectady County (Albany, 1886), and a sketch in Powell, Historic Towns of the Middle States (New York, 1899). SCHENK. shenk, August (181,5-91), A Ger- man botanist and geologist, born at Hallein, After being docent in Munich, and ])rofessor in Wiirzburg, he was from 1808 to 1887 professor at Leipzig, On prehistoric flora Schenck was one of the greatest of German authorities. He wrote Beitriige ^ur Flora dcr Vorwelt (1803), Fossile Flora des Keupers und drr riitischen For- mation (1804), Fossile Flora der Orenzsehichtrn des Keupers und Lias Frankens { 1865-67), and in Richthofen's China (1882), a summary of the Hora from the anthracite and Jurassic formations. SCHENK, JoHANN (1753-1836), An Aus- trian compo.ser, born at Wiener-Neustadt, In 1778 he composed a mass, which bec;ime popular throughout Germany, and in 1785 his first operetta. Die Weinlese, was produced at Vienna. This was followed by nearly a dozen others of similar character, of which the most important was rtrr Dorfharhier (1796). SCHENKEL, shenk'cl. Daniel (1813-85). A Swiss theologian, born at Dogerlin, in the Canton of Zurich. After studying at Basel and GOttin- gen, he lectured and taught at Basel in 1838-41, and returned there in 1849 as professor and mem- ber of the Church Council, having in the mean- while officiated as first parish priest at Schaff- hausen. In 1851 he became professor, director of the seminary, and university chaplain at Hei- delberg. Of his numerous writings the following partake essentially of the character of mediatory theology: Das Wesen des I'rotrstantismus (1845,51) : Gespriiche iiher Profestonlismus und Kafholieismus (1853) : Der Vnionslx^-uf rff» I'rotestantismus (1855) : and Die Reformatoren und die Reformation (1856), A transition to