Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/708

SCHILLER. 638 SCHISM. ^Vallcnstein. Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in I lie Schiller Arehiv, united in 188'.» with the Goethe Archiv iu Weimar. The Hcliiller-Htiftiniy is a fund raised to eoinineinorate the eenti^nary of the poet's birth, its income be- ing devoted "to the aid of needy men of letters. SCHIL'LING, Johannes (1828—). A Ger- man .sculptor, born at Mittweida, Saxony. He studied iliiclly under Kietschel at Dresden, and Drake at Heriin. After winning a prize at Dres- den, which enabled liiin to study for three years at Rome, he returned to that city in 185G, and became professor in the Academy in 1868. His Ijrst works to attract attention wore the four ad- mirable groups of "Morning," "Noon," "Even- ing," and "Night." on the Briihl Terrace in Dres- den; of importance are also the monument to Schiller at Vienna ; the colossal group of "Dionysos and Ariadne" in a chariot drawn by panthers, on the facade of the Royal Theatre at Dresden ; and the monument to Emperor Wil- liam I. at Wiesbaden (1894). His masterpiece is the celebrated national monument in the Nieder- wald (unveiled in 1883), in which the colossal figure of Germania is especially remarkable. His works represent the transition from the classical to the romantic style, and are characterized by a high sense of the beautiful and by careful exe- cution. Consult Pecht, Deutsche Kilnstler, iv. (Nonllingen, ISS.t). SCHIMTPEE, Kabl (1803-67). A German botanist, the pioneer of modern botanical mor- ])hology. He was born in Jlannheim and was educated for the Church, but in 1826 began the study of botany at Munich. There he was docent for many years, spending much of his time in geological expeditions in the Alps and Pyrenees. In 1849 he received a pension from the Grand Duke of Baden and removed to Schwetzingen. tSehinijier's Bcschreibung dcs Hjimphylum Zeyheri (1835) expressed the theory of phyllotaxis, which he had formulated several years before, and which is his chief claim to fame. Consult Volger, Ijchcii und Lcistungen des Naturforschers Karl fichliiipfr (Frankfort, 1889). SCHIMPEB, WiLiiELM Philipp (1808-80). A German geologist and botanist, best known for his valuable studies of the mosses. He was born in Strassburg. studied there, and in 1835 became assistant in the University Museum of Natural Histoi-y, of which he was made director in 1839. He taught mineralogy and botany in the Uni- versity of Strassburg and wrote Bri/ologia Euro- pwa (with Bruch and Giimbel, 1836-55; supple- ment, 1864-66), Icones Morphologicw (1860), Palwontologica Alsatiea (1854), and Traitd de paleontologie vrgelale (1869-74). Consult Grade, G nil kill me Philippe Schimper (Colmar, 1S82). SCHINKEL, shink'el, I^bl Friedrich (1781- 1841). An eminent German architect. He was born at Neuruppin, Brandenburg. March 13,1781. and studied the principles of drawing and design at Berlin under David and Friedrich Gilly. In 1803 he went to Italy to extend his professional knowledge; but on his return in 1805 he found the aspect of public affairs so threatening that he could obtain little employment, and was forced to take up landscape painting. In May, 1811. he was elected a meniher of. and in IS'^O becinie professor at, the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. Other offices and honors were also conferred on him. He died at Berlin October 9, 1841. His principal structure was the Old Museum (1825- 30), au admirable edilice in Greek style; other designs to which he chielly owes his reputation are those of the Royal Guard-house ( l.Slli-18), the Royal Theatre (1819-21), the memorial of the War of the Liberation (1821), the palace bridge (1822-24), the new Potsdam gate, the artillery and engineers' school, in Berlin; the casino and the Cliurch of Saint Nicholas in Pots- dam ; and a great number of castles, country houses, churches, and public buildings. Schinkel was a man of powerful and original genius: his designs are remarkalde for the unit}' of idea >y which they are pervaded, and the vigor, beauty, and harmony of their details. His tendencies were classical and he succeeded admirably in adapting Grecian forms to the need of modern buildings. Consult: Avs Schinkels Xuclilass. edited by Wolzogen (Berlin, 1862-64) ; and the biographies by Kugler (ib., 1842), Bijtticher (ib., lS57),Quast (Neurupjiin. 1806) .Herman Grimm, Woltmann. Dohmc (Lei]izig, lS82),Pecht (Nfird- lingen. 1S85), and Ziller ("ib., 1897). SCHIO, ske'6. A town in the Province of Vicenza, Italy, 20 miles by rail northwest of Vicenza ( Map : Italy, F 2 ) . It has an eight- eentli-century cathedral and noted wool fac- tories. There are also marble quarries, and silk, clav, and dve works. Population (commune), in "1901, 13_;494. SCHIPPEK,. ship'er, Jakob (1842—). A German philologist and English scholar, born in Oldenburg. He studied modern languages in Bonn, Paris, Rome, and Oxford, collaborated on the revision of Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Diction- ary, and was professor of English philology at Konigsberg from 1872 until 1877, when he re- ceived a like chair in Vienna. There he was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1887, and acted as editor of the Wiener Beitriige zur erig- lischen Philologie (1895-1900). He published Englische Metrik (1881-88), an important work, supplemented by a Grundriss der englischen Metrik (1895);" Ziir Kritik der Shakespearc- Bacon-Frrige (1889). and Der Bacon-Bacillus (1896). aiid editions of the Alexis legends (1877- 87), of Dunbar'.s poems (1892-94), and of Al- fred's version of Bede's ecclesiastical history (1897-99). SCHIRMER,. sher'mer, Johann W'lLHELit (1807-63). A German landscape painter and etcher, born at Jiilich. He studied under Scha- dow at Diisseldorf, and in 1853 was appointed director of the art school at Karlsruhe. He be- came known as one of the first of the so-called Diisseldorf landscape school. His romantic, classic, and bitlical subjects include "The Grotto of Egeria" (1842). in the Leipzig IMuscum ; "Twelve Scenes from the History of Abraham" (1859-62). and "An Italian Park." in the Na- tional Gallery at Berlin ; four scenes of the "Good Samaritan" (1857). and "Storm in the Campagna." at Karlsruhe, and pictures in many other galleries in European cities. SCHISM, Western or Great. A celebrated disruption of communion in the Catholic Church, which arose out of a disputed cinim to the suc- cession to the Paual throne. On the death of Gregory XL, in 1378, a Neapolitan, Bartolommeo Prignano, was chosen Pope by the majority of the cardinals in a conclave at Rome, under the name of Urban VI. Soon afterwards, however, a