Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/717

SCHMALKALDEN. 647 SCHMERLING. of thp formation of the German Protestant Lcafiuo in 1531. (See Schmalkaldic League.) Pojuilation, in 1890. 7318; in litOO, 8720. SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE. Tlie name givuii 111 till' ilctV'iisivc alliaiu-e orfjanized at Sclinialkalilcn (t|.v.). Ui-ccihIht .'il, 1530, by a nuiiilu'V of I'ldtcstaut princi's ami Imjjei-ial cities, and lunnally cuiii-luded April 4, 1531. Chief amont; the organizers of the League were: John the Constant. Kleetor of Saxony; his .son, John Frederick (who siicceedeil to the Electorate in 1532) ; and Philip, Lamlgrave of Ilesse. The rulers of tSa.vony and Ilesse were empowered to manage its affairs. The object of this alliance, which was soon greatly extended, was the defense of the religion and political froedoiu of (lie Prot- estants against the power of the Emperor Charles V. Against the League the Emperor. engage<i as he was at the time in contests with the Turks and French, found himself unable to contend, and in 1532 he was forced to grant the religious peace of Nuremberg. Finally, however, in 1546, he resolved to turn his giins against the Protes- tants, and the War of the Schmalkaldic League ensued, in which the Emperor had the suiiport of Maurice, the ambitious Duke of Saxony, of the Albertine line, who was induced to betray the Protestants by the promise of the Electorate of Saxon,y. The Protestant forces, under .lohn Frederick, were totally routed at Mfihlberg (April 24. 1547), and both the Elector and Philip of Hesse fell into the Emperor's hands. This defeat finished the w-ar. The object of the League, the guaranty of the libert.v of religion to the Protestants, was subsequently effected by Maurice, then Elector of Saxony, who, having rejoined the Protestants, by a brilliant feat of diplomacy and generalship compelled the Em- peror to grant the Treaty of Passau (August 2, 1552), by which this freedom was secured. For references, see Reformation; also Chables V.; S.vxE. Maurice, Count of; Germany. SCHMARDA, shmar'da, Ludwig Karl (1819 — ) . An Austrian naturalist and traveler, born at Olmiitz. Moravia. He studied in Vienna, and became professor in 1850, at the University of Graz, where he founded the Zoiilogical Jluseum, and in 1852 at Prague. In 1853-57 he traveled around the world, and in 1862 was ap])ointed professor at the University of Vienna. For the Government he investigated the industry of fish- eries on the Austrian (1863-155) and French (1S6S) coasts, and. after having retired from service in 1883, visited Spain and the .Vfrican coast in 1884, 1886. and 1887. His publications include: Andviilunfien aiis dcin Seelcnlcbcn der Tliiire (1846) ; Zur yaturpeschichte dcr Adria { 1852) ; Die geographische Verbreitung der Thiere (1853); Znr NaiurgescMchte Aegyplens (1854); TVciic irii-hcllose Thiere (1859-Cl) ; lieise uin die Erde (1861) ; and a textbook for higher institu- tions, entitled Zoologie (1877-78). SCHMARSOW, shm.ar'.s6, AuGU.ST (1853-). A German art historian, born at Schildfcld, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and educated in Zurich. Strassburg. and Bonn. He became decent of the history of art at Giittingen in 1881, pro- fessor there in 1882, at Breslau in 1880, went to Florence in 1892. and thence to Berlin in 1893. He foimded the Florence Institute for the History of Art in 1888, and wrote biographies of David D'Angcrs, Ingres, and Proudhoii in Dohme's Kiiiist und Kiijixthr; I.iibiii:: iind Hvo(ttlitis (1S77); A'o/)/i(((7 und I'iiitiiricrhio in Kirmi (1880); M,iv::zu da Forli (1880); Oomilillo (1880); (liovnnni Hanli (1887); Mnrlin ran Lucca (1889); ;/(isaocio-.S7i(rfif;i (1895 96), with atlas ; Boroc/i- tind Uolcoko (1897); and I'lustik, Malcrti und Kelicfkunst (1S99). SCHMAXJK, slimouk, Tiiiioikjue Emaniel (1800—). An American Lutheran clergyman and author, born in Lancaster, Pa. He grailuated at the University of Pennsylvania, and at the Lutheran Theological Seminary in I'hiladelplija, and went as pa.stor to Lebanon, I'a., in 1883. Afterwards he became literary editor of The Lutheran (1889). editor-inchief of the Lutheran Vhureh Revicn- (1892) and of other Lutheran publications. His works include: The egatirc Criticism of the Old Testament (1894); Cate- chetical Outlines (1892); and Manual of Bible Geographi/ (1901). SCHMEKS, shmeks. See TAtbafOked. SCHMELLER, shmOl'ler. .Toiiann Andreas (1785-1852). A Gernum philologist. He was born at Tirschenreuth. 13:ivaria. and studied in Munich. His studies of (nrman dialects began with Bavarian, and in 1821 he published Die Mundarten Buyerns (supplemented bv a lexicon, 1827-30). From 1828 until his death lie taught in the University of Munich. Schmeller edited the Heliand (1830) ; the Old High German Kranqc- lienharmo-nie (1841); the .1/H.spi7H (1832); La- teinische (ledichte des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts (1836) ; Carmina Burann (1847) ; and lladamar von Laber's Jagd (1850). His Cimbrisrhes WOrlerbucli was edited b.y Bergmann in 1855. Consult Nicklas, Schmellers Leben und Wirlcen (Munich. 1885). SCHMERLING, shmcM-'ling, Anton, Bitter yon (1805-93). A distinguished Austrian states- man, born in Vienna, where he studied law and in 1829 entered the Government service. As an opponent of Metternich's polic,y he was sent to represent Austria at the Frankfort Parliament, and presided over it after the retirement of Col- loredo. Elected to the National Assembly, he advocated a constitutional monarchy, and was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior by the Viceregent, Archduke John. Prus- sian inlluence haying prevailed against his efforts to uphohl the Austrian hegemony, he retired, and in Vienna entered Schwa rzenberg's Cabinet as Minister of Justice, in which capacity he created the trial by jury. At variance with the reac- tionary policy of Prince Selnvarzenberg, he re- signed in 1851, soon after became chairman of the Senate of the Supreme Court, and in 1858 President of the Provincial Court of Appeals. The pojmlar opposition to the feileral Oi-tobcr diploma of 1800 led to the appointment of Schmerling as Minister of State to promote the transformation of Austria into a constitutional monarchy, but his failure to overcome the op- position of the Hungarian Diet to his measures forced him to resign in 1805. whereupon he was appointed President of the Supreme Court. In 1807 he was made a life member of the House of Lords, where he repeatedly acted as first yice- president. and since 1879 led the part.y in opposi- tion to the policy of Count TaatTe. For his biography, consult Arneth (Vienna, 1895).