Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/729

SCHONEMANN. 659 SCHONTHAN. later became Mayor of Strassburg. Consult Von Diirckhciiii, LillU liild (2d ed., ilunich, 1894). SCHONGATTER, shOu'gouer, Martin (c.1440-01). A painter and engraver ot" the early Snabian school, the greatest German artist of till' fifteenth century. He was coninionly called Martin Schijn or Hiibsoh Martin, by reason of his beautiful art. He was born at Kolniar, Alsace, the son of Kaspar Sehon^iauer. a jjoldsmith of Augsburg, who had settled at Kolniar before 1440. ilartin probably practiced at first his father's craft, and, turning to painting at an early jjeriod, was presumably instructed by Kaspar Isenmann, then the most prominent painter of Kolmar, whose iiillucnce is trace- able in Schongauer's work. 'liclher he after- wards studied under Eogier van der Weyden is open to doubt, but he surely passed an appren- ticeship in the Xethcrlands and w'as deeply im- pressed by the works of Kogier, emancipating himself only gradually from their influence. After his return he established at Kolmar a studio for painting and engraving, frequented by numerous disciples and assistants. While engaged upon a commission at Breisach, he died on Februarv 2, 1491. The number of Schongauer's authenticated paintings is very limited, and bis artistic devel- opment can therefore be more easily estimated from his engravings. His *arly period is best represented by the "Madonna in an Arbor of Koses" (1473), now in the Schongauer ^Museum at Kolmar, a highly finished work, in which the Flemish type is unmistakable. Of later date is. in the same museum, the series of si.xteen panels, depicting the •"Passion of Christ," in which native German influences preponderate. A similar progress may be observed in the two altar wings with the "Annunciation" and the "Child Adored by the Virgin and Saint Anthony." His latest stage is well exemplified by two exquisite small pictures of the "Holy Family," in the Pinakothek at Munich and the Vienna lUuseum. As an engraver, Schongauer ranks as the fore- most artist of his day. His modeling and shad- ing are firm and delicate, the compositions highly picturesque, and the landscape backgrotmds ex- ceed an^-thing previously' achieved in Geiman art. Among his 117 plates some of the most remark- able are the "Bearing of the Cross," "The Annun- ciation." "Christ on'the Cross," "The Wise and Foolish Virgins." "The Temptation of Saint Anthony," "Christ Enthroned," and the ideal figure of "Saint Agnes." The most comprehensive reproduction of his engravings is Aniand-Durand. (Ein-rc dc Martin ,Vchongaucr, with text by Du- plessis (Paris, 1881). Consult: Schmidt, in Dohme, Kunst und Kiinstler (Leipzig. 1877) ; Bach, "Neues fiber Martin Schongatier," in 7?c- poHoriinn fiir Kunstwissenschaft, xxii. (Berlin, 1899) ; Goutzwiller, Le musfe dc Colmar (Paris, 1875) ; Burckhardt, Die Hchiile Martin Srhon- gauers am Ohcrrhein (Basel, 1888) ; and Janit- schek, Gcschichte der deutsclien Malerci (Berlin, 1890). SCHONLEBER, shen'la-ber, Gustav (1851 '—) . A German landscape painter, born in Bietigheim. Wiirttemberg. He studied in Stutt- gart and Munich. In 1880 he was called to the Academy of Karlsruhe, of which institution he afterwards became director. Among his principal paintings may be mentioned: "Port of Kotter- dam" (1870); "Quinto al mare" (1888); "Cas- tcllo di Paraggi" (1893); "Sunmier Storm at Kapallo" (1898); and numerous oilier coast scenes in Italy, Holland, and Knglaiid, besides village views in (iermany. As a eolorist Schiin- lebcr is subdued, preferring the lights of storm and mist. In drawing he has the precision of the Renaissance allii-d to the most modern composi- tion. He is known also as an etcher and illus- trator. SCHONLEIN, shen'lin. Johan.n- Li kas ( 179.'5-I8t;4) . A tieriiian professor of medicine, born in Bamberg. He studied medicine at Lands- hut. Jena, Giittingen, and Wiirzburg. After tcaehing at Wiirzburg and Zurich he was called to Berlin in 1839. There he taught therapeutics and pathology and directed the clinical depart- ment in the university. He was also appointed ])liysician to Frederick William IV. He wrote Sllgemeine und specielle Pathologic und The- rapie (1832) and Klinische Vortriigr im Chariti Krankenhause zu Berlin (1842). Consult Vir- chow, GedSchtnisrcde auf Schiinlein (Berlin, 18(55). SCHONN, shen, Alois (1826-97). An Aus- trian genre painter, born in Vienna and educated in the academy of that city. In 1848 he enlisted as a sharpshooter in a Tyrolese regiment ami saw service in Italy. There and afterwards in Hun- gary he gained material for his first pictures. In 1850-51 Schiinn studied under Horace Vcriiet in Paris. He then traveled in the southern regions of Austria and the East, which gave him subjects for many of his best known canvases, sucii as "On the Coast of Genoa" (1872, Vienna Museum), Arab Story Tellers, Turkish Vintage Festival, etc. Gypsy life in Hungary was al>o one of his favorite subjects, as shown by "Village Gypsies in Upper Hungary" (Gotha Museum). SCHONTHAN, slien'tan. Franz von (1840 — ) . An Austrian dramatist, born in Vienna. After serving four years in the navy he went on the stage and also began to write for periodicals. His first successful dramatic effort was Dan Miidchen atis der Fremde (1879), upon which followed the farce Sodom and Gomorrha (1880). and, in collaboration with Moser, Der ZugvDgel and Krieg und Frieden. played on all the stages of Germany. In 1883-84 stage manager of the Stadtheater in Vienna, he lived afterwards al- ternately in Berlin and on his estate at Brunn. near Vienna, and finally settled at Dresden. Of his numerous comedies, often partaking of a farcical character, may be mentioned: Unsre Fraucn (with Moser, 1881) : Der Schirabenstreich (1882) ; with his brother Paul: Der Raiib der Sabinerinnen, Fran Uirektor Htriesc (1885). and Das gelobte Land (1892); with Kadelburg: Goldfisehc (188G), Die beriihmle Fran (1SS7). Der Berr Senator (1894): and with KopellEll feld: Komtesse Giiekerl (1895). Renaixsaner. Die goldene Eva (1896), and Florio und Flavio (1901).. Several of his plays are well known on the American stage. His brother Paul (1853 — ). after serving in the army, became a journalist in Vienna, and published numerotis tales and novels, notably: Well- und Kleinstadtgesehiehlen (1889): Ring- xtrnssenzauber (1894): Sehleelite I(as«e (1894): Geberden'der Liebe (1895) : Wiener Luft (1897) : Enfant terrible (1897); lirave und xehlimme Frauen (1901); and Pariser Modell (1902), a