SCHUMANN. 673 SCHURMAN. aided Franz and Gade. and praetkally introduced Berlioz lo the musical world by his review of the Symphviiie pluiiittisli<]ue. lu all matters re- lating to the achicvcincnts of other musicians he was most liberally ajjpreciative, save in the case of Wayner, whom, at tir>t inclined to regard favorably, he afterwards opposed. Schumann's imjiortant nuisical work of 1834 was the Etudes Ki/mijIioiiiiiiKx. The fidlowing year saw the production of two sonatas, the lirst, in F sharp minor, significantly dedicated "to Klara." Subsequently he went to Vienna in hopes of there placing the Xeiie '/.cilsrhrift on a more remunerative basis, but was unsuccessful. It was during his Vienna sojourn, liowever, that he visit- ed Schubert's brother Ferdinand and discovered Schubert's great (' iiuijor /^i/Dijthoiiii. Friedrich Wicck had long opposed the marriage of his daughter to Schumann, but in September, 1S40, they were at last united. The years of Schumann's imcertainty regarding the result of his ardent passion had been productive of some of his tinest music. Truly," he wrote to Diu'n, "the contest for Klara has yielded much music." Several of the beautiful '"Fantasiestiicke." "Xoveletten." "Xaclit- stlicke," and the "Faschingsschwank aus Wien" for piano; his first .symphony; and above all the songs, 1.3S in number, written in 1840. and in- cluding the famous "Liederkreis" and "Dichter- liebe" of Heine and "Frauenliebe und Leben" of Chamisso, are among the productions inspired by his love for Klara. When Jlendelssohn founded the conservatory at Leipzig, Schumann, who was on terms of intimacy with him, became one of the in- structors, but made little impression as a teacher. Among the important works composed before his removal to Dresden are the choral work Das Paradics und die Peri and the cele- brated piano quintet. The Schumanns resided in Dresden from 1844 to 1850, when they .settled in Diissehlorf. The juincipal works of the Dres- den period are the piano concerto (op. 54), the C major .S',i/»i/;/i'jH^i/, the opera Oowvcra (un- successfully produced in Leipzig, 1850), the Man- fred music, and the scenes from Goethe's Faust. Schumann's conductorship of the Chorgesang- Verein also was jn'oductive of much cBoial music. Even while in Dresden he had sufl'ered from attacks of melancholia, and these liecame frequent after he moved to Diisseldorf, whither he had been called as musical director. Here, never- theless, he composed the I'hcnish 8i)i>ii)liony (in- spired by the festivities incidental to the eleva- tion of the Archbishop of Cologne to the rank of cardinal) and the D minor i^jim phony. On Febru- ary 27, 1854. during a fit of melancholy, he at- tempted suicide by jumpii;<r into the Rhine. He was rescued and taken to a private asylum at Endenich, near Bonn, where he died, .July 29, 1856. Schumann's compositions are essentiality ex- pressions of moods. He was one of the most sub- jective, most "intimate" of composers, and for this reason most successful in the more compact forms such as the Lied, and in one-movement pieces like his "Xoveletten" and "Fantasie- stiicke," or in works consisting of a series of smaller divisions like his "Kinderscenen" and "Faschingsschwank." While this is true in a general way, the piano concerto, piano quintet, sonata in G minor, and his first and second ^vm- phonies rank among the best of their kind, though, as regards the -ymphonies, his orchestra- tion is far from brilliant. In his compositions he was one of the founder-., and in his writings the chief advocate of the Neo-Uoniantic School, and perhaps nowhere have the tendencies of this school found more compact ami elo(|uent e.preH- sion than in liis songs. They diller from those of his ininu'diate forerunner, Schubert, in a closer intcrknitting of voice and accompaniment, in which respect Brahms is, par excellence, Schu- mann's successor. Consult the biographies by Wasielewski (Eng. trans., Boston, 1871), Rei.S9- mann (Berlin. 187t»), Spitta (1-eipzig. 1883), Fuller-Jlaitland, in the "Great Musicians" series (New York. 1884), Erler (Berlin, 1887), Rie- mann (Leipzig, 1887), and Batka (ib., 1892). .lso Jansen, Vie Darid.si/iindirr (Leipzig, 1893) ; Wasielewski, Seliiimaniana (Bonn, 1884); anil ^ ogel, »S'c/i»nio»»i.9 Klnrierlonpovsie (Leipzig, 1887). SCHUMANN-HEINK. hlnk, Erne.stixe, n^ FvOlcssLER (ISCl— I. A tJerman dramatic con- tralto, born ;it Lieben, near I'rague. She studied with Marietta von Leclair at Gratz, and nuule her d^but at Dresden in 1878, as Azucena in II Trora- tore. For four vears she sang in Dresden, and from 1883 in the'Hamburg Stadttheater. In 189(i, at Bayreuth, she took the roles of Erda, Wal- trautc, and the first orn, in Der liinr/ des yibehingen. She was married to Heink in 1883, and to Paul Schumann in I8!I3. She made her American debut iu 1898, and sang with uniform success in Chicago, New York, and other cities. SCHTJRER, shi.i'rer, Emil (1844—), A Ger- man Lutheran theologian. He was born in Augs- burg, studied theohigy at Erlangen, Berlin, and Heidelberg, became professor of theology succes- sively at Leipzig, 1873, Giessen, 1878, Kiel. 1890, and Giittingen, 1805. He has published Die Oe- meindererfasHuntj der -Juden in Rom (1879), Die iillesten Christenyemeinden im riimischen Reich ( 1894) , and, the work by which he is best known, deschielite rfc? jiidi.sehen Volhes im Zeilaller Jestt Christi (188(i-90: Eng. trans.. 1880-90). -fter 1870, with Adolf Harnaek, he edited the Theoioyiseh e L ill era t nrzeitung. SCHURMAN, shur'man, .T.con GoiLn (1854 — ). .
American educator, burn at Freetown,
Prince Edward l>land. He began his academic education at .cadia Cidlege. Nova Scotia, and in 1875 won the Gilchrist Camidian Scholarship at the University of London, where he received his degree in 1877, Afterwards he studied at the University of Edinburgh, and at Heidelberg. Ber- lin, and Gr.ttingen. From 1880 to 1882 he was ])rofessor of psychology-, ])olitical economy, and English literature at Acadia College: from 1882 to 1880 was professor of Englisli llti'rature and ]>liilosophy at Dalhousie College, and in the latter year became professor of jihilosophy at Cornell University. In 1891 he was appointed dean of the Sage School of Philosojihy at Ciunell, and in 1892 succeeded Charles Kendall Adams (q.v.) as president of the university. He became editor of the Philosophirnl Rerieir in 1892. In .Tan- uary. 1899, he was appointed by President Mc- Kiiiley chairman of the first Pliilippine Commis- sion, and spent the greater jiart of Ihi' -ucceeding year in the Phili^ipine Islands. His publications include: Kantian Ethiea rind the Ethic.i of Eva- Intion (1881) : Tlie Ethical Import of Dnriiinism (1S88) ; Belief in God (1890) ; Agnosticism and
