SCHUYLER. 675 SCHWALBACH. TVorld. remaining with Hint papor in varioii-; capacities xintil 18S3, alter uliiili he was an editorial writer on tlic New York Times. He made a special study of arcliiteetiirc, upon wliioli subject lie was a frequent contributor to maga- zines. He published The lirookiijn ISridijc (1883), with William C. Conant, and Studies in American Architecture (1892). SCHUYLER, Philip (1733-1804). An emi- nent Aiiieriean soldier and statesman, born No- vember 20, 1733, at Albany, X. Y. Entering the English army on the outbreak of the French and' Indian War, he served as ca])tain in 1755, and as captain and commissary in 1750. In 1757 he re- signed, but reentered the army, as major, in 1758, and served as such until the close of the war. He was elected to the Colonial Assembly in 17(iS, and in ilay, 1775, was a delegate to the Continental Congress, by which he was made a major-general on June 19. Being assigned by Washington to the command of the Northern Department, he organized the expedition against Canada, which was to proceed by way of Lake Champlain, but he was forced by illness to de- pute the active leadership of the invading troops to C4eneral Richard Jlontcomery (q.v. ). Return- ing to Albany, he directed operations against the Indians and Tories, and, as Indian Commissioner, carried on important negotiations with the Six Nations. Meanwhile Cieneral iloratio Gates (q.v.) and many of the New England delegates, who had been oflended by Schuyler's attitude in the New-Y'ork-Massachusetts boundary disputes, began scheming for his removal : and in Septem- ber, 1776, disgusted at these intrigues, he sent in his resignation, which, however, was not accepted by Congress. In April, 1777, a C'ongi'essional court of inquiry strongly connnended him for his conduct hitherto, but the attacks continued, be- ing especially bitter after St. Clair's evacuation of Ticonderoga, and on August 19 General Giates ■was appointed to supersede him in command of the Northern Department. Sehuyler, however, remained with the army and assisted very ma- terially in the operations against Burgoyne. A court-martial, convened in October. 1778, acquit- ted him with the highest honor of all charges, and his resignation having been accepted April 19, 1779. he became one of New Y'ork's repre- sentatives in Congress, serving until 1781. After the war he was one of the leaders of the Fed- eralist Party, and held many important State offices, besides representing New Y'ork in the United States Senate in 1789-91 and again in 1797-98. While serving in the State Senate he helped codify the New York laws, and ardently advocated the building of State canals. Through- out his public career he was conspicuous for his great abilities, his stanch patriotism, and his unselfish devotion to diity. His daughter Eliza- beth married Alexander Hamilton. Consult his Life by Lossijig (New Y'ork, 1872) and Tuek- erman (ib., 1903) . SCHUYLKILL, skool'kil. A river of Penn- sylvania, rising in the highlands of Schuylkill County and flowing southeast 125 miles to the Delaware, which it joins at Philadelphia (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). It has been improved for slack-water navigation nearly to its source; it furnishes the greater part of Philadelphia's water supply, and affords extensive w'harfage in its course through the city. SCHWAB, shviib. Gistav (1702-1850). A <;<rman poet, scholar, and pastor, born at Stutt- gart. He studied at Tiibingen, taught at Stutt- gart, becanie pastor at Goniaringen ( 1837) and in Stuttgart (1841). In poetry he regarded liiTU- self as "the eldest pupil of I'hland." but he lacked his classic simplicity and sense of form. Several of his ballads are deservedly popular for their purity and warmth of feeling. His (Ic- dichte (1828-29) were revised and pruned as AVhc Atisicahl (1838) and are still reprinted. Schwab wrote in prose a Life of Seliiller (1840), Die seliihisten Saqeii. des hlassisehen Allertums (1838-40; often ' recdited ) . Deutsche Yolks- hiichcr (1843; often reprinted), and a Wcgweiscr durch die Litlerutur dcr Deutseheii (1840). Con- sult Kliipfel, (luHtar Schwab als Dichtcr tind Hchriflslrlhr (Stuttgart, 1884). SCHWAB, shwiib, Joiix Ciibistopiier (1865 — ). .
American economist and historian, born
in New York City. He graduated at Yale in 1880. and after postgraduate study there, at Berlin, and at Giittingen, became professor of economics at Y'ale in 1898. He wrote Histori/ of the ?,'cio York I'ropertyi Tux in the pidilications of the American Economic Association (vol. v., 1890; and in German in the Jenaer staatsicisseiiseliaft- liche Studien. vol. iii., pt. 3, 1890) ; a monograph on the history of the eurricilum of Y'ale Col- lege: and the important Ttic Confederate States of Aiiierieii ( 19111 ). SCHWABACH, shva'biic,. A town of the Province of Middle Franconia. Bavaria, 9 miles south of Nuremberg. The Gothic Church of Saint .Tohn, dating from 1469, contains a magnificent altar-piece by Veit Stoss. and fine old paintings. The (iothic ciborium, nearly fifty feet high, is the work of A. Kraft't. The market place con- tains a beautiful fountain built in 1617. Gold and silver wire is manufactured. The famous Schwabacli needles are made here. The Schwa- bach Articles ( 1529) were the basis for the Augs- burg Confession (1530). Population, in 1900, 9385. SCHWABE, shvilOie. LrnwiG von (1835—). A German classical philologist, born at Giessen. He became professor in the I'niversity of Tiibin- gen. His important publications are: Qua;stio»es Catulliuiiw (1862): Catullufi (1866. 1886); De Musao Xonni Imitatore (187(i). He was also editor of the fifth edition of Teuffel's Geschichte dcr riimificlicn Littcrutur (1890). SCHWABENSPIEGEL, shvii'ben - shpegcl (Swabian ]Iirror). A nicdiseval German law- book, compiled probably by an ecclesiastic of the cathedral chapter at Bamberg, about 1259. Its main source was the Saehsenspiegel (q.v.), and it attained legal authority chiefly in Rwabia, Alsace. Franconia, Switzerland, and -ustria. It was written in Upper-German and printed at an early period, probably at Augslierg: the first dated edition is of 1480. A thorough critical edition, l>y Rockinger. under the auspices of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, is in preparation. SCHWABISCH HALL, shvii'bish hjil. A town of Cermany. See Hai.i.. SCHWALBACH, shviil'baK (officially called La.mien Sim WAi BACH ) . . mineral spa, 13 mile-i by rail northwest of Wiesbaden, in Hesse-Nassau. Germany. It was a fashionable watering place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but is
