Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/752

SCHYNSE. 082 Paler Sohvnses let:lc llcisiii {Cologne, 1802), and Paler Au'yust ^chynse und seine il issionsreisen in a/ntu "(.Slnissbiirg, 18i)4). SCIACCA. sluik'kii. A seaport in the Prov- ince ..f Gir{;eiiti. .Sioilv, 45 miles south-soutlnvest of I'lilenuo (Map: Ualy. 11 10). It lias an oleventh-c-enlurv cathedral, ruins of castles, a technical schou'l, and a library. There are pot- teries, anchovy tishin;^, and a trade in grain and oil. Sciacca was an important city in the Jlid- dle Ages. Population (commune), in 1881, 22,- 1!)5; in I'JOl. 20,0110. SCI.a;NIDiE, slen'i-de (Nco-Lat. noui. pi., from 1-at. xiiaiiu, from Gk. <rKlaii/a. skiaiiia, sort of sea-lish, maigre, from fficid, skia, Skt. chaya shadow). A large and important family of spiny-raved lishcs. the grunters, with consider- able" resemblance to the perches, having a com- pressed body. The scales are ctenoid and ar- ranged in oblique rows. The family includes the weakfish. drums, croakers, etc. There are 30 genera and about l.JO species, found in all warm seas, l>ut never in deep water. A few species are restricted to fresh waters, JIany grow to a large size. Most of them are valued as food fishes and some are interesting game fishes. SCIALOIA, she-a-lo'ya> Antoxio (1817-77). An Italian economist and patriot, born at San Giovanni del Teduceio, in Campania. Educated for the law, he published in 1840 / principi deW economia socialc, a book which at once put the young writer into the notice of European econ- omists. As a consequence he was professor of political economy at the University of Turin. He became actively interested in tlie movements ■which resulted in the unification of Italy. He was called into the Treasury by Cavour, entered the Lower House of Parliament, and later became Senator, He held the portfolio of Finance from 1865 to 1807. at the most trying epoch of Italian aflairs. Among his economic and legal works may be mentioned, in addition to the Principi already named, Igiilla. proprieta del prodotti d'inyegno (184.3). IndiislrUi e protezione (1843), / bUaiici di Xapoii e degli sluti sardi, and Carestia e governo (published in Turin from 1854 to 1860). SCIATICA (ML., from sciaticiis, from Lat. ischiadicus. from (xk. /<rx"i5iK6s, ischiadikos, sub- ject to pains in the loins, from l(rx"^^, 'scliias, pain in the loins, from laxiov, ischion, socket of the thigh joint). A neuralgia of the great sciatic nerve. (See Nervous Sy.sTEM and Brain.) It occurs in persons of a gouty or rheu- matic tendency and is brought on by exposure, muscular strain from hard labor, pressure from hard seats, and constipation. As a symptomatic affection it may be caused by the pressure of pelvic tumors, injury to the nerves, inflamma- tions, and spinal disease. It also occurs occa- sionally in phthisis and diabetes. Sciatica is characterized by irregular pains about the hip. especially between the great trochanter of the thigh bone and the bony process on which the body rests when sitting (tuberosity of the isclii- um), spreading into the neighboring parts and running down the back of the thigh into the leg and foot. The pain is almost continuous, with paroxysms of great severity in which the pain is sharp, burning, and stabbing in character. The disease is very obstinate and tends to become chronic. In treatment a most important indica- tion is rest, which is sometimes made more com- SCIENCES. pletc by the application of a splint to the limb. The medicinal treatment depends upon the uuder- Iving cuiistilutioual condition, with morphine, antipyrine, and like drugs to relieve pain. When the disease becomes chronic the galvanic electric current is indicated. Wet cupping is often useful. SCICLI, she'kle. A town in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily, 38 miles southwest of Syracuse (ilap: Italy, J 11). Population (commune), in 1!)01, 16,27'7. SCID'MORE, Eliza Ruhamah (1856—). An American traveler and author. She was born at Madison, Wis,, received an academic education, became widely known as a traveler and as a writer of books of travel, and was made corre- sponding secretary of the National Geographic Society. Her published works include: Alaska, tlie Southern Coast and the Sitkan Aichipclayo (1885) ; Jinrikisha Days in Japan (1890) : Wcsf- iraid to the Far East (1890) ; Java, the (Jardoi of the East (1897); and China, the Long-Lived Empire (1900), SCIENCE, Social, See Sociology. SCIENCES (Lat, scientia, knowledge, from scire, to know ) , Clas.sificatiox of. From early times attempts have been made to arrange all the sciences in a systematic order which shall clearly show their relations to each other. The result of such an attempt depends, of course, partly upon the material to be classified, and partly upon the principle used in classification, i.e. the fundanientum dirisionis (see Division I : it is also apt to be influenced bj' the partiality of the classifier in favor of some discipline which he wishes to place above all others. In ancient Greece there were relatively few sciences, and the classification of such as existed was a comparatively easy matter. And yet even then there was disagreement among classifiers, due in great measure to differences in philo- sophical conceptions. The Platonists divided the sciences into dialectics, physics, and ethics. Aris- totle divided them into the theoretical, the ]irac- tical. and the poetical (creative or technical). Interpreters are not agreed upon wliat he accept- ed definitively as the sub-classes of the theoreti- cal sciences. Some maintain that these sub- classes are analytics (logic), metaphysics, and physics. Others say that he regarded logic merely as propaedeutic to the sciences, and that the theoretical sciences were divided into mathe- matics, physics, and the 'first philosophy' (meta- physics). The practical sciences included ethics and politics, although Aristotle seemed at times to regard ethics merely as a branch of politics. The technical sciences were of two kinds, the useful and the imitative. In modern times Bacon (1605) uses as princi- ple of division the so-called faculties of the mind, some one of which was by him supposed to be predominantly active in each of the several sciences. These faculties were memory, imagina- tion, and reason, and they gave rise respectively to history, poesy, and philosophy. "History is natural, civil, ecclesiastical, and literary: where- of the first three I allow as extant, the fourth I note as deficient." These are again subdivided. Poesy is divided into "poesy narrative, repre- sentative, and allusive." "In philosophy, the contemplations of man do either penetrate unto God. or are circumferred to Nature, or are re- flected or reverted upon himself. Out of which