Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/759

SCIOFPIUS. 689 SCIPIO. English Ambassador. Scioppius fled from Spain to Ingolstadt, where he issued liis Lrrjatus I, alio against the Ambassador. Among his numerous works the most important arc: I'ocmala Varia (1503); Dc Arte Critica (1597); Smi/bola CrUica in Apulcii Opera (1005); Dc Khetoricarum Excrcitationum Gcncribus (11)28) ; Orammalica Philosophica, sire Institutioncs Giximmatica' Laliniv (1028); liudimcuta Cram- maticw Philosophica; (1020) ; Dc Sludiorum Ra- tionc (1030) : and editions of Varro's Dc Liiujua Latina (1005) and the Epistles of .Svmmaelius (1008). SCIOTO, Slot's. A river of Ohio. It rises in Auglaize County, flows south through a fertile and populous valley in the centre of the .State past the city of Columbus, and joins the Ohio Eiver at Portsmouth after a course of '200 miles (Map: Ohio, E 7). It is navigable 130 miles at high water, and its course is followed for 90 miles by the Ohio and Erie Canal. SCIPIO, sip'e-o. The name of a distinguished Koman patrician family of the Cornelia gens. PuBLius CoRNELii s Scipio, surnamcd Afric^nus JIajor, one of the mo.st accomplished warriors of ancient Rome, was born B.C. 237, not in 234, as Eivy says. He is first mentioned as taking part in the battle of the Ticinus (b.c. 218), where he saved his father's life. Two years later he fought at Canna- as a military tribune, but was one of the few Eoman officers who escaped from that disas- trous field. In B.C. 212 he was elected a-dile, though not legally qualified Ijy age, and in the following year proconsul, with command of the Roman forces in Spain. His appearance there restored fortune to the Roman arms. By a bold and sudden march he captured Xova Carthago, the stronghold of the Carthaginians, and ob- tained an immense booty. At B,TCula. in the valley of the Guadalquivir, he defeated Hasdrulial with heavy loss, but could not prevent him from crossing the Pyrenees and marching to the assistance of Hannibal. In B.C. 207 lie won a more decisive victory over the other Hasdrubal, son of Cisco, and ilago, at an unknown place called Silpa, or Elinga, in Andalusia — the effect of which was to place the whole of Spain in the hands of the Romans. Soon after he returned to Rome, where he was elected consul (B.C. 205), though he had not yet filled the office of pra?tor; and in the following year he sailed from Lily- bfeiim, in Sicily, at the head of a large army, for the invasion of Africa. His successes compelled the Carthaginian Senate to recall Hannibal from Italy. This was the very thing that Scipio de- sired and had labored to achieve. The great struggle between Rome and Carthage was ter- minated by the battle fought at Xaragra, on the Bagradas, near Zama, Octol)er 10. B.C. 202. in which the Carthaginian troops were routed with immense slaughter. Hannibal advised his coun- trymen to aliandon what had now become a hopeless and ruinous contest, and peace was con- cluded in file following year, when Scipio re- turned to Rome and enjoyed a triumph. The surname of Africanus was conferred on him. and so extravagant was the popular gratitude that it was proposed to make him consul and dictator for life, honors which Scipio was either wise enough or magnanimous enough to refuse. Wlien his brother Lucius, in 100, obtained command of the army destined to invade the territories of Antiochus, King of Syria, Scipio served under him as legate. Lucius was victorious in the war, and on his return to Rome ( u.c, ISO) as- sumed (in imitation of his brother) the sui'namc of Asiaticus. But the clouds were now gatherinjj heavily round the Scipios. In ii.c. 187 C'ato JIajor and others induced two tribunes to prose- cute Lucius for allowing himself to bi> bribed by Antiochus in the late war. He was declarell guilty by the Senate, his property was confiscated, and he himself would have been thrown into prison had not his brother forcibly rescued liini from the hands of the officers of justice. In B.C. 185 Scipio himself was accuseil by the tribune. M. Xanius: but instead of refuting the charges brought against him ( which were ])robably groundless), he delivered, on the first day of his trial, a eulogy on his own achievements, and opened the second day by reminding the citizens that it was the anniversary of the battle of Zama, and therefore not a time for angry squalibliiig, but for religious services. He then summoned the peo- ])le to follow him to the Capitol to give thanks to the immortal gods and to pray that Rome, might never want citizens like himself. His audience were electrified, and the thing was done before opposition Ijccame possible. To resume the trial was out of the question : but Scipio felt that po])ular enthusiasm was not to be depended on and that his day was over. He retired to his country-seat at Liternuni, in Campania, where he died, B.C. 183 or 185. Scipio is commonly re- garded as the greatest Roman general before .Julius Ca>sar. PuRUus Cornelius Scipio jEmilanus, sur- named AFRiCANt".s Minor, born about B.C. 185, was a younger son of Lucius »Emiliu8 Paulus, who conquered Macedon. but was adopted by his kinsman, Publius Scipio, son of Scipio Africanus Major, who had married the daughter of that Lucius ^5<:niilius Paulus who fell at Canna". Scipio accompanied his father on his e.pcdi{ioii against JIacedon. and fought at the decisive battle of Pydna, B,C. 108. In B.C. 151 he went to Spain as military tribune, in the train of the Consul Lucius Lucullus, and distinguished himself alike by his valor and his virtue. Two years later began the Third Punic War. which mainly consisted in the siege of Carthage. .Scipio still held the subordinate position of militaiy trilmne; but the incapacity of the consuls, Manius Mani- lius and Lucius Calpurnius Piso. and the liril- liant manner in which he rectified their l)lunders. fixed all eyes upon him. The favorite both of the Roman army and the Roman people, Scipio was at length, in b.c 147, when only a candidate for the sedileship, elected consul by an extraordinary decree of the Comitia, and invested with supreme command. After a protracted defense Carthage was finally taken by storm in the spring of B.C. 140; and by the orders of the Senate it was leveled to the ground. Scipio. though proliably the most accomplishcil Roman gentleman of his age, was rigorous in his observance of the antique Roman virtues: and when holding the office of censor in B.C. 142 he strove to follow in the foot- steps of Cato. But his efforts to repress the in- creasing luxury and immorality of the capital were frustrated by the opposition of his col- league, Lucius Mummius, the rough conqueror of Corinth. In B.C. 130 Scipio was accused of the criiiirii mnjestatis by the tribune Tiberius Claudi- us Asellus. but was acquitted, and soon after was