Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/768

SCOTCH SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY. 696 SCOTLAND. SCOTCH SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY. A tcnii u-cd to designate tlie philosupliie tendency represented li.v Thomas Keid, Sir William Hamil- ton, James Beattie, James (.)svald, Dugald Stew- art, .lames ilcCosh, and others. The leading tenet of the school is that we have an immediate and intuitive knowledge of the external world and of lirst principles. See the articles on the above-named thinkers; also PiiiLOSOrHT, His- TOKV (IF. SCOTCH TERRIER. See TeRBIER; and Plate of l)i)(;s. SCOTCH VERDICT. The verdict of 'not proven" which the jury in a criminal trial in Scotland arc permitted" to find in certain cases. The defendant cannot lie again tiied on the same charge. See Guilt; Verdict. SCOTER (from Icel. skoii, shooter, from skjt'ild. (II Hi. scioztiH, Ger. schiessen, AS. sceotan, Eng. sliuul : ultimately connected with Skt. skand, to leap). A sea-duck of the genus Oidemia, of which there are several spe- cies, with tumid or gibbous bill and no frontal processes ; the tail has 14 or 16 feathers. The male is black, sometimes with white on head and wings ; the fe- rn a 1 e sooty-brown. The largest American species is the white-winged scoter {Oidemia Deglandi), which is 22 inches long and is very similar to the Old World scoter {Oidemia fusca). The surf-scoter (Oidemia per- spicillata) is a trifle smaller, and has no white on the wings. The American black scoter (Oidemia Americana) is still smaller (19 inches) and has no white on either head or wings. It is very simi- lar to the European Oidcmid niiira. These three American scoters are abundant in winter ofT the coast of Xew England and the iliddle States. They feed on mussels and other mollusks, and are considered poor eating. All breed in high north- ern latitudes and lay from 5 to 10 eggs in nests on the groiuid. SCOTIA, skO'sha. The hollow or concave molding between the fillets of the tori of the base of Ionic, Corinthian, and derivative orders. (See Base.) It is also called trochillus, but differs somewhat from the cavetto (q.v.) of the Romans, being varied by castled elevations, lakes, valleys, SCOTIST. A follower of Duns Scotus (q.v.) glens, rivers, "cascades and rocky coasts. The ■ ■■ ■ . . „ .. ' highest peaks in South Scotland have an elevation of about 2700 feet. The rivers and lakes of Scot- land are described under Gre.t Brit.iin. Geologi- cally Scotland is more thoroughly of ancient formation than Englan<l. In both the north- ern and southern highland regions little but Archican gneisses and Lower Paleozoic meta- morphic rocks remain, but in the central de- pression a large Carboniferous area containing rich coal fields still survives the long ages of de- BILL OF A SCOTER. 25 and 140 miles. The total area of Scotland, including the islands, is 29,785 square miles. A general discussion of the topographical, climatic, biological, and geological features of Scotland, together with those of England and Wales, is given under the title Great Brit.*.iNj reference to which is made also for each of the headings be- low. Perhaps the most striking general feature of Scotland is its irregularity in outline. Though much smaller than England in area, it has a longer coastline, about 2300 miles, which gives a proportion of 1 mile to every 13 square miles of area. Few places, lie 40 miles from the sea. The east coast is indented by two large arms of the sea, which almost cut the country into three sections, while the west coast is dissected by numerous fiords, or firths, which have converted many headlands into islands. Prominent among the firths are the Firth of Forth on the east, Moray Firth on the northeast, the Firth of Lorne and the Firth of Clyde on the west, and Solway Firth on the southwest border. Scotland differs from England topographically in that the greater part of its surface is mountainous, only the comparatively small south central portion being lowland. The lowlands of the south are divided from the highlands of the north bj- the broad short valleys of tlie Clyde and Forth. Tl;e former district resembles fertile England ; the latter, a much more extensive region, is in the main bare and rugged and capable of supporting but a sparse population. The e.xtreme southern part of Scotland is a region of mountains and hills, embracing fertile valleys. The best known range here is that of the Cheviot Hills, on the English border. Middle Scotland, extending from the Clyde and Forth valleys north to the Cale- donian Canal, which connects Jloray Firth with the Firth of Lorne, is almost exclusively moun- tainous, characterized by the Grampian Hills, and containing Ben Nevis, at the head of the Firth of Lorne, the highest mountain in Great Britain (4406 feet). The plain of Strathmore, however, the most extensive cultivated section in Scotland, lies in this division of the country, northeast of Stirling. Southeast and east of this plain are the Ochil and Sidlaw Hills. North Scotland — the northwestern Highlands — the poor- est part of the country, is an upland of swamp, moors, and bald, barren features. The highest peak in this region is Ben Dearg, 3550 feet. The scenery here is highl,v picturesque and inspiring. in pliilosophy or theology. See Scholasticism. SCOTLAND. A constituent member of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It occupies the northern portion of the island of Great Britain, together with three outlying groups of islands, the Hebrides to the west and the Orkney and Shetland islands to the north- east. Scotland is bounded by the Irish Sea, North Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and the North ^ Sea on all sides except a comparatively short nudation. Igneous rocks of all ages are also stretch on the southeast where it is contiguous to England. The whole is included between latitudes 54" 38' and 00° 51' N., the mainland terminating in latitude 58° 41' N. The greatest extent of the mainland from Dunnet Head in the northeast to the Mull of Galloway in the south- west is 288 miles, and its breadth" varies between more common in all parts of the countrj' than in England. Mining. The annual production of coal is rapidly increasing. Considerablv over half of it is mined in the County of Lanark. Other min- erals are mined in much smaller quantities. Sliale oil is procured in the lowlands, the value of the