Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/864

SENNA. 786 it purges the nursing child. Its best known jjrii»aration is ct>mpounil licorice powder. See Cassia; and Plate of Cabxatioxs, etc. SENNACHERIB, seuiiiik't-rib (Bab. Sin- ahe-tiba, h^iii lias iiaioased the brothers). King of Assyria, B.C. 705-081. He succeeded his father, "Sargon, and at the beginning of, his reign had to deal with a revolt of the Babylonians, headed by ilerodaeh-Baladan. The latter at- tempted to involve llczekiah. King of Judali, in the revolt (II. Kings xx. 1-210). After defeating the Babylonians Sennacherib first proceeded against the Kassi and Ellipi. and then turned his attention to the west. He captured Siilon and the cities dependent upon it, Ashkelon, Ekron, and neighboring cities, and defeated the Egyp- tians, who undertook to check his progress. The cities of Judaii fell into his hands, one after the other, and Hczekiah was sliut up in Jerusalem, but refused to surrender at the demand of the representative of the Assyrian King. At this juncture Sennacherib was obliged to return to Assyria, probably because of the conditions in Babylonia ; but llezekiah seems to have submitted to his general, as he forwarded to Xineveh a heavy tribute. There is some reason to think that there ma.v have been a campaign against Syria and Eg>-pt (II. Kings xix. 9-37) toward the end of Sennacherib's reign when a serious disaster befell the Assyrian army. Later Senna- clierib undertook an expedition against Cilicia and Cappadocia. The trouble in Babylonia con- tinued and Sennacherib finally destroyed the city entirely and exiled the inhabitants. In B.C. 681 he was assassinated by two of his sons and was succeeded by another son, Esar-haddon. Consult : Tiele. Babylonisch-assyrischc Geschichte (Gotha, 1885) : Rogers, Hixtory of Babylonia and As- syria (New York, 1900) : the "Annals of Senna- cherib." and the "Babylonian Chronicle," in Kcilinschriftliche Bibliothek, vol. ii. (Berlin, 1890) : Srcords of the Past, new series, vol. vi. (London. 1892). SENNAR, sen-nilr'. A province of Egj-ptian Sudan i fi.'. > . situated between the White and Blue Xilc, and extending from Khartum south to Fasokl, and known in a wider sense as Dar Sennar. The Province of Kordofan is on the west. The area of Sennar is unknown. It is essentially a plain with isolated mountains dotting its surface. In the soiitheast it becomes rougher, forming the approach to the Abyssinian highlands. The soil is alluvial and carries gold. Sennar is in the moist zone. The Khartum section of the coun- try has little in the way of vegetation but grass- es. In the South are forests. Among the usual trees found are the acacia and the tamarind. Lions, elephants, hippopotamuses, etc., abound. The bog ores yield a good grade of iron. No figures are given for the population, of which the negro race Funj (q.v.) forms a noteworthy part. This race came hither about the year 1500 from Central Africa, and founded the Sennar kingdom, which ceased to exist in 1821. The old capital. Sennar. on the Blue Nile, has about 10,000 inhabitants. It has suffered in the rise of Khartum. Wod lledina and ilesalamia, both on the Blue Nile, are important towns. SENS, saxs. An archiepiseopal city and the capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Yonne, France, 70 miles southeast of Paris, on the Yonne River (Map: France, K 3). The most SENSATION. prominent edifice of the city is the cathedral of Saint Etienne. It dates from the twelfth cen- tury, but lias undergone frequent restorations. It is of the Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture, the latter being more gen- erally used. The town hall, also a fine structure, has a museum of precious stones, an art gallery, and a lilirary. Manufacturing is the leading industry, the chief products being fer- tilizers and farm implements. Population, in 1901, 14,902. Sens, the ancient Affcnticum, at the time of .Julius Caisar was one of the largest cities of Gaul and still has interesting Roman remains. It was made the seat of an archbishop in the eightli century. The see was changed to a bishopric in 1791, was suppressed in 1801, and was finally restored as an archbishopric in 1807. The Council of Sens which condemned Abelard and his teachings was held here in 1141. SENSATION (OF. sensacion, Fr. sensation, from Lat. sinsatiis, possessing sense, from sen- siis, sense, feeling, from scntirc, to perceive; con- nected with Ir. set, Goth, sinps, AS. sif, jour- ney, way, OHG. simian, to journey, Ger. sinnen, to perceive, think). A term in psychology connot- ing two distinct usages, an epistemological and a psychological. The psychological usage may itself be twofold, functional or structural, each usage bringing with it a peculiar set of prob- lems. Logically, sensation is the first step in knowing; chronologically, it is the first manifestation of intellectual function. Ob- vious as this view appears, it will not bear the test either of a rigid epistemology or of accurate psy- chological analysis. Knowledge does not proceed from bare sensations to complex perceptions, in its advance from acquaintance-with to knowledge- about. If it is knowledge at all, it is judgment (q.v.): and the diff'erence between simple and com])lex judgments is not the difference between sensation and perception. Neither are the intel- lectual functions built up. in the time order, from the juxtaposition or amalgamation of sensations into perceptions ; where there is intellectual func- tioning, there is, from the first, the function of perceiving. Sensation has in reality no place, despite tradition and historical systems, save in a structural psychology-. Psychologically- regarded, sensation is an ele- mentary or simple mental process : it neither knows nor gives knowledge, it is. It is the product of analysis and abstraction ; it never occurs alone, and never has occurred alone. Since, however, there is, according to certain psychologists, a second ultimate structural process, the affection (q.v,), we must define sensation more nearly. This may be done by enumerating its introspec- tive differences from the affection, but is done most simply by aid of a psychophysical reference; a sensation, we may say. is an elementary mental process connected with (or conditioned upon) a bodily process within a special (specially differ- entiated) bodily organ. While such a definition is not as satisfactory, from the purely psycholog- ical standpoint, as a definition which should leave psychophysics out of account, it is a per- fectly luiobjectionable working formula, and has the special advantage of enabling us to bring our classification of sensations (distinction of senses) into relation with the definition of sen- sation. Sensations cannot be classified otherwise than psychophysically. A statement of the introspec-