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BETJTEB. himself wholly to writing. The best of his many volumes aiv Schurr-Miin- (1861) and Olle Ka- mcllcn (IStiO-OU). This latter contains the partly autobiographical Ut mine Festungstid and Vt mine SIrointid (his greatest work), and the vigorous picture of Germany in 1813, Ut de Fran- zoseiitid. with other work of less value. In 1863 Renter moved to Eisenach, where he died, July 12, 1S74. Renter is one of the most realistic of the greater German writers. It is the realism of tlie Dutch genre painters, minute, good-humored, bourgeois, as artistic in pathetic as in comic scenes. Renter's works are in 13 volumes (Wei- mar, 1863-68), with two volumes of Remains and Biography (ib., 1875), and a comedy, Die Drei Langhiinse (1878). Consult: Glagau, /'Vi/s _Re«- ter und seine Dichtungen (2d ed., Berlin, 1875) ; Ebert, Frits Keutcr, sein Leben und seine Werke (Giistrow, 1874) ; Roiuer, Fritz Renter in seinem Leben und Hchaffen (Berlin, 1895). KEUTEB, Hermann Ferdinand (1817-89). A German theologian, born at Hildesheim. He studied in Berlin and Gottingen ; in 1843 be- came, lecturer in the University of Berlin ; from 1853 to 1876 was successively professor at Bres- lau, Greifswald, and again at Breslau ; and in 1876 was called to Gottingen. His writings in C'lnirch history sliow thorough and scholarly re- search, and his criticisms are well groimded and clearly expressed. His publications include Geschiehte Alexanders III. und der Kircho seiner Zeit (1845-64) and Geschiehte der re- ligiosen AufldiSrutig im Mittelalter (1875-77). He founded the Zeiischrift fiir Kirchengcschichte, in which he published his August inisehe ^tudien (1870). EEUTEK, Paul Julius, Baron (1821-99). A pioneer in the business of news-gathering, born at Cassel, Germany. He was connected with the electric telegraph system from its ear- liest establishment in Europe, and was the first to organize a central bureau for the sys- tematic collection and dissemination of tele- graphic news. This office was oi)ened at Aix-la- Chapelle in 1849. In 1851 he transferred his of- fice to London. Reuter established agencies in all parts of the world to supply him with news; and, by using all available means of communication, and serving all papers impartially, he built up a noteworthy news service. In 1865 he transferred his business to a limited liability company, of which he was manager until 1878. In the same year he obtained from the Hanoverian Govern- ment a concession for the construction of a cable line between England and Germany. The title of baron was conferred upon him by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1872. E.EUTLINGEN, roit'llng-en. A town in the Kingdom of iirttemberg, Germany, on the Echatz, at the foot of the Swabian Alps, 20 miles south of Stuttgart (Map: Germany, C 4). The thirteenth-century Gothic church, partly rebuilt in 1844, is now undergoing a thorough restoration. There are a gj'mnasium, a weaving school, a school of women's work, and a pomological in- stitute. The town is an imjjortant centre of the yarn, woolen, cotton, and cloth industry. In 1240 Reutlingen became a free Imperial city. Subse- quently it was a member of the Swabian League, and was annexed to Wiirttemberg in 1803. Pop- ulation, in 1890, 18,542; in 1900, 21,481. 76 REVEILLE. KEVAI, ra'voi, Xicuiolas (1750-1807). An Hungarian poet and philologist, born at Szent iliklos (Toronti'il). He entered the Piarist Order when he was seventeen, taught drawing, philosophy, poetics, and rlictoric in the schools of the Order, and in 1802, after several years de- voted entirely to literature, was appointed pro- fessor of Hungarian philology in the LIniversity of Pesth. He had begvm to write poetry even be- fore joining the Piarists. and in 1778 and 1787 published volumes of elegies, and versions from the Latin elegiasts, the Alexandrine poets, the Anacreontics, and a part of the Iliad. But his chief title to remembrance lies in his work in the realm of comparative grammar, his discovery that Lapp, Finnish, Esthonian, and Ostiak are nearly akin to Hungarian, and his researches in Magyar etymology, as contained in Antiquitates Literaturw Hunyuriew (1803) and Grammatica Hungarica (1803-06). REVAL, rev'al (Russ. Revel). An impor- tant Baltic seaport of Russia, and capital of the Government of Esthonia, situated on the Ba.y of Reval, an inlet of the Gulf of Finland, about 230 miles west-soutlnvcst of Saint Petersburg (ilap: Russia, B 3). The town consists of two parts, the upper town or Domberg (Cathedral Hill), with the old castle, the administration build- ings, and the residences of the aristocracy, and the lower town, mediaeval in appearance and con- taining the old town hall, the House of the Schwarzhiiupter (an association of merchants), dating from the time when the town was a member of the Hansa, and a guild house with a museum of Baltic antiquities. The educational institutions include three gymnasia, a Realschule, and a technical railway school. The manufactures are machinery and beer. The harbor of Reval is one of the most spacious in Russia and freezes but seldom. The annual value of the commerce is over $30,000,000, giving Reval the third rank among the Baltic ports of Russia. The principal exports are spirits, grain, flax, and animals; the chief imports, cotton, coal, and petroleum. Reval is the seat of an admiralty and of the administration of the Baltic light- houses. The sea baths in the vicinity are well patronized. Population, in 1807, 64,600. about one-half Esthonian, and over one-fourth German. The foundation of Reval is ascribed to the Danish King Waldemar II., who built there a castle in 1219. The town joined the Hanseatie League in 1285 and soon attained considerable commercial importance. In 1346 it passed from the over- lordship of the Danes to that of the Teutonic Knights. Sw-eden acquired it in 1561, and Peter the Great annexed it to Russia in 1710. Consult: Amelung, Revaler Altertiimer (Reval, 18S4) ; Rottbeck and Neumann, Gesehiehte and Kunst- dcnkmiiler der Stadt Reval (Reval, 1890). REVE, niv, Le (Fr., The Dream). One of the Rougon-Macquart scries of novels by Emile Zola (1888). The story is in strong contrast with others of the series, the life of cathedral estab- lishments forming the background of an idyllic tale of mysticism and human love. REVEILLE, rc-vjll'va, or (more usually in United States military service) rev'a-le' (OF. reveil, Fr. rfveil, awakening, from OF. resveiller, to awake again, from re-, again -f- esveiller. to awake, from Lat. ex, out -f- vigilare, to awake, from vigil, wakeful, from vigere, to be lively;