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THURN. 263 THWING. tants in the Thirty Years' War. For liis ser- vices in the Turkish wars, the Emperor Kudolph II. made him Burgiave of Karlstein in Bohemia. He was among those who wrung from Rudolph the Majesldtsbrief of 1609, an edict of toleration, and was named bj- the Bohemian estates one of the 'Thirty Defenders of the Faith.' He was de- prived of his estates and title soon after. On May 23, ItilS, he gave the signal for the Protestant up- rising in Boliemia by the 'defenestration' of the Impe'rial legates at Prague. (See Thirty Yeaks' V.B.) At the head of the Protestant forces he besieged the Emperor Ferdinand II. in Vienna (1G19), but was tinally compelled to withdraw. After the battle of the White Hill in 1020, in which the army of Frederick, the Protestant King of Bohemia, was vanquished, he sought refuge- with Bethlen Gabor, ruler of Transylvania. In KSlJ he commanded a corps in Silesia. Later he joined Gustavus Adolphus, and fought at Leipzig (1631) and Liltzen (1632). He was captured by the Imperialists in 1633 at Steinau, but was soon released. THURNEYSEN, tnor'ni-zcn. Rvdolph ( 1857- — ). A German philologist. He was born in Basel, and studied at the universities of Basel, Leipzig, and Berlin. From 1882 to 1887 he was successively privat-docent and assistant professor of Romance philology in the University of Jena, and after 1887 professor of comparative philology at the University of Freiburg in Baden. Among his more important publications are: Ucher Rer- kunft iind Bildung dcr lateinischen Verba auf -io (1879) ; Das Verbum etre uiid die franzosische Conjugation (1882): Eeltoro-manisches (1884); Der Saturnier mid sein Verhiiltnis zurn spiifereri romischen Volks'verse (1885); Mittelirische Vrrslehren, (1891) ; Sagen aus dem alten Irland (1901). THTJRS'BY, Emma (1857—). An American singer, born in Brooklyn, N. Y. She studied under .lulius Meyer and Erani. and sang in the Plymouth Church choir, Brookljii, 1870, after which she went to Italj- to study in 1873, and returned to complete her musical education under Erani and Mme. Ruderstdorf. She made a successful tour of the United States and Canada (1875), and was warmly received in England and France (1878-79), afterwards being engaged by Maurice Strakosch as prima donna of his company (1880). A subsequent tour of the United States with Theodore Thomas was espe- cially successful, and she frequently appeared in concert with Annie Louise Cary (q.v. ). Her concerts in Europe were noteworthy, and gave her high rank as a concert singer. THURSTON, John ISIellen (1847—). An American politician and lawyer, born in Mont- pelier, Vt. He removed to Wisconsin, where he was educated at Wayland Academy, Beaver Dam, and in 1869 was admitted to the bar. In the same year he settled in practice in Omaha, Neb. He allied himself with the Republican Party, and was elected to the State Legislature in 1875. In 1895 he was elected to the United States Senate. Upon the termination of his Senatorial term in 1901 he was appointed one of the United States Commissioners for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at Saint Louis. THURSTON, Robert Henry (1839-1903). An American engineer and educator, born in Providence, R. I. He graduated at Brown Uni- versity in 1859. During the Civil War he served in the Federal Navy as an engineer, and in 1865 he was appointed assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at the United States Naval Academy. He was professor of engineer- ing at the Stevens Institute of Technology from 1871 to 1885, and in the latter year, for a com- mittee of the American Institute, conducted a series of important experiments on steam boilers. He was a member of tlie United States Scientific Commission to the Vienna Exhibition in 1873, and edited the Report of the Conunissioners, which included his individual report on ma- chinery and manufactures (1875-70). From 1885 he was director of Sibley College of Cornell Uni- versity. His thoroughness, org.anizing ability, and energy placed him in the very front rank of educators in his field, while his admirable per- sonality excited the respect and regard of his students. Hardly less important in their influ- ence upon the engineering world are Professor Thurston's writings, not alone because of their thorough reliability, but because of their clear- ness and comprehensibility, this being particu- larly true of such works as A History of the Groicth of the Steam Engine (International Scientific Series," 1878, 1901, translated into German and French), a treatise which is at once popular in form of presentation, and exact and authoritative in its subject matter. His other works include: Manual of the Steam Engine (1890, 1901); Materials of Engineering (1882, 1900); Materials of Construction- (1884, 1900); Stationary Steam Engines (1885, 1889) ; Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work (1885, 1898) ; A Manual of the Steam Boiler (1888, 1901) : A Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and the Pony Brake; and Life of Robert Fulton ('•Makers of America Series," 1891). Professor Thurston's inventions include a magnesium-rib- bon lamp, a magnesium-burning naval and army signal apparatus, an autographic recording and testing machine, a form of steam-engine governor, and an apparatus for determining the value of lubricants. THWAITES, Reuben Gold (1853— ). An American historical writer, born in Dorchester, Mass. In 1836 he removed to Wisconsin. From 1876 to 1886 he was managing editor of Tlie Wisconsin State Journal, at Madison. In 1886 he was elected secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and editor of the society's Collections. He edited the Wisconsin Historical Collections (vols. ix. to xv. ) ; Chronicles of Bor- der Warfare (1895) ; a new edition of Kinzie's Wau Bun (1901); and The Jesuit RrUifions (73 vols., 1896-1901), his work on the last being one of the mo.st careful and scholarly pieces of historical editing ever done in America. He also published: Historic Waterways (1888) ; The Story of Wisconsin (1890), in "Storv of the States Series:" The Colonies, lJ,92-175d (1891), in "Epochs of American History Series;" Afloat on the Ohio (1897) ; Stories of the Badger State (1900) ; Daniel Boone (1902) and Pcre Mar- quette (1903), the last two in the "Pioneers of America Series," of which he is editor; and George Rogers Clark (1903). THWING, t^vIng. Charles Franklin (1853 — ) . An American clergj'nian and educator, bom