Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/437

TOXJBS. 379 TOUSSAINT. miles southwest of Paris, in the rich level valley of the Loire, on the left bank of that stream, and extends two miles southward to the Cher (ilap: France. G 4). The pheasant situation and the ecjuable climate attract many Englisli and Ameri- can families as sojourners. Two great lines of boulevards, extending throughout the city, cross at its geographical centre, where the modern Palace of Justice adorns a fine square. In this square stands Fournier's bronze statue of Balzac. The famous stately French-Gothic Cathedral of Tours rises in the northeastern part of the cit.y, near the rivei'. It dates from 1170, was finished about 1550, and is exceptionall.v complete as to execution. The flamboyant turreted facade is sumptuous, and the rose window is of an ex- quisite pattern. Near the centre of the city are the striking detached towers of Saint Slartin and Charlemagne — remains of the celebrated Church of Saint Martin marking the site of the tomb of the saint. The church was rebuilt about the twelfth centur.v in splendid proportions. The structure was torn down in 1802, making way for a street. Near by the new Basilica of Saint Jlartin is being built. The ruined chateau Ples- sis-16s-Tours. identified with the life of Louis XL, and known to the lovers of Scott, lies just soutliwest of Tours. The city has an art school, a large and a small seminar.y, the College de Saint Louis de Gonzaga. and a drawing school. The public library con- tains 100.000 volumes; also 1800 manuscripts, some of which are precious. In the arclnc))iscopal palace is a museum of archteolog.v, paleontology, art, coins, etc. The Museum of Tours, near the river, has some 500 pictures of small value and collections of sculptures, enamels, antiquities, etc. The city has manufactures of steel, ma- chinery, iron implements, silk stuffs, corsets, leather, confectioner.v, painted glass, pottery, and chemicals. There are printing works. The trade is ver.v active, both by rail and by river. The population of the commune in 1901 was 58,- 409. Hi.sTORY. Tours, named from the Gallic tribe of Turones, was an active ally of Vercingetorex against the Romans. It was later the Roman Csesarodunum. The place became at a very early date the seat of an important bishopric, which soon rose to the rank of an archbishopric. Nu- merous councils were held here. Tours was taken by the Visigoths in 473 and by Clovis in 507. It is famous for the momentous battle fought in the direction of Poitiers in 732. when Charles JIartel (q.v. ) repulsed the vast invading arm.v of the Saracens. The citv was the capital of Touraine (q.v.). It rose to great importance un- der the Valois kings. Louis XI. in particular fa- voring the citv, which for a time was a great seat of the silk manufacture. The States General were repeatedly assembled here. In October, 1870, the Government of National Defense was organ- ized at Tours, whence it was removed in Decem- ber to Bordeaux. The Germans occupied the city from January 8 until March S. LS71. Consult: Giraudet. Histoire cle In villr rie Tours (Paris, 1S7S) ; Grandmaison, Tours nrchrnloqiqtie (Tours, 1879) ; Chevalier. Toi(rs capiMe (Tours. 1806). TOURVILIiE. toor'vel'. Anne Hilarion de CoTENTiN, Count de (1642-1701). A French ad- miral. He was born at Tourville. near Coutances. November 24, 1642. He entered the French Navy, Vol. XIX.— 26. and became a captain at twenty-five, having dis- tinguished himself by service against the Turks and Algerians, in 1UG9 he participated in the French expedition for the relief of Candia, and in 1672-73 took part in the naval war waged by the combined fieets of Fraiice and England against the Dutch. He fouglit with distinction at Agosta, oil the coast of Sicily, in April, 107G, and re- ceived the connnand ot a squadron with wliieh in June of the following year he won a decisive victory over the allied Britisli and Dutcli off Palermo (June 2d). He liecame lieutenant- general of marine, and from 1682 to 1688 saw active service against the Barluiry pirates, varied by his share in the bombardment of Genoa in 1684. In 1689 he was made a vice- admiral and commanded the French fleets in the operations against England and Hol- land. In June, 1690, he entered the English Channel at the head of a powerful lleet, and in- flicted a disastrous defeat on the united English and Dutch armament near Beachv Head. In 1092. Louis XIV. having decided upon an invasion of England on behalf of James II.. a fleet was assembled at Brest under Tourville in order to protect the descent. With 44 ships of the line Tourville assailed an Anglo-Dutch fleet of 82 ves- sels under Lord Russell off Cape La Hogue. and after a desperate fight was decisivel.v beaten ( Ma.v 29th ) . Tourville. however. sutTered no discredit for this defeat, in which his talents and courage were abundantly displayed. In 1693 he was made a marshal of France, and in June defeated a Brit- ish-Dutch fleet under Sir George Rooke off Cape Saint Vincent, capturing 27 ships of war and merchant vessels and destroying 45 others. He was subsequentl.v charged with the defense of the Mediterranean coasts of France, but saw no active fighting. He died in Paris. ]May 28, 1701. Frau- dulent Memoires in Tourville's name were pub- lished in 1742-58. Consult Delarbre, Tourville et la murine de son temps (Paris, 1889). TOUSSAINT, too'saN', Ann. Louisa Geer- TRUiDA (1812-86). A Dutch novelist, born at Alkmaar, of parents descended from French Prot- estant refugees. In 1851 she married the archi- tectural painter Jan Bosboom (1817-91) and thenceforth lived at The Hague. The reputation won with her first works. Alniafiro (1837). De Graaf van Devonshire (1838) and De En;ielselien. te Rome (1839). was enormously increased on the appearance of Het hiiis Ldiiernesse (1841, 1 0th ed. 18851, an historical romance of the Reformation, which was translated into several languages. Among her other historical novels, dealing mainly with English, Dutch, and Spanish scenes, the Leicester trilogy. Leyeester in Neder- land (1846), Z)e vrouicen xdt het Lei/cestersche tijdrak (1849-.50). and Gideon Florensz (1854- 55) , is the most remarkable. Subsequently she was eminently successful with modern character de- lineations, of which Majoor Frnns (1874) is an excellent example. Fine artistic workmanship distinguishes her dialogue-tale Rai/mond de schriinn-erker (1880). For her life, consult Jan ten Brink (Amsterdam. 1886). TOUSSAINT, Francois Dominique, called L"OuvEBTUEE (1743-1803). A Haitian soldier and statesman. He was born near Cape Fran- cais. in the island of Haiti, in 1743, and was a full-blooded nearo, his father and mother both