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ii4 THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND. the duchy to Philip according to the forms of feudal tenure. No sooner, however, was this done, than the faithless Philip refused to ratify the treaty. He persisted in retaining Guienne for himself ; and instead of his beautiful sister Blanche, for whom he now contemplated a marriage with the eldest son of the Emperor of Austria, substituted in the marriage-treaty with Edward the name of Marguerite, a younger sister, and at that time a child of but eleven years of age. A fierce war was the result of this breach of faith. The war lasted four years, and then pacific arrangements being made, the treaty of marriage was renewed, Marguerite having now attained a mors marriageable age. The Pope interfered as arbitrator ; Guienne was restored to the English king ; and, with fifteen thousand pounds as her portion, which it is sup- posed her faithless brother intended to appropriate to himself, Marguerite was married to Edward at Canterbury, September 8th, 1299, when in her seventeenth year. Scarcely, however, were the nuptials celebrated, when the struggles of William Wallace to accomplish the freedom of Scotland, demanded Edward's presence there. Placing the young queen, therefore, in the royal apartments of the Tower, and giving strict commands that no one from the city, where the smallpox then raged, should be permitted to approach her, for fear of infection, he set out with his son on his northern expedition. The long-maintained struggle of Scotland against the Eng- lish sway being for the time ended, the conquering monarch proceeded to Dunfermline to spend the Christmas. During the earlier part of the campaign, Marguerite had followed her husband in his warlike progress, but when the state of affairs and her situation (for she was about to become a mother) ren- dered her doing so no longer safe, Edward placed her in a vil- lage called Brotherton, on the banks of the Wherfe, in York- shire. Here she gave birth to a son, Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of Norfolk, from whom is lineally descended the noble family of Howard. From Brotherton she removed to Cawood (or Ca worth) Castle, which was her principal residence, till sum- moned by Edward, in 1301, on the entire submission of Scot- land, to join him at Dunfermline. From thence, after the Christmas festivities, the royal pair proceeded to London in triumph, the king, in his passage, removing the courts of King's Bench and Exchequer thither from York, where they