political evolution. The reader may recall what was said concerning the movement of Herzen's ideas from liberalism to socialism and anarchism, and back again to liberalism. Bakunin's mental development and that of the other noted thinkers was considered from a similar outlook.
But the problem of modern democracy is not exhausted by formulating a demand for the socialisation and democratisation of liberalism. Novgorodcev shows how this problem of democracy necessarily involves the problem of education, and above all of moral education; and he makes an effective point when he refers to the peculiar difficulties with which, in this respect, republican France has to contend. Obviously, too, the ecclesiastical and religious problem is interwoven with the problem of morality. From this outlook, Novgorodcev has not thrown much light on Russian conditions; but many other liberal theorists and politicians have devoted attention to such matters.
