guages, by E. H. Minns, in the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica.
The censorship and journalism. W. J. Nagradov, Moderne russische Zensur und Presse vor und hinter den Kulissen, 1894 (facts only, without comment). Upon this subject consult in addition the data in the histories of literature and in the other historical works that have been cited, and also Kennan's Siberia.
There is no separate work upon the history of Russian philosophy. Upon this subject Kolubovskii contributes a section to Ueberweg-Heinze, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie des XIXten Jahrhunderts, 10th edition, 1906, but it is bibliographical merely. Ossip-Lourié, La philosophie russe contemporaine, 1902 (very slight). Pilet, La Russie en proverbes, 1905 (by no means profound). Grusenberg, Skizzen der Gegenwärtigen russischen Philosophie, 1911.
From my own standpoint I have much reason to complain of the lack of a modern history of the Russian church and of religion in Russia. Among older books may be mentioned, Basarov, Die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche, 1873. The following are recent publications. F. Kattenbusch, "Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Konfessionskunde," vol. I, Die orthodoxe anatolische Kirche, 1892. E. F. K. Müller, Symbolik: Vergleichende Darstellung der christlichen Hauptkirchen nach ihrem Grundzuge und ihren wesentlichen Lebensäusserungen, 1896. In the before-mentioned collective work "Die Kultur der Gegenwart" there is a volume entitled Geschichte der christlichen Religion, of which the second edition was published in 1909; to this Bonwetsch contributes a section, "Griechischorthodoxes Christentum und Kirche." Reference may also be made to the appropriate articles in the Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 3rd edition (of special value is the article "Orientalische Kirche"). L. K. Götz, Kirchenrechtliche und kirchengeschichtliche Denkmäler Altrusslands, nebst Geschichte des russischen Kirchenrechts, 1905; Staat und Kirche in Altrussland; Kiever Periode 988–1240, 1908; Das Kiever Höhlenkloster als Kulturzentrum des vormongolischen Russlands, 1904. As to the relationship between church and state in Byzantium, consult Maassen, Neun Kapitel über freie Kirche und Gewissensfreiheit, 1876. See also Prugavin, Die Inquisition der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche, 1905, and J. Gehring, Die Sekten der russische Kirche nach ihrem Ursprung und innerem Zusammenhange, 1898 (covers period 1003 to 1897).
(b) Russia in generall, country, people, and institutions. A very valuable work is Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, L'empire des tsares, 4th edition, 1897–8; consult also D. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia, 1887 (numerous editions, and a revised edition in 1905). Wallace is conservative and has no insight into the spiritual life of the country. In this respect Leroy-Beaulieu, a man of liberal
