17 ; of communes, 347, 363, 494; papal, 469; of Edward III, 513; defeats of feudal armies, 488, 499, 514; French, 527-29, 623, 629, 636,639; Mongol, 550-51; Turkish, 554; Florentine, 590; imperial, 615 ; Swiss,
621, 638; Spanish, 631; and see Knights, Mercenaries
Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, I93~94
Arnulf, King of the East Franks, 227, 261-62
Arras, 364, 366; Treaty of, 529
Art, and archæology, 4; geography and, 12; Roman, 62; classical, 423-24;
early Christian, 92, 112-13, 116; early medieval, 125-26; Scandinavian, 225; medieval, 324-25, 332, 339, 369, 397, 434, 474, 482, 515, 521; Renaissance, 576, 587, 591, 597-607, 613, 626, 634, 636; and see Architecture, Painting, Sculpture. Greek, Byzantine
Artevelde, Jacob van, 512-13 , 521
Artevelde, Philip van, 524
Arthur, King, 406-07
Arthur, nephew of King John of England, 457
Arthurian romances, 406-07 , 409, 415
Arti, 348; and see Gilds
Artillery, 623
Artisans, revolts of Flemish, 498-99, 524, 618; and see Gilds
Artois, 364, 488, 497, 501, 525, 616, 626, 634
Aryans, 10, 21, 42; and see Indo-Europeans
Asceticism, Neo-Platonic, 65; early Christian, 100, 109-12 , 154; of St. Louis, 495; and see Monasticism
Asia and Asiatics, 15, 34, 55~56, 58-60, 71, 109, 114, 149, 151, 189-90, 216, 228, 233, 301, 309, 315, 548, 554, 610; Roman province of, 68; relations of western, to eastern Europe, 10-12, 22 , 53, 55, 556; medieval penetration of, 393-94 , 515, 550; and see Nomads
Asia Minor, 19-20, 23, 34, 60-61, 79, 86-87, 150, 177, 190, 309, 311, 313-
18,320-21,324-25,357,405,554,556
Aspar, 86
Assemblies, popular or national, in the ancient city-state, 26; early German, 48 ; Roman, 60; Frankish, 194, 202; Bavarian, 264; Venetian, 343; in towns of southern France, 357; of Patrimony of St. Peter, 464; English, 479; medieval representative, 488-90 ; French, 511; German, 536; and see Cortes, Diet, Estates, Parliament
Asses, Feast of, 415
Assisi, 448-49
Assizes, 476
Assizes of Jerusalem , 319Assonanced verse, 402
Assyria, 22
Astrology, 23, 69, 96-97, 102, 106, 183, 384, 387-88, 614
Astronomy, 23, 124, 189, 378-79, 386, 609, 611
Asturias, 273, 304
Ataulf, King of the West Goths, 81-82
Athanaric, 55
Athanasius, in
Athens, 36, 65, 79, 92, 134, 211, 380, 558; Duchy of, 466
Athletics, 25, 392, 592
Atlantic, 23, 118, 183, 188, 304-05, 608-09, 612, 633
Atomic theory, 22, 388
Attabi stuffs, 185
Attalus, Roman Emperor, 81-82
Attila, 84-85, 87, 117, 401
Aucassin et Nicolette , 409, 415Augsburg, 369, 532
Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, 65, chap. vi, 154, 157, 298, 381, 416, 442
Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, 164
Augustinian Order and Rule, 96, 298, 451
Augustus, imperial title, 71, 208, 493
Augustus, Caesar, 28, 35, 98
Aurelian, Roman Emperor, 70, 72
Auricular confession, 440, 563
Ausculta fili charissime , 504Austin canons, see Augustinian
Austrasia, 118, 166, 168, 179, 192-94, 261
Austria, 15, 307, 537-40 , 542, 553, 568, 615-16 , 621, 632, 638
Austria-Hungary, 40, 537
Authorities, trust in, 382-83, 385
Auvergne, 267, 272, 313, 375, 438, 492, 497, 5io
Avars, 58, 140 , 150-51, 154, 199-200, 227-28; Avarian Mark, 203
Averroes, 385
Avicenna, 385
Avignon, 506, 541, 560-61, 566-67, 575
Avranches, 298
Azores Islands, 314
Azov, Sea of, 229, 550
Baal, worship of, 64
Babylon, 20-22, 70, 103, 184, 336
Babylonia, 176-77
Babylonian Captivity, 560
Bacchus, 392
Bacon, Roger, 388-89 , 451, 590
