108 STAT. 1042 PUBLIC LAW 103-272—JULY 5, 1994 the defendant resides or is found. A subpena for a witness in the action may be served in any judicial district. § 32309. Criminal penalty for labeling violations (a) DEFINITIONS.— The definitions in section 32304 of this title apply to this section. (b) PENALTIES. —^A manufacturer of a passenger motor vehicle distributed in commerce for sale in the United States that willfully fails to attach the label required under section 32304 of this title to a new passenger motor vehicle that the manufacturer manufactures or imports, or a dealer that fails to maintain that label as required under section 32304, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 for each violation. Each failure to attach or maintain that label for each vehicle is a separate violation. CHAPTER 325—BUMPER STANDARDS Sec 32501. Purpose. 32502. Bumper standards. 32503. Judicial review of bumper standards. 32504. Certificates of compliance. 32505. Information and compliance requirements. 32506. Prohibited acts. 32507. Penalties and enforcement. 32508. Civil actions by owners of passenger motor vehicles. 32509. Information and assistance from other departments, agencies, and instrum entalities. 32510. Annual report. 32511. Relationship to other motor vehicle standards. §32501. Purpose The purpose of this chapter is to reduce economic loss resulting from damage to passenger motor vehicles involved in motor vehicle accidents by providing for the maintenance and enforcement of bumper standards. § 32502. Bumper standards Regulations. (a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND NONAPPLICATION. — The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe by regulation bumper standards for passenger motor vehicles and may prescribe by regulation bumper standards for passenger motor vehicle equipment manufactured in, or imported into, the United States. A standard does not apply to a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment— (1) intended only for export; (2) labeled for export on the vehicle or equipment and the outside of any container of the vehicle or equipment; and (3) exported. (b) LIMITATIONS. —^A standard under this section— (1) may not conflict with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under chapter 301 of this title; (2) may not specify a dollar amount for the cost of repairing damage to a passenger motor vehicle; and (3) to the greatest practicable extent, may not preclude the attachment of a detachable hitch. (c) EXEMPTIONS. —For good cause, the Secretary may exempt from any part of a standard— (1) a multipurpose passenger vehicle; or
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