Sections 107(a) and 113(f) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 allow private parties to recover expenses associated with cleaning up contaminated sites. Section 107(a) defines four categories of potentially responsible parties (PRPs) and makes them liable for, among other things, "(A) all costs of removal or remedial action incurred by the United States Government or a State or an Indian tribe not inconsistent with the national contingency plan" and "(B) any other necessary costs of response incurred by any other person consistent with [such] plan," §§ 107(a)(4)(A)–(B). Originally, some courts interpreted § 107(a)(4)(B) as providing a cause of action for a private party to recover voluntarily incurred response costs and to seek contribution after having been sued. However, after the enactment of § 113(f), which authorizes one PRP to sue another for contribution, many courts held it to be the exclusive remedy for PRPs. In Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Aviall Services, Inc., 543 U.S. 157, 161, this Court held that a private party could seek contribution under § 113(f) only after being sued under § 106 or § 107(a).
After respondent Atlantic Research cleaned up a Government site it leased and contaminated while doing Government work, it sued the Government to recover some of its costs under, as relevant here, § 107(a). The District Court dismissed the case, but the Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that § 113(f) does not provide the exclusive remedy for recovering cleanup costs and that § 107(a)(4)(B) provided a cause of action to any person other than those permitted to sue under § 107(a)(4)(A).
Held: Because § 107(a)(4)(B)'s plain terms allow a PRP to recover costs from other PRPs, the statute provides Atlantic Research with a cause of action. Pp. 134–141.
(a) Applying the maxim that statutes must "be read as a whole," King v. St. Vincent's Hospital, 502 U.S. 215, 221, subparagraph (B)'s language can be understood only with reference to subparagraph (A). The provisions are adjacent and have similar structures, and the text denotes a relationship between them. Subparagraph (B)'s phrase "other necessary costs" refers to and differentiates the relevant costs from those listed in subparagraph (A). Thus, it is natural to read the phrase "any other person" by referring to the immediately preceding subpara- [p129] graph (A). Accepting the Government's interpretation—that "any other person" refers only to a person not identified as a PRP in §§ 107(a)(1)–(4)—would destroy the symmetry of subparagraphs (A) and (B) and render subparagraph (B) internally confusing. Moreover, because the statute defines PRPs so broadly as to sweep in virtually all persons likely to incur cleanup costs, accepting that interpretation would reduce the number of potential plaintiffs to almost zero, rendering subparagraph (B) a dead letter. Pp. 134–137.
(b) Contrary to the Government's argument, this interpretation will not create friction between §§ 107(a) and 113(f). Their two clearly distinct remedies complement each other: Section 113(f)(1) authorizes a contribution action to PRPs with common liability stemming from an action instituted under § 106 or § 107(a), while § 107(a) permits cost recovery (as distinct from contribution) by a private party that has itself incurred cleanup costs. Thus, at least in the case of reimbursement, a PRP cannot choose § 107(a)'s longer statute of limitations for recovery actions over § 113(f)'s shorter one for contribution claims. Similarly, a PRP could not avoid § 113(f)'s equitable distribution of reimbursement costs among PRPs by instead choosing to impose joint and several liability under § 107(a). That choice of remedies simply does not exist, and in any event, a defendant PRP in a § 107(a) suit could blunt any such distribution by filing a § 113(f) counterclaim. Finally, permitting PRPs to seek recovery under § 107(a) will not eviscerate § 113(f)(2), which prohibits § 113(f) contribution claims against "[a] person who has resolved its liability to the United States or a State in an administrative or judicially approved settlement . . . ." Although that settlement bar does not by its terms protect against § 107(a) cost-recovery liability, a district court applying traditional equity rules would undoubtedly consider any prior settlement in the liability calculus; the settlement bar continues to provide significant protection from contribution suits by PRPs that have inequitably reimbursed costs incurred by another party; and settlement carries the inherent benefit of finally resolving liability as to the United States or a State. Pp. 137–141.
459 F.3d 827, affirmed.
THOMAS, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Deputy Solicitor General Hungar argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Clement, Acting Assistant Attorney General McKeown, Kannon K. Shanmugam, Ronald M. Spritzer, and Ellen J. Durkee.
[p130] Owen Thomas Armstrong, Jr., argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Frank L. Steeves.
Jay D. Geck, Deputy Solicitor General of Washington, argued the cause for the State of Washington et al. as amici curiae urging affirmance. With him on the brief were Robert M. McKenna, Attorney General, Maureen Hart, Solicitor General, and Michael L. Dunning, Assistant Attorney General, Linda Singer, Acting Attorney General of the District of Columbia, Salvador J. Antonetti Stutts, Solicitor General of Puerto Rico, and the Attorneys General for their respective States as follows: Troy King of Alabama, Talis J. Colberg of Alaska, Dustin McDaniel of Arkansas, John W. Suthers of Colorado, Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Bill McCollum of Florida, Thurbert E. Baker of Georgia, Mark J. Bennett of Hawaii, Lawrence G. Wasden of Idaho, Lisa Madigan of Illinois, Steve Carter of Indiana, Tom Miller of Iowa, Gregory D. Stumbo of Kentucky, Charles C. Foti, Jr., of Louisiana, Steven Rowe of Maine, Douglas F. Gansler of Maryland, Martha Coakley of Massachusetts, Michael A. Cox of Michigan, Lori Swanson of Minnesota, Jim Hood of Mississippi, Jeremiah W. Nixon of Missouri, Mike McGrath of Montana, Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada, Kelly A. Ayotte of New Hampshire, Stuart Rabner of New Jersey, Gary K. King of New Mexico, Andrew M. Cuomo of New York, Roy Cooper of North Carolina, Wayne Stenehjem of North Dakota, Marc Dann of Ohio, Hardy Myers of Oregon, Patrick Lynch of Rhode Island, Robert E. Cooper, Jr., of Tennessee, Greg Abbott of Texas, Mark L. Shurtleff of Utah, William H. Sorrell of Vermont, and J. B. Van Hollen of Wisconsin.*
Notes edit
* ↑ Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed for Cooper Industries, LLC, et al. by Dale E. Stephenson, Allen A. Kacenjar, Jay N. Varon, and G. Michael Halfenger; and for the Huron Valley Steel Corp. by Jack D. Shumate and Karen Pilat.
Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the City of New York by Michael A. Cardozo, Leonard J. Koerner, and Daniel Greene; for [p131] the Association of California Water Agencies et al. by Paul S. Weiland, Frederic A. Fudacz, and Alfred E. Smith; for Aviall Services, Inc., by Richard Faulk, Jeffrey M. Gaba, and Stacy R. Obenhaus; for E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co. et al. by Mark I. Levy and William H. Hyatt, Jr.; for Ford Motor Co. et al. by John McGahren; for Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., by Carter G. Phillips, Angus Macbeth, Stephen B. Kinnaird, Woody N. Peterson, Richard W. Babinecz, and Peter P. Garam; for Lockheed Martin Corp. by Miguel A. Estrada, Michael K. Murphy, Amir C. Tayrani, and James R. Buckley; for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago by Harvey M. Sheldon, Joel D. Bertocchi, Stephen R. Swofford, and Frederick M. Feldman; for the Natural Resources Defense Council et al. by Jerry S. Phillips; for the Superfund Settlements Project et al. by Michael W. Steinberg; for the United States Conference of Mayors by Paul E. Gutermann and Thomas C. Goldstein; and for Former Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Carol M. Browner et al. by Joel M. Gross.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed for Reading Co. by James C. Martin; and for James Kotrous by Jacqueline L. McDonald and Michael E. Vergara.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
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