A General History for Colleges and High Schools (1890)
by P. V. N. Myers
by P. V. N. Myers
481865A General History for Colleges and High Schools1890P. V. N. Myers
A
GENERAL HISTORY
FOR
COLLEGES AND HIGH SCHOOLS.
BY
P. V. N. MYERS, A.M.,
Author of "Ancient History," and "Mediæval and Modern History."
Boston, U.S.A., and London:
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1890.
Entered at Stationers' Hall.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by
P. V. N. MYERS,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
iii - List of Maps................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
x - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 Part I. ANCIENT HISTORY. Section I.—The Eastern Nations. - CHAPTER
I. India and China. 1. India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12 II. Egypt. 1. Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 2. Religion, Arts, and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27 III. Chaldæa. 1. Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 2. Arts and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 IV. Assyria. 1. Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 2. Religion, Arts, and General Culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52 V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................58 VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63 VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70 VIII. The Persian Empire. 1. Political History................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74 2. Government, Religion, and Arts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................82 Section II.—Grecian History. IX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87 X. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93 XI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101 XII. Age of the Tyrants and of Colonization: the Early Growth of Sparta and of Athens. 1. Age of the Tyrants and of Colonization................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109 2. The Growth of Sparta................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................112 3. The Growth of Athens................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................117 XIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125 XIV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136 XV. The Peloponnesian War: the Spartan and the Theban Supremacy. 1. The Peloponnesian War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147 2. The Spartan and the Theban Supremacy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155 XVI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159 XVII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................170 XVIII. Greek Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting. 1. Architecture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176 2. Sculpture and Painting................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................182 XIX. Greek Literature. 1. Epic and Lyric Poetry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................190 2. The Drama and Dramatists................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193 3. History and Historians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................196 4. Oratory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198 XX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203 XXI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215 Section III.—Roman History. XXII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222 XXIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 XXIV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247 XXV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 XXVI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................267 XXVII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................273 XXVIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................285 XXIX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................305 XXX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................324 XXXI. Roman Civilization. 1. Architecture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................350 2. Literature, Philosophy, and Law................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354 3. Social Life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................359 Part II. MEDIÆVAL, AND MODERN HISTORY. PAGE - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
366 Section I.—Mediæval History. FIRST PERIOD.—THE DARK AGES. (From the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476, to the Eleventh Century.) - CHAPTER
XXXII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371 XXXIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 XXXIV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385 XXXV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389 XXXVI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................392 XXXVII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................403 XXXVIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410 XXXIX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................414 SECOND PERIOD.—THE AGE OF REVIVAL. (From the opening of the Eleventh Century to the Discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492.) XL. Feudalism and Chivalry. 1. Feudalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421 2. Chivalry................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................429 XLI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433 XLII. The Crusades. 1. Introductory : Causes of the Crusades................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438 2. The First Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................441 3. The Second Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................443 4. The Third Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................444 5. The Fourth Crusade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................446 6. Close of the Crusades : Their Results................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................447 XLIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................452 XLIV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................460 XLV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464 XLVI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471 XLVII. Growth of the Nations: Formation of National Governments and Literatures. 1. England................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................479 2. France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................491 3. Spain................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................498 4. Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................501 5. Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................508 6. Italy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................509 7. The Northern Countries................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................512 Section II.—Modern History. - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
513 THIRD PERIOD.—THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. (From the Discovery of America to the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648.) XLVIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................519 XLIX. The Ascendency of Spain. 1. Reign of the Emperor Charles V.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................530 2. Spain under Philip II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................535 L. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1. Introductory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................539 2. The Reign of Henry VII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541 3. England severed from the Papacy by Henry VIII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................543 4. Changes in the Creed and Ritual under Edward VI................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................550 5. Reaction under Mary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552 6. Final Establishment of Protestantism under Elizabeth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................554 LI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................563 LII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................572 LIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582 FOURTH PERIOD.—THE ERA OF THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION. (From the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648, to the present time.) LIV ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................590 LV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1. The first Two Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601 2. The Commonwealth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................613 3. The Restored Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................618 4. The Orange-Stuarts................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................626 5. England under the Earlier Hanoverians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................630 LVI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................633 LVII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................642 LVIII. The French Revolution. 1. Causes of the Revolution: The States-General of 1789................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................647 2. The National, or Constituent Assembly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................651 3. The Legislative Assembly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................655 4. The National Convention................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................657 5. The Directory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................667 LIX. The Consulate and the First Empire: France since the Second Restoration. 1. The Consulate and the Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................673 2. France since the Second Restoration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................688 LX. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................692 LXI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................700 LXII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................708 LXIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1. Progress towards Democracy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................715 2. Expansion of the Principle of Religious Equality................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................720 3. Growth of the British Empire in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................723 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
729 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
733
LIST OF COLORED MAPS.
PAGE 1. Ancient Egypt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 2. The Tigris and the Euphrates................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42 3. Greece and the Greek Colonies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111 4. Greece in the Fifth Century B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147 5. Dominions and Dependencies of Alexander, c. B.C. 323................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163 6. Kingdoms of Successors to Alexander, c. B.C. 300................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 7. Italy before the Growth of the Roman Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222 8. Mediterranean Lands at the Beginning of Second Punic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 9. Roman Dominions at the End of the Mithridatic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282 10. The Roman Empire under Trajan, A.D. 117................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................318 11. Roman Empire divided into Prefectures................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333 12. Europe in the Reign of Theodoric, c. A.D. 500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371 13. Europe in the Time of Charles the Great, 814................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................408 14. Central Europe, 1360................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................506 15. The Spanish Kingdom and its European Dependencies under Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................530 16. Central Europe, 1801................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................674 17. Central Europe, 1810................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................681 18. Central Europe, 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................684 19. South-Eastern Europe under the Treaty of Berlin, 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................696 20. Europe in 1880................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................705
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