A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language/Lesson 14

by G. J. Adler

Of the Plural of Pronouns.

A. The plural of the personal pronouns egō, tū is nōs, "we", and vōs, "you". The remaining cases are:—

		Masc. & Fem.		Masc. & Fem.
Nom.	we	nōs	ye or you	vōs
Gen.	of us	nostrum or nostrī	of you	vestrum or vestrī
Dat.	to us	nōbis	to you	vōbis
Acc.	us	nōs	you	vōs
Voc.	—	nōs	O ye or you	vōs
Abl.	with us	nōbis.	with you	vōbīs.

Remark.—The difference between nostrī, vestrī and nostrum, vestrum consists in this: that the latter are chiefly used as partitive genitives after interrogatives, numerals, comparatives, and superlatives, and the former after other words; e.g. uter nostrum? which us two? nēmō vestrum, no one of you; vestrum prīmus, the first of you; but miserērī nostrī, pity us; amor nostrī, of (toward) us; vestrī similēs, your like (those like you).

B. The pronoun of the third person is illī, illae, illa, "they", of which the remaining cases are:—

		Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	they	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	of them	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	to them	iīs or eīs
Acc.	them	eōs	eās	ea
Voc.	—	illī	illae	illa
Abl.	by them.	iīs or eīs.

C. The reflexive suī is the same in the pural as in the singular. The intensive ipse has ipsī, ipsae, ipsa. Thus:—

	Suī, of themselves.		Ipsī, ipsae, ipsa, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
		For every gender.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	—	—	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Gen.	of themselves	suī	ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
Dat.	to themselves	sibi	ipsīs
Acc.	themselves	sē	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Voc.	—	—	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Abl.	by themselves	sē.	ipsīs.

Remark.—We thus say, as in the singular, nōs ipsī (or fem. ipsae, we ourselves; vōs ipsī (or fem. ipsae), you yourselves; and illī ipsī (or fem. illae ipsae) or simply ipsī, they themselves; ea ipsa, these things themselves, &c.

D. The plurals of the demonstrative pronouns hīc, ille, iste, and is are hī, illī, istī, and iī. The remaining genders and cases are as follows:—

	Hī, hae, haec, these.			Illī, illae, illa, those (of his).
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	hī	hae	haec	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	horum	hārum	hōrum	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dat.	hīs			illīs
Acc.	hōs	hās	haec	illōs	illās	illa
Voc.	hī	hae	haec	illī	illae	illa
Abl.	hīs.			illīs.

	Istī, istae, ista, these (of yours).			Iī, eae, ea, these, those.
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	istī	istae	ista	iī (eī)	eae	ea
Gen.	istōrum	istārum	istōrum	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	istīs			iīs or eīs
Acc.	istōs	istās	ista	eōs	eās	ea
Voc.	istī	istae	ista	iī (eī)	eae	ea
Abl.	istīs.			iīs or eīs.

E. The relative quī, quae, quod (and also the interrogatives of the same form) makes its plural in quī, quae, quae, "who, which, or that", or interrogatively "which? what?" Thus:—

Quī, quae, quae, which, that; which? what?
Nom.		Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	which	quī	quae	quae
Gen.	of which	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	to which	quībus
Acc.	which	quōs	quās	quae
Voc.	—	—	—	—
Abl.	by which.	quibus.

Remark.—For quibus, in the relative sense, there is an antiquated form quīs or queis, which is not unfrequently employed by prose-writers of a later period.

F. The pural of the determinative is, ea, id is the same as that of the demonstrative; that of idem is as follows:—

Iīdem, eaedem, eadem, the same
		Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	the same	iīdem	eaedem	eādem
Gen.	of the same	eōrundem	eārundem	eōrundem
Dat.	to the same	iīsdem or eīsdem
Acc.	the same	eōsdem	eāsdem	eadem
Voc.	O the same	iīdem	eaedem	eadem
Abl.	by the same.	iīsdem or eīsdem.

Remark.—The form iīsdem is more common than eīsdem. The same is true of iīs, iī, eīs, and eī.

G. The plural of the relative in connection with the determinative is, ea, id (vide Lesson 12. D) is as follows:—

	Iī, eae, ea—quī, quae, quae, those which.
	Masculine.	Feminine.	Neuter.
Nom.	iī—quī	eae—quae	ea—quae
Gen.	eōrum—quōrum	eārum—quārum	eōrum—quōrum
Dat.	iīs—quibus	iīs—quibus	iīs—quibus
Acc.	eōs—quōs	eās—quās	ea—quae
Voc.	—	—	—
Abl.	iīs—quibus	iīs—quibus	iīs—quibus.

In the same manner decline illī—quī, illae—quae, illa—quae, "those which"; and iīdem—quī, eaedem—quae, eadem—quae, "the same which."

I have those which you have. (Masc.)	Habeō eōs (illōs, &c.) quōs tū habēs. Sunt mihi iī (illī, &c.), qui tibi sunt.
I have those which you have. (Fem.)	Habeō eās (illās, &c.) quās tū habēs. Sunt mihi eae (illae, &c.), quae tibi sunt.
I have those which you have. (Neut.)	Habeō ea (illa, &c.) quae tū habēs. Sunt mihi ea (illa, &c.), quae tibi sunt.
The Roman.	Rōmānus, ī, n.
The German.	Germānus, Theodiscus, ī, m.
The Turk.	*Turka, ae, m.
The Italian.	Italus, ī, m.
The Spaniard.	Hispānus, ī, m. Hispāniēnsis, is, m.
Large (tall, big).	Grandis, is, e. Prōcērus, a, um.
Tall, high.	Altus, a, um.
Small, little.	Parvus, a, um. Parvulus, a, um. Pusillus, a, um.
Long.	Longus, a, um.
The small books.	Librī parvī, libellī.1
The large horses.	Equī grandēs (or prōcērī).
They have	Habent Sunt iīs.
Have the English the fine horses of the French?	Habentne Anglī pulchrōs Francogallōrum equōs?
They have not those of the French, but those of of the Romans.	Nōn Francogallōrum sed Rōmānōrum equōs habent.
Have you the books which the men have?	Habēsne tū (illōs librōs), quōs librōs hominēs habent?2

G. Obs. The antecedent of the relative is sometimes repeated in connection with the prnoun of the second clause. Sometimes it is expressed with the relative only, and sometimes (though rarely) it is entirely omitted.

I have not the books which the men have, but those which you have.	Nōn habeō (illōs librōs), quōs (librōs) hominēs habent, eōs autem habeō, quōs tū habēs.
Have you not the same books which I have?	Nōnne tū eōsdem librōs habēs, quōs egō habeō?
I have the same.	Eōsdem (habeō). Egō vērō eōsdem habeō.
Which books have you?	Quōs librōs habēs? Quid librōrum habēs?
I have those of the Romans.	Habeō librōs Rōmānōrum. (Vide Less. 6 C.)
Have you these books or those?	Utrum hōs librōs habēs an illōs? Hōscine librōs habēs an illōs? (Vide Less. 11 A. Rem. 1.)
I have neither these nor those.	Habeō neque hōs neque illōs. Egō neque hōs neque illōs habeō.
I have neither those of the Spaniards nor those of the Turks.	Neque Hispānōrum nec Turcārum librōs habeō.
Have you what I have?	An habēs (tū), quod egō habeō?

H. Rule. Adjectives and pronouns of the neuter gender, both singular and plural, are frequently employed substantively, as hoc, "this (thing)", illud, "that (thing,)" haec, "these things," illa, "those things," triste, "a sad thing," multa, "many things," omnia, "all things," summum bonum, "the chief good".

I have not what you have.	Nōn habeō (id), quod tū habēs.
Have the men those things which you have?	Habentne hominēs ea, quae tū habēs?
They have the same things which I myself have (the same things with myself)	Eadem habent, quae egō ipse habeō. Eadem habent atque ego ipse. (Cf. Less. 12. F.)

Exercise 15.

See the answers here.

1. Have you these horses or those? — I have not these, but those.
2. Have you the coats of the French or those of the English? — I have not those of the French, but those of the English.
3. Have you the pretty sheep of the Turks or those of the Spaniards? — I have neither those of the Turks nor those of the Spaniards, but those of my brother.
4. Has your brother the fine asses of the Spaniards or those of the Italians? — He has neither those of the Spaniards nor those of the Italians, but he has the fine asses of the French.
5. Which oxen has your brother? — He has those of the Germans.
6. Has your friend my large letters or those of the Germans? — He has neither the one nor the other (neque hās neque illās, or neque illās neque alterās).
7. Whīch letters has he? — He has the small letters whīch you have.
8. Have I these houses or those. — You have neither these nor those.
9. Which houses have I? — You have those of the English.
10. Has any one the tall tailor's gold buttons? — Nobody has the tailor's gold buttons, but somebody has those of your friend..

Exercise 16.

See the answers here.

1. Have I the notēs of the foreigners or those of my boy. — You have neither those of the foreigners nor those of your boy, but those of the great Turks.
2. Has the Turk my fine horse. — He has it not.
3. Which horse has he? — He has his own.
4. Has your neighbor my chicken or my sheep? — My neighbor has neither your chicken nor your sheep.
5. What has he? — He has nothing good.
6. Have you nothing fine? — I have nothing fine.
7. Are you tired? — I am not tired.
8. Which rice has your friend? — He has that of his merchant.
9. Which sugar has he? — He has that whīch I have.
10. Has he your merchant's good coffee or that of mine? — He has neither that of yours nor that of mine; he has his own.
11. Which ships has the Frenchman? — He has the ships of the English.
12. Which housēs has the Spaniard? — He has the same whīch you have.
13. Has he my good knives. — He has your good knives.
14. Has he the linen stockings which I have? — He has not the same that you have, but those of his brother.
15. Vhich books have you? — I have those of the Romans.
16. Are those men hungry? — They are not hungry, but thirsty. — They are neither tired nor sleepy.

Footnotes.

¹ From the diminitive libellus, ī, m., a little book, a pamphlet. (Compare Lesson 20 E. 7.).
² The question, "Have you the books which the men have?" may thus be expressed in several ways: 1) Habēsne tū illōs librōs, quōs hominēs habent? 2) Habēsne tū illos librōs, quōs librōs hominēs habent? 3) Habēsne tū quōs librōs hominēs habent? The first of these is the most general. The antecedent is entirely suppressed in: 4) Sunt quī (or quōs), for Sunt hominēs quī (or quōs), "There are those who", "There are men whom."