Archaeological Journal/Volume 29/Catalogue of a Loan Collection of Books printed before 1600

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Archaeological Journal, Volume 29 (1872)

Catalogue of a Loan Collection of Books printed before 1600 by William John Loftie

Medical Recipes of the Seventeenth Century

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4004411Archaeological Journal, Volume 29 — Catalogue of a Loan Collection of Books printed before 16001872William John Loftie

CATALOGUE OF A LOAN COLLECTION OF BOOKS^[1] PRINTED BEFORE 1600.

By the Rev. W. J. LOFTIE, F.S.A.

INTRODUCTION.

The general history of the art of printing is so fully and carefully examined in Mr. Winter Jones's address, that it will be unnecessary for me to do more as an introduction to the following catalogue than to call attention to a few general facts regarding the earliest productions of the press; whilst I apologise if I am obliged here and there to trespass on the ground already occupied by him. I shall endeavour to make my notes as concise as possible, referring the reader for further information to Mr. Jones's paper, and to the notices of individual books which will be found under the respective heads.

Printing, as we have it, is the child of wood engraving. The history of wood engraving has been written by a competent authority,^[2] whose investigations in pursuit of information regarding one branch of the art enabled him to simplify and lighten the studies of those who pursued a different branch. Wood engraving, again, is apparently descended from a still more ancient art, that of block printing—the exact origin of which cannot be traced. It is not long since some small dies for printing the names of various medicines were exhibited to the Archæological Institute, as having been found among the remains of a Roman villa at Lydney, in Gloucestershire, and many similar examples might be quoted. The Chinese, too, have printed by means of wooden blocks from a very early period.

The earliest examples of playing cards which I have seen were among the collection known as that of Culeman, and were sold at Messrs. Sotheby's in 1870 for £23 10s. 0d. There were sixteen in all, and a date was assigned to them in the Catalogue of circa 1350. They were probably not much later. It is quite possible that they were printed, not from blocks, but by means of stencil plates. Of wood cutting, proper, the Spencer St. Christopher is probably the earliest example in existence. It is dated "1423." To a date very little subsequent to this it is usual to assign the works of Lorenz Coster of Haarlem.

This semi-mythical personage lived between the end of the fourteenth century and the year 1440. I do not intend to enter at all upon the controversy respecting his claims to be the inventor of printing. I can, however, say, that, perhaps on account of my own neglect, perhaps for some other reason, I have not yet seen any production which could be satisfactorily traced to him; and notwithstanding the sometimes very positive statements of Ottley, and all that has been written upon the subject, I am sometimes inclined to regard the whole story of his invention as an invention itself.^[3]

The only positive evidence we have as to the practice of a form of printing at that early date consists in the existence of such volumes as the Biblia Pauperum, the Apocalypsis, and other similar books of memoriæ technicæ for preachers, and of what are known as "Donatuses." Coster is said to have produced two editions of this grammar. Anything like a complete copy of one of these is quite unknown. M. Holtrop gives facsimiles of these, but the few leaves I have ever seen differed from his plates. It is possible that Coster printed this book, but I am strongly of opinion that his work never extended beyond a few pages at a time; that it was printed from blocks, not from moveable type; and that, therefore, the whole process was extremely awkward, and was confined to those few leaves which were necessary in the education of the young, and which were often repeated with more or less variation.

The whole story that Fust, or Gutenberg, or indeed any other person filched his secret from Coster and fled with it to Mentz, may be dismissed from our minds; and I may go further, and offer as a private opinion my very strong belief that the greater part of all the stories relating to Coster are pure fabrications, and that the majority even of the block books, and probably also of the "Donatuses," were really produced at a later date than the Mazarin Bible and the Mentz Psalter.^[4]

The known facts respecting Gutenberg and his relations with Fust and Schoyffer are almost equally rare. It is curious that we derive our whole information as to the invention of printing by Gutenberg to three pieces of documentary evidence, and that two of these three have recently failed us, whilst the third is not contemporary. I am indebted to Mr. Hessels, late of the Cambridge University Library, for this note. The three sources mentioned were, first a book in the Strasburg Library, which gave an account of a lawsuit in which Gutenberg was engaged while living there; this has disappeared with the rest of that ill-fated collection, and it was at best but second-hand evidence, for it only purported to have been early copied from an older original. Secondly, there was a volume, the "Speculum Sacerdotum," in the Mentz Library, which contained a MS. inscription presenting it to the monastery by "Johannes de Bono Monte." This book also has disappeared. The only copy of it now known to exist was among the Loan Collection. It belongs, like so many other unique books, to the Rev. J. Fuller Russell, F.S.A. Thirdly, and this is all that remains to us, in a very common book printed in or about 1515, and written by Trithemius, the "Chronicon Spanheimense," the author under the year 1450 refers to the invention of printing as having been made anew about that time by "one John Gutenberg." It is not easy to understand the word anew in this account; but in another of the same writer's books, the "Compendium de Origine Francorum," printed by John Schoyffer in 1515, there is a long colophon, describing the invention as having been made by the said John Schoyffer's father Peter, and his partner Fust; and there is no mention of Gutenberg, although the colophon was in all probability written by Trithemius himself. After this date we have numerous references to Gutenberg; but it is almost impossible to identify any book as his undoubted handiwork.

In the following list I have placed under his name a number of almost unique books, which are usually attributed to him; but I agree with Mr. Hessels that they may with equal probability be assigned to Nicholas Bechtermüntze, who is known to have printed at Eltvill, near Mentz, at least as early as 1467, in which year one of his books is dated. The type is generally described as that of the Catholicon of 1460, a book usually assumed to be Gutenberg's; but here again the evidence is too vague to amount to proof.

The introduction of printing into England is, next after its invention in Germany, the most interesting event to us. Here again, however, difficulties beset us at every step. Where and from whom did Caxton learn his art? What was the first book he printed? What was the first book printed in England? Strange to say, all these questions have had varying answers assigned to them.

I cannot attempt here to discuss any one of them. But for the information of the readers of this catalogue, I will endeavour to state as briefly as possible the answers which seem justified by the most recent investigations, merely premising that I derive most, if not all, my information on the subject from Mr. Blades's^[5] exhaustive treatise.

Caxton learnt his art from Colard Mansion, one of whose books, the "Somme Rurale," was in the Loan Collection. He printed at Bruges, under the patronage of the Duchess of Burgundy, the sister of our King Edward IV. The first book Caxton printed was probably the "Recuyell of the Histories of Troye," 1474. The first book he printed in England was probably the "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers," 1477, although the honour is often given to the "Game and Play of the Chesse, morlised," 1474–5. A copy of the former book, but of a later edition, was in the Loan Collection, as well as a copy of the Chess-book.

The whole question as to the first book printed in England was much complicated by the discovery two centuries ago of a book printed at Oxford, with the date 1468; it is entitled, "Sancti Jeronomi in Symbolo," but the date is certainly a misprint for 1478. Caxton himself was guilty of a similar error in his edition of Gower's "Confessio Amantis," a copy of which is in the Lambeth Library, and three copies, two of them imperfect and wanting the page in which the misprint occurs, in the British Museum. He has dated this book 1493; but his insertion of the regnal year of Richard III. enables us to correct this date by the omission of an x. Caxton was dead before 1493. In Mr. Botfield's Cathedral Libraries the error is made worse; for he says the date "is 1483 for 1493."

After the invention of printing and its introduction into England the third event in point of interest to most of us is the printing of the Bible. By the kindness of Her Majesty and of Sir William Tite, the Loan Collection contained two copies of Coverdale's Bible of 1535, the first whole Bible in English. It was probably printed at Zurich, and has frequently been attributed to the press of the well-known Froschover. It is a curious fact that no perfect copy of the book is known to exist, all being deficient in some point or other. The most perfect is that belonging to the Earl of Jersey; it only wants part of the title. Here again we meet with a misprint similar to those we pointed out above. This edition is easily recognised by a leaf which, being in the centre of the volume, generally remains even in very dilapidated copies, and which is numbered lxxxi, instead of lxxxiii.

There were also in the Loan Collection a copy of Tyndale's "Pentateuch" (1530), printed abroad; his New Testament, the second edition, 1534, and a little volume to which I am desirous of calling attention, as it is not mentioned by any of the authorities whom I have consulted on the subject, Lowndes, Cotton, Lea Wilson, Johnson, or Home. This was the "Testament of Moyses," 16mo, no date, but undoubtedly printed by Robert Redman, in or about 1532. It belongs to Mr. Addington, and derives double interest from its being all but unique, and from its being the only edition of any part of the Wycliffite translation of the Bible which was printed for the use of the people. This little volume was accompanied by three others from the same collection, and of equal rarity. They are all excerpts from the works of Wycliffe, and cost their present possessor £100 each, at the sale of the library of Mr. Dix of Bristol. I may here mention as an illustration of the value of the Loan Collection that thirteen books in all were lent by the possessor of these little Redmans, and that their value was upwards of £1000.

GERMANY AND THE LOW COUNTRIES.

BLOCK BOOKS.

1. Wochenlich Andacht, zu seligkeit der weltlichen menschen. Woodcuts, Coloured, accompanied by manuscript; on vellum, 33 pages, 69 cuts, several having xylographic legends or inscriptions. Folio. Ulm or Augsberg, cir. 1450—Mr. Quaritch.

2. Apocalypsis cum Figuris: coloured woodcuts, paper. Folio, 48 leaves. From the Corser Collection, bought from the Stowe library for £550. Sotheby calls this in his Principia Typographia the 5th edition. Cir. 1450—Sir. W. Tite.

3. Relics of the Abbey of Andechs: paper. Folio sheet of impressions from wood blocks, unique, 1496—Messre. Ellis and Green.

PRINTED BOOKS.

John Gutenberg, or Gentsfleish, von Sorgenloch: born cir. 1400, died 1468. The following works are attributed to him.

4. St. Thomas Aquinas: de Articulis Fidei et Ecclesiæ. Executed with the same types as the Catholicon of 1460, but the rudeness of the printing may point to an earlier date. Uncut, no catchwords, signatures, or page numbers; 34 lines to a page, capitals rubricated; 13 leaves. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

5. The same: cut, but with wide margins; this note in MS. at the end, "Hunc Thesaur̃ scias custodire sup̃ aurũ." 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

6. Hermanni de Saldis Speculum clarum nobile et p̄ciosum xp̄orum Sacerdotum: Colophon: "Maguntiæque impssum feliciter finit." From the library of the late Duke of Sussex. No other copy known; that formerly in the Mentz Library being now lost. No catchwords, signatures, or page numbers; 16 leaves, capitals rubricated. 4to. Cir. 1460 —The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

7. Determinacō duarū subjectarū questionu Sifridi Ep'i Ciren'. From the Sussex library; one other copy known: same type as the three foregoing, 26 leaves, no catchwords, &c., 28 lines to a page, capitals rubricated. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

8. Directorium Humanæ Vitæ alias Parabole Antiquarū Sapientiū. Same type as foregoing; no printer's name, place, or date; no catchwords, page numbers, or signatures. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

9. Incipit Donat. venerabili magistri Johannis Gerson, cancellarii Parisiensis. Has a kind of title page bearing the above sentence, otherwise similar to the foregoing; verso of page 1 blank, no page numbers, signatures, or catchwords. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

10. Tractatus Johīs Gersoni . . . de Scrupulo quorumdam, &c.

11. Henry de Hassia Regule adygnoscendū iter, &c. In ono vol. with the foregoing. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

12. Geimo Gersoni de Concepcione gloriosissime dei genetricis Marie. In one vol. with the foregoing. 4to. Cir. 1460—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

John Fust or Faustus: b. cir. 1400, d. cir. 1466.

Peter Schoyffer, or Schoefftr de Gernsheim: b. cir. 1430, d. 1502.

13. Psalmorum Codex. On 130 leaves, vellum; colophon, with date on the verso of the 128th; capitals (upwards of 280), including the initial B on the first page, in red, with pale blue tracery; in this particular differing from the British Museum copy, in which these colours are reversed. It also differs from that example in several lines, and in the contractions of some words. Size, 161/4 in. by 12; no catchwords or signatures; Windsor Library. Folio. Mentz, 1457—Her Majesty the Queen.

Peter Schoyffer (after the death of Fust).

14. Turrecremata in Psalmos. The following is the colophon, printed in red:—"Moguntie impressa Anno Domini M.cccc.lxxvi. decima die Marcij p. Petrū Schoyffer de Gerntzheym, feliciter est consumata." Ends on recto of leaf 197. No catchwords, &c. Folio. Mentz, 1476—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

John Mentil, or Mentelin: b. 1400? d. 1478.

15. Jacobi Magni Zophilogium. Folio. No place or date. Strasburg, cir. 1470—Society of Antiquaries.

16. Vincentii Bellovacensis Speculum Historiale. Folio. No place or date. Strasburg, cir. 1473—Society of Antiquaries.

Ulric Zell: b. cir. 1430, d. cir. 1494; commenced to print, 1466.

17. Speculum Vitæ Humanæ, by Roderick of Zamorra. 4to. Cologne, cir. 1470–2—Mr. Standidge.

(Brunet places this book under two years—1468–70.)

Jo. Zeiner: commenced printing, 1473.

18. Albertus Magnus de Mysterio Missæ. The first book printed at Ulm. Folio. Ulm, 1473—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

The following are possibly by the same printer:—

19. Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum. Colophon:—"Explicit liber Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum, 1428;" this date being given in Arabic numerals. Brunet assigns 1478 as the date, and Mr. Standidge supposes 1428 to be an error for 1482; it more probably, however, refers to the completion of the original work. No place or date.

20. Alberti Magni liber aggregationis, sen liber secretorum de virtutibus herbarum. No place or date. 4to. In one volume. Cir. 1478—Mr. Standidge.

Johan Veldener: began to print, 1468.

21. Sermo Joh. Chrysostomi super psal. quinquagint, "Miserere mei Deus." No catchwords, signatures, or page numbers. 4to. Cologne, cir. 1468–70—Mr. Standidge.

John Guldenschaff.

22. Sermo Sancti Bernhardini do gloriosa Virgine Maria. No catchwords, page numbers, or signatures. 4to. Cologne, cir. 1477—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

23. Alberti Magni Mysteria. Folio. Cologne, cir. 1477—Society of Antiquaries.

Anthonius Sorg: commenced to print in 1475.

24. Concilium Buch zu Costentz, by Ulrich von Reichenthal. The first book on heraldry; imperfect at the beginning; coloured woodcuts of arms and processions. Folio. Augsburg, 1483—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

25. Teusse Heisset; many woodcuts. Folio. Augsburg, 1482—Mr. Fisher.

George Reyser, or Michael Reyser. The former printed at Wartzburg; the latter at Eichstadt.

26. Richard de Bury, or d'Aungceville, Bishop of Durham, 1333- 1345, Philobiblion. 4to. No page numbers, signatures, or catchwords. Wartzburg or Eichstadt, cir. 1478—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Conrad Hoemborch:

27. Fasciculus Temporum. No signatures, catchwords, or page numbers. At the end is a device resembling those of Fust and Schoyffer, or of Gerard Leeu, viz., two shields. Folio. Cologne, 1476—Sir. T. Winnington.

Colard Mansion: b. cir. 1420, d. after 1484. Began to print at Bruges, 1471–2.

28. Somme Rurale; par Jehan Bonteillier. Folio. Bruges, 1479—Mr. Quaritch.

The type in this volume bears little or no resemblance to that used at any time by Caxton.

Gerard Leeu: commenced printing, 1479; removed to Antwerp, 1484.

29. Dyalogus Creaturarum Moralisatus. Cuts, partly coloured. Folio. Gonda, 1480—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

30. Another copy. Cuts, uncoloured. 1480—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

31. Speculum Sermonum Vitæ Mariæ Virginis. Woodcut on title-page. 4to. Antwerp, 1487—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Conrad Dinctmut: began to print, 148—.

32. The Phedria of Terence. Woodcuts coloured. Folio, in two columns. Ulm, 1486—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Conrad Feyner.

33. Gersoni Tractatu. 4to. No place or date (Urach, cir. 1481?)— The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Johan. Prussz: commenced to print, 148—.

34. The Golden Bull: Imperial Constitution made by the Emperor Charles IV.—the Magna Charta of the German Empire. Woodcuts. Folio. Strasburg, 1485—Mr. J. Nightingale.

Cornelius de Zurich: commenced to print, ——?

35. De Lanis et Phitonices mulieribus. Woodcuts. 4 to. Cologne, 1489—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

T. Zenna: commenced to print, 14—?

36. Novum Beate Marie Virginis Psalterium. !Many cuts and borders. 4to. Cologne, 1492—Mr. Fisher.

John Borchard,

Thomas Borchard: commenced printing, 1491.

37. Laudes Beatæ Virginis Mariæ. Folio. The first book printed at Hamburg, 1491—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

Anthony Koberger: b. cir. 1445, d. 1513; began to print, 1472.

38. Chronicon Nurembergense: auctore Hartmanno Schedel. Woodcuts by Wolgemut and Pleydenwürff. Folio. Nuremberg, 1493—Professor Westmacott, R.A.

39. Another copy, 1493—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

40. Cicero de Oratore. Folio. Nuremberg, 1497—Society of Antiquaries.

Johann Schœnsperger: commenced printing, 1493.

41. Chronicon Nurembergense. Woodcuts: first leaf in MS. Folio. Nuremberg, 1497—Sir T. E. Winnington, Bart.

Johann Bergmann, de Olpe: commenced printing, 1494.

42. Brandt's Stultifera Navis. Woodcuts. 4to. Basle, 1497—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

The following is probably by the same printer: it is a volume of extraordinary rarity : —

43. Epistola Christoferi Colom: containing the discovery of the Isles of America. 4th edition, and the first which contains cuts. 4to. Basle, 1494—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Erhard Ratdolf, or Ratdolt. This printer is said to have invented a method of using gold ink in printing. He flourished at Augsburg after 1487.

44. Missal; formerly belonging to the monastery at Erfurt. Augsburg, cir. 1500—Mr. Octavius Morgan, M.P.

Printer unknown.

45. Rationarium Evangelistarum . . . prosa versu imaginibusque, que mirifice complectens, &c. Woodcuts. 4to. 1507—Mr. Addington.

For an account of this most curious book see Dibdin, Bibliographical Decameron, vol. i. p. 131. There was an earlier edition, 1502: a later one, 1522, is assigned by Panzer to Thomas Anshelm, of Haguenau. It is not improbable that he was also the printer of this.

Matthew Schültes: began to print, ———?

46. Theur-Danck. Woodcuts. Folio. Augsburg, 1519—Mr. T. Talbot Bury.

This is a second edition of this curious Teutonic romance: sometimes ascribed to Maximilian I., whose nuptials with Mary of Burgundy it celebrates: the emperor figuring under the name of "Ritter Herr Theurdanck." According to Mr. Horne,^[6] this book has been supposed to be entirely xylographic.

Conrad Baumgarten: commenced printing, 1504.

47. Hedwigis Legenda. A Lhy hebet sich an dy grosse legēda der Hailigsten frawen Sandt hedwigis. Sixty-nine spirited woodcuts by G. Pencz, uncoloured. Title-page fac.-sim. on vellum. Only four copies known: only one perfect: the first book printed at Breslau. Folio. Breslau, 1504—Mr. Addington.

John Knoblouch': began to print, ———.

48. Passio Christi: beautiful woodcuts by V. Gemberlein, or Van Goar. Folio. Strasburg, 1508—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

49. Pectorale Dominica Passionis, impressum Argentine p. Johan. Knoblouch. 12mo. Strasburg, 1509—Society of Antiquaries.

50. Arnobii Commentaria in Psalmos. Henry the Eighth's copy, in original binding. 4to. Basle, 1512—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

John Scot.

51. De Quatuor Heresiarchis. Woodcuts. 4to. Strasburg, 1510—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Melchior Lotther.

52. Regula Grammaticales. 4to. Leipsic, 1501—Mr. Standidge.

Michael Lotther.

53. Lutheri Opera Varia: with Luther's autograph and MS. notes. 4to. Wittemberg, 1527—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

John Müller.

54. Chronicon Abbatis Urspergensis. Woodcuts: fine impressions. Folio. Augsburg, 1515—Mr. Standidge.

John Severin.

55. Missali Trajectensis. On vellum: woodcuts slightly tinted: very fine copy. Folio. Leyden, 1514—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Jacobus Saccon.

50. Catalogus Sanctorum, Petri de Natalibus. Folio. Leyden, 19. —Mr. J. G. Nichols.

John Froben, the Elder: commenced printing, 1491; d. 1527.

57. Erasmi Testamentum Novum; Gr. et Lat. The first edition of the New Testament in Greek. This copy belonged to Archbishop Cranmer, and contains his autograph and MS. notes. There is a copy on vellum at York Cathedral. Folio. Basle, 1516—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

58. Spongia Erasmi adversus aspergines Hutteni: presentation copy, with autograph of Erasmus, and MS. notes. Other tracts in the same volume. 8vo. Basle, 1523—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

59. Batrachymyomachia; Guliomyomachia. In one volume. 8vo. Basle, 1518—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

60. Gregorii Nazanzeni Opera. Folio. Basle, 1523—Mr. Yates.

Jerome Froben, son and successor of the foregoing: commenced printing, 1527.

61. Livii Historia. Folio. Basle, 1543—Mr. Yates.

Johannes Oporinus:^[7] b. 1507, d. 1568.

62. Olivarius de Prophetia. 4to. Basle, 1543—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

63. Hesiodi Opera. 8vo. Basle, 1545—Mr. Yates.

Michael Isengrin.

64. Polydore Vergil de Inventoribus. 8vo. Basle, 1540—Mr. Yates.

65. Liber Gregorii Gyraldi de Annis: with the autograph of William Camden, in a minute hand. 8vo. Basle, 1541—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

Adam Petrus.

66. Valentine Cretoaldus on the Three First Chapters of Genesis: Bishop Latimer's copy, with his very rare autograph. Small 8vo. Basle, 1530—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Augustine Fries.

67. A Declaration of Christ of His Offyce, compyled by Johan Hoper, Anno 1547. Presentation Copy. "Sorori mee, uxori m. tō ini. Johannes Hoper, D.D." 8vo. Prynted in Zurych, 1547—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Louis Elzevir: commenced printing, 1595; d. 1616.

68. Mare Liberum sive de jure quod Batav. competit ad Indicana commercia. With the autograph of William Camden. Several other works in the same volume. Cut in the edge. 8vo. Leyden, 1599—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

Christopher Plantyn, b. 1514: commenced printing, 1555; d. 1589.

69. A choice of Emblemes and other devices for the most part gathered out of sundrie writers, Englished and moralised. And divers newly devised by Geoffrey Whitney. Imprinted at Leyden, in the house of Christopher Plantyn, by Francis Rephelengius. 4to. Many woodcuts. Leyden, 1586—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Francis Rephelengius was Plantyn's son-in-law, and succeeded him at Leyden. Plantyn's principal house was at Antwerp, but he had another at Paris, of which place he was a native.

Abraham Lamberg.

70. Neandri Orbis Explicatio. 8vo. Leipsic, 1589—Mr. Burtt.

FRANCE.

Anonymous.

71. "Armes des Chevaliers de la Table rōde." Abroad sheet, with coloured coats of arms and names; a late "block book"—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

Ulric Gering: commenced to print, 1469; d. 1510.

72. Postilla Nicholai de Lyra super Psalterium. Fine copy: several initials illuminated in gold and colours. 4to. Paris, 1483—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Anthoine Verard: began to print, 1480 ; d. — —?

73. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. Many curious cuts. Svo. Paris, 1489—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

74. Le Fleur des Commandements de Dieu. Woodcuts on first page.

Folio. Paris, 1494—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell. Marnef, Geoffrey, Enguilbert, and Jean: three brothers; began to print, 1481.

75. Brants Stultifera Navis. Woodcuts. 4to. Paris, 1498—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

76. Cardinalis Mandagoti tractatus de Electione. Small 8vo. Paris, 1523—Mr. Yates.

Johannes de Pratis, or Jean du Pre; began to print, 1481; d. ——?

77. Missale Parisiense Novum. A magnificent volume, printed on vellum: 19 illuminations, several of them full page: also many borders: apparently coloured on woodcut outlines, and exactly resembling MS. Folio. Paris, 1489—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Nicholas de Pratis: probably brother of the preceding; began to print, 1483.

78. Liber tertius et novus facetiarum. A continuatinn of, and bound up with No. 101. 4to. Paris, 1516—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Anthoine Cayllaut: began to print, 1483; d. cir. 1505.

79. Psalterium cum Hymnis. Woodcuts. 8vo. Paris, 1488—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Guido Mercator, or Guy Marchand: began to print, 1483; d. ——?

80. Danse Macabre des Hommes. Very curious woodcuts, of which Mr. Douce has given some fac-similes in his book on the "Dance of Death." This copy consists of the first part only; Mr. Huth has three. See Burnet (1861), vol. ii. p. 494; also Sotheby's Principia Typographia, vol. ii. p. 33. Folio. Paris, 1491—Mr. Fisher.

81. Epistola Gasparini. Woodcuts. 8vo. Paris, 1498—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Denis Janot: began to print about 1484: seems to have had a partnership with Alain Loctrian. The following work was a joint production:—

82. Mystery Play of the Resurrection. Woodcut title-page: very curious and scarce. 8vo. Paris, no date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Simon Vostre: began to print about 1484.

83. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. On vellum; woodcuts and borders on every page. 8vo. Paris, no date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

See Brunet, vol. v.

Pigouchet and Vostre, in partnership, 1496. Philippe Pigouchet began to print, 1484.

84. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. I'rintcil on vellum, and illuminated by hand. Small 8vo. Paris, 1496—Mr. T. Talbot Bury.

Fully described by Brunet, vol. v. Appendix.

Denis Roce.

85. De mundicia et Castitate Sacerdotum. Bound up with No. 87; woodcut printer's mark. 8vo. Paris. cir. 1497—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

86. Lucani Pharsalia. Printed in fantastic type, as if in imitation of ornamental writing; woodcut printer's mark. 8vo. Paris, 1512—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

Jean Petit, or Johannes Parvus: began to print, 1498.

87. De valore Mirsarum. Woodcut printer's mark: bound up with No. 85. 8vo. Paris, 1499—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

88. Secunda Pars Opusculorum Divi Augustini. Large 8vo. Paris, 1503—Mr. Yates.

89. Paulus Orosius, Hisloria. 8vo. Paris, 1510—Mr. Yates.

Andre Bocard, or Brocard: began to print about 1497; d. ——?

90. Tractatus Roberti Gagnini de Puritate Conceptionis Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. With the printer's mark. 8vo. Paris, 1498—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Jodocus Badius, surnamed Ascensius.

91. Vita Jesu Christi, Lu. de Saxonia. Folio. Paris, 1502—Society of Antiquaries.

92. Lyndewode's Provinciale. Printed for sale in England, and dedicated to Archbishop Warham. Woodcuts and rubrications. Folio. Paris, 1505—Society of Antiquaries.

93. Johannis Majoris Historia Britan. 4to. Paris, 1521—Society of Antiquaries.

Henri Etienne, or Stephanus, the Elder: began to print, 1496; d. July, 1520. His widow married Simon Colines.

94. Quintuplex Psalterium. Folio. Paris, 1509—Mr. Standidge.

Charles Etienne, third son of the above: began to print, 1551; d. 1564. He was at first a physician.

95. Appiani Alexandri Historia. Folio. Paris, 1551—Mr. Yates.

96. Herodoti Historia. Greek. Folio. Paris, 1570—Mr. Yates.

Thielman Kerver: began to print, 1497; d. 1522.

97. Les Heures a l'usage de Rome. Woodcuts and borders; printed on vellum. 8vo. Paris. 1499—Mr. T. Talbot Bury.

See Brunet, vol. v.

98. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. Woodcuts and borders; printed on vellum. Paris, 1505—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Francois Regnault: began to print, 1499, Paris. He also printed at Rouen, later.

99. Johannes de Burgs, on the Seven Sacraments. Imperfect copy. 8vo. Paris, 1518—Mr. Yates.

100. Missale in usum Sarum. Woodcut borders; slightly imperfect copy. 18mo. Rouen, 1537—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Vivien.

101. Adagia, facetiæ, et Carmina Bebelianæ: bound up with No. 78. 4to. Paris, 1502—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Simon Colines, or Colineus: commenced to print cir. 1521. He married the widow of Henry Stephens the Elder, and seems to have succeeded to his business.

102. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. Beautiful woodcut bordera: in outline, as if for illumination: printed on vellum. Very choice and fine volume. Small folio. Paris, 1543—Mr. Addington.

103. Horæ. Outline woodcut borders and illustrations. 8vo. Paris, 1524—Mr. Fisher.

104. Pedanii Dioscorides. 8vo. Paris, 1537—Mr. Yates.

Geoffrey Tori: began to print, cir. 1525.

105. Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis. Outline borders and cuts. 8vo. Paris, 1527—Mr. Fisher.

A very perfect example of this admired printer.

Oliver Mallard.

106. Horææ. Colophon, "Parisiis, Oliverius Mallard, Bibliopola Regi: sub signo vasis effracti." Woodcut borders in outline, like the contemporary style of MS. illumination, containing insects, fruit, and flowers. Binding coloured and inlaid in grolier style, green and white on brown ground. 8vo. Paris, 1541—Mr. Addington.

Regnaud Chaudiere: began to print, 1550, on the death of Colines, whose daughter and heiress he married.

107. Palladii Historia. Folio. Paris, 1570—Mr. Yates.

Ramus.

108. Virgilii Bucolica, Svo. Paris, 1555—The Rev. R. P. Coates.

Jehan Le Marchant.

109. The Prymer of Salisbury Use . . . "with many prayers and goodly Pyctures in the Kalendar," &c. 8vo. Rouen, 1538—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Benedict Prevost: began to print, cir. 1545.

110. Hieroclis Commentarius in Aurea Carmina Pythagoreorum. 12mo. Paris, 1583—Mr. Yates.

111. Terentii Comediæ. Woodcuts. Folio. Paris, 1552—Mr. Yates.

Claude Chevallon: married, in 1520, the widow of Berthold Rembolt, Charlotte Guillard, herself a printer. He died in 1540.

112. Institutiones Justiniani; with the printer's very curious device. 12mo. "Sub sole Aurea in via Jacobea." Paris, 1530. Mr. Yates.

Gillet Hardouyn.

113. Heures a l'usage de Rome. Printed on vellum; woodcuts and borders. Large 8vo. Paris, no date—Mr. Fisher.

See Brunet, vol. v. Appendix.

114. Heures a l'usage de Rome. Printed on vellum, and magnificently illuminated in gold and colours. Small 8vo. Paris, 1515—Sir W. Tite, M.P.

William Le Noir.

115. genealogies de Soixante et sept tres nobles maisons. Woodcut of arms on one page. 4 to. Paris, 1586—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

Sebastian Gryphus: b. 1493; began to print — — ?; d. 1550.

116. Valerius Flaccus; Argonautica. 18mo. Lyons, 1548. Martialis Epigrammata. 18mo. Lyons, 1548—Mr. Yates.

Anthony Gryphus, son and successor of the above.

117. Ciceronis Opera. 18mo. Lyons, 1570—Mr. Yates.

118. Senccæ Tragedia. 18mo. Lyons, 1584—Mr. Yates.

Johannes Tornasius, or de Tournes: son of an older printer of the same name; began to print in 1564; obliged, on account of his Protestant opinions, to leave France 1665; settled at Geneva, and there died, 1615.

119. Iamblichus. 18mo. Lyons, 1577—Mr. Yates.

Bartholomew Frein.

120. Petri Victorii, Varia Lectiones. Folio. Lyons, 1554—Mr. Yates.

Lyons Press, No printer's name.

121. Henrici Bouhic, utriusque Juris professoris, opus preclarissimum. Folio. Sine anno—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

122. Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda Sanctorum. Illuminated capitals, table rubricated. Folio. No place, date, or printer's name. It may be either French or Italian; the date is perhaps as early as 1490—The Very Rev. Dr. Rock.

ITALY.

Conrad Sweynheim: ceased to print, 1473. Arnold Pannartz: d. 1476. They commenced printing at Subiaco, in Southern Italy, before 1465; and afterwards, being invited to Rome by the Pope's librarian, John Andreas, Bishop of Aleria, they continued to print there from 1466 until 1473, when Sweynheim abandoned printing for engraving. He must have died about the same time as his partner. It is on record that in the first seven years they printed twenty-eight books; some of them in more than one volume. They are generally supposed to have been printers under Fust and Schoyffer, and to have come into Italy after the sack of Mentz in 1462.

123. Suetonii Historia. Beautifully illuminated; the first page with an elaborate border; on paper. Folio. Rome, 1472—Mr. Standidge.

Christopher Valdarfer: commenced printing at Venice, but removed to Milan before 1471, at which date he printed the Editio princeps of Boccaccio's Decameron; for the only known perfect copy of which £2,260 was given at the sale of the Roxburgh Library in 1812. Some years later the same volume was sold for £900, and bought by the Earl Spencer; it is now in the Spencer Library.

124. S. Ambrosius de Officiis. 4to. Milan, 1474—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Aldus Manutius: b. 1446–7, d. 1515; began to print, 1494. His descendants continued to print until the death of his grandson, Aldus Manutius, junior, in 1597. His first work, according to the best authorities, was the "Erotema" of Constantine Lascaris, but this honour is also claimed for:—

125. Museus de Herone et Leandro; in Greek and Latin; woodcuts. 4to. Venice, no date (1494)—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

126. Urbani Bolzanii, Grammatica Græca; the seventh book printed by Aldus with a date (M.IIID). 4to. Venice, 1497—Mr. Standidge.

127. Another copy; 1497—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

128. Psalterium Greece; rubricated. 4to. Venice, 1498—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

129. Poliphili Hypnerotomachia ubi humana omnia non nisi omnium

esse docet atque obiter plurima scitu sane quam digna commemorat, Italice (auctore F. Columna). Woodcuts, attributed to Giovanni Bellini or to Mantegua. Folio. Venice, 1499—Mr. Addington.

130. Another copy; 1499—Sir T. E. Winnington, Burt.

131. Another copy; 1499—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

132. Another copy; 1499—Society of Antiquaries.

133. Sophocles; very fine and tall copy. 8vo. Venice, 1502—Mr. Tebbs.

Andrea d'Assola. After the death of Aldus in 1515, his father-in-law, A. d'Assola, ciu-ried on the business till the children came of age. The two following books were printed during their minority:—

134. Oppianus, editio princeps. 12mo. Venice, 1517—The Rev. R. P. Coates.

135. Martial. 12mo. Venice, 1517—The Rev. R. P. Coates.

Gabriel Giolito de Ferrara.

136. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso; scarce edition. 4to. Venice, 1549—Society of Antiquaries.

Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana; the printing office of the Papal Government.

137. Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. Folio. Rome, 1591—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

Francis de Hailbrunn,

Peter de Bartua: commenced to print in 1171, and continued until 1494. Their works are very scarce.

138. S. Thomæ de Aquino, Prima Pars secundæ partis Summæ Theologiæ; on vellum, with 110 initial letters beautifully iliuminated. Small folio. Venice, 1478—Mr. Addington.

This book does not occur in M. van Praet's list of books printed on vellum. It is in the finest condition, with wide margins, in the original oak boards covered with stamped leather.

Mattheus Moravus: commenced printing in 1474.

139. Senecæ opera onmia; first edition, extremely rare; slightly imperfect, but with the missing parts restored in fac-simile. Folio. Naples, 1475—Messrs. Ellis and Green.

Da Sabbio,

140. Historia molto delettevolo, Boccaccio. 12mo. Venice, 1526—Mr. Waller.

Melchior Sessa.

141. Ameto de Boccaccio; in the same volume with the foregoing—Venice, 1534.

Francesco di Francheschi.

142. Architettura di Sebastiano Serlio. Woodcuts. Folio. Venice, 1534—Mr. T. Talbot Bury.

Bartholomæus de Cremona.

143. Summula Confessionis; illuminated, on paper. Folio. Venice, 1473—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Peter de Cremona.

144. Dante, Divina Commedia. Folio. Venice, 1491—Society of Antiquaries.

Manfred de Strevo.

145. Boccaccio Ceuealogiæ Deorum. Woodcuts. Folio. Venice, 1497—Society of Antiquaries.

Andrea Bonettis di Papia.

146. Ubertinus de Casalis, Arbor vitæ crucifixæ Jesu. First initial illuminated. Folio. Venice, 1485—Mr. Yates.

Thomas de Blavis.

147. Ciceronis Opera. Folio. Venice, 1488—Mr. Yates.

Hieronymus de Pergaminis.

148. Biblia Latina. 8vo. Venice, 1497—Mr. Yates.

Barzalerius.

149. Herodiani Historia. 4to. Bologna, 1493—Mr. Yates.

Steffan Planck.

150. Pontificalis ordinis Liber; rubricated, with music. Folio. Rome, 1485—Society of Antiquaries.

151. Mirabilia Urbis Romæ. Woodcuts. 16mo. Rome, 1500—Mr. Addington.

The story of Pope Joan occurs in this curious book, and some strange legends of Virgil, and the magical arts he was said to practise.

Bartholomeus de Zanis; printed for the Giunti.

152. Valerius Maximus. Folio. Venice, 1508—Mr. Yates.

153. Catalogus Sanctorum Petri de Natalibus; a very fine copy Folio. Venice, 1506— Mr. Waller.

Cesare Arrivabene.

154. Johannis de Ketham Fasciculus Medicinæ; curious woodcuts in the style of the "Poliphilo," and said to be by Bellini; the second or third edition of this curious anatomical treatise. Folio. Venice 1522 —Mr. Fisher.

PORTUGAL—LISBON.

155. Commentary on the Pentateuch: in Hebrew characters: the first book printed at Lisbon: no printer's name. Folio. Lisbon 1489 —Ellis and Green.

ENGLAND.

William Caxton: born "in Kente in the Weeld," cir. 1422 d. 1491; buried in the churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster. He commenced to print in England in the year 1477, his first book being the "Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers." He had previously, it is supposed, printed at Bruges, "Le Recueil des Histoires de Troye;" the same in English—being the first English book ever printed;—and the "Chess Book." See Blades, vol. i. p. 60.

156. Le Recueil des Histoires de Troyes: "composé en l'an de grace 1464."^[8] There are only six copies known: three perfect, of which this is one. Measurement, 101/2 in. by 73/4 in. Folio. No place or date. (Bruges, 1476?)—Her Majesty the Queen.

157. The Game and Play of Chess Moralised: ten copies known; four of them perfect. This one wants a leaf of dedication; slightly wormed: known as the "bankes" copy; dated last day of March, 1474, which probably refers to the completion of the translation. Folio. (Bruges, 1475?)—Mr. Quaritch.

158. Higden's Polychronicon: Lilly's copy: imperfect: twenty-eight copies known; five only perfect. Folio. Westminster, 1482—Sir W. Tite, M.P.

159. The Book which the Knyght of the Toure made: six copies known; four perfect, including this one: known as "Corser's copy." Measure, 103/4 in. by 71/2 in. Folio. Westminster, 1484—Mr. Quaritch.

160. Fables of Æsop. Woodcuts: perfect: only two other copies known, both imperfect: translation dated 1483. Folio. Westminster, (1484?)—Her Majesty the Queen.

161. The Doctrinal of Sapience: unique copy: printed on vellum: and has an additional chapter on "negligences happening in the mass." Eight other copies known, all on paper: three of them perfect. Folio. (Westminster, 1489?)—Her Majesty the Queen.

162. The Book of Faytes of Arms: imperfect, wanting last five leaves. Measure, 101/2 in. by 7 in.: twenty copies known; eleven perfect. Folio. Westminster, 1489—Her Majesty the Queen.

163. Another copy: imperfect, wanting first two leaves, which are supplied in fac-simile: fine condition. Measure, 101/2 in. by 71/4 in. Folio. Westminster, 1489—Sir W. Tite, M.P.

164. The Myrrour of the Worlde: second edition. Woodcuts. Dated as the first: perfect: very clean, and large, measuring 101/8 in. by 73/4 in: eleven copies known; eight perfect. Folio. Westminster (1481). 1490?—Sir W. Tite, M.P.

165. Another copy: also perfect. Measure, 103/4 in. by 71/2 in. Folio. Westminster (1481). 1490?—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

166. The Dictes and Sayinges: third edition: dated as the first: im- perfect, wanting four leaves at end. Measure, 3/8 in. by 75/8 in: seven copies known; three being perfect. Folio. Westminster (1477) 1490? The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

167. The Golden Legend: first edition. Woodcuts. Imperfect, wanting 34 leaves. The largest co|)y known, measuring 151/4 in. by 101/2 in.: twenty-nine copies known: none perfect. Large folio. Westminster, 1483—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

168. Quatuor Sermons: on the Lord's Prayer, &c. Imperfect, wanting last nine leaves: five copies known; only one perfect: second edition. Folio. Westminster (1491)—Mr. Addington.

Wynkyn de Worde: b. ———, d. 1534. Caxton's chief workman and successor, naturalised in 1496. He commenced to print on his own account in 1494, or possibly a year earlier; his first works are therefore of later date than those of Machlinia and others who printed by themselves in Caxton's lifetime. He lies buried in the church of St. Bride, Fleet Street.

169. Higden's Polychronicon. Colophon: "Prayenge all theym that shall see this symple worke to pardon me of my symple writynge. Ended the thyrtenth daye of Apryll the tenth yere of the regne of Kyng Harry the Seventh and the Incarnacyon of our Lord M.CCCLXXXXV.. Emprynted at Westmestre by Wynkyn Theworde." Folio. Westminster, 1495— Mr. Quaritch.

170. Another copy: imperfect—Mr. Standidge.

171. Sermo: "in die Innocentium Sermo pro Episcopo Puerorum." Woodcut of the crucifixion, from Caxton's Fifteen Oes.: Heber's copy. Another copy is said by Lowndes to be at Stonyhurst College: no more known. 4to. No date. 1496?—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

172. Communication bytwene God and man: imperfect, wanting first leaf. No other copy known. Heber's. 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

173. Parvulorum institucio: perhaps the first edition of this rare tract: it exactly resembles the edition of 1521. 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

174. Vulgaria Quedam ex Latina Collecta: a dictionary of proverbs in Latin and English. 16mo. 1500—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

175. Vitas Patrum, or the lyves of the olde auncient holy faders hermytes, translated by the blessyd Saynt Jerome out of Greke into Latyn, Latyn into Frenshe, and after reduced into Englyshe by Willyam Caxton late deed. Very fine and perfect copy. Woodcuts. Folio. Westminster, 1495—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

176. Dives et Pauper. Second edition. See Pynson. Folio. 1496—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

177. Mons Perfectionis. Woodcuts. 4to. 1501—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

178. Lyfe of John Pycus, Erle of Myrandula—a grete Lorde of Italy. Small 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

179. Holte's Mylke for Chyldren: a grammar: Heber's copy, the only one known. Woodcuts. 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

180. Sermo Exhortatorius Cancellarii Ebor: hiis qui ad sacros ordines petunt promoveri: with the imprimatur of John Colet. Bright's copy. 4to. No date. 1494?—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

181. The Chronycle of Englond with the frute of Tymes; the Descrypcyon of Englonde Wayls Scotland and Irlond speaking of the Noblesse and Worthynesse of the same. Slightly imperfect. Folio. 1502—Society of Antiquaries.

182. The Boke of Comforte: imperfect, wanting title. 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

183. The Arte and Crafte to Lyve and Dye well: imperfect, beginning on fol. vii., ending on fol. cxxv. Woodcuts. Folio. 1503—Society of Antiquaries.

184. The ordinary of Christen Men. 4to. 1506—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

185. The boke of Good manners. The only perfect copy known. Woodcuts, 4to. 1507—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

186. Sermon made by John Bishop of Rochester (Fisher) in the first year of King Henry VIII., 10th May, 1509. Curious woodcut of Henry VII. lying in State. 4to. 1509—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

187. Gerson's Paternoster, Ave, and Credo. Woodcuts. 4 to. 1509—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

188. Ortus vocabulorum: a Latin and English dictionary. The first edition was printed by Wynkyn de Worde in folio, 1500. This is the third edition. 4to. 1511—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

189. The Flowre of the Commaundments of God. Woodcuts. 3rd edition. Folio. 1510—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

190. Another edition. Folio. 1521—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

191. Constitutiones Provinciales et Othonis. 12mo. 1517—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

192. The Flowre of the Commandements. 4th edition. Folio. 1521—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

193. Opera super Constitutiones Provinciales et Othonis. 16mo. 1529—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

194. Scala Perfectionis. Woodcut. 4to. 1523—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

195. Richard Cuer de Lyon. Woodcut. 4to. 1528—Mr. Quaritch.

196. Enchiridion of Erasmus. Printed for "Johan Biddel, otherwise Salysbury." 12mo. 1534—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

197. The xij. Profytes of Tribulacyon. 4to. 1530—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

198. A Contemplacyon or Medytacyon of the Shedynge of the blood of our Lorde Jhesu Crysto at Seven tymes. Folio. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Theodore Rood and Thomas Hunt: printed at Oxford, in the lifetime of Caxton. The following work is usually attributed to them, but Dibdin and others are of opinion that it was printed in Germany. Archdeacon Cotton, however, shows that the same type is used for it and the "Alexander de Anima," which was printed by Theodore Rood in 1481, and bears his name in the colophon. "There is," he says, "so close a resemblance between these two volumes, that I think no person who compares them together can doubt that the place and printer of both are one and the same."^[9]

199. Liber Moralium: in Threnos Hieremio Prophetie. By John Latterbury. Folio. 1482—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

William Machlinia: printed in Holborn, near the Fleet Bridge. He was for some time in partnership with Lettou. None of his books are dated, but he probably printed during the lifetime of Caxton.

200. Liber qui vocatur Speculum Xρistiani. Written by John Wotton. Woodcut. 4 to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Julian Notary: printed from 1498 to 1520. He is supposed to have been a Frenchman: it is probable he was an assistant in Caxton's house.

201. Liber vocatur Festivalis. Folio. 1499—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

202. The Kalendar of Shepherds. Supposed to be the most perfect copy known. Folio. 1515—1520?—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Richard Pynson: a Norman by birth: naturalised by patent of Henry VII. in 1493. Printed near Temple Bar, after Caxton's death: the second King's printer: died cir. 1529–31.

203. Dives et Pauper. A treatise or dialogue on the ten commandments. This is the first edition, Wynkyn de Worde's being dated three years later. Folio. 1493—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

204. Another copy. 1483—Sir William Tite, M.P.

205. Textus Alexandri cum Sententiis Constructionibus. An edition unnoticed by Johnson, probably the third, and almost, if not quite, unique. Woodcuts. 4to. 1516—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

206. Assertio Septem Sacramentorum adversus Martin. Lutherū. First edition in England of the book, for which the Pope gave Henry VIII. the title of defender of the faith. 4to. 1521—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

207. The Lyfe of St. Frauncis, written by Frere Bonaventure. 4to. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

208. The boke named the Royall. 4to. 1517—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

209. Liber Intrationum. Woodcut of arms. Folio. 1510—Mr. Standidge.

210. Year Book of Edward III. Folio. (1520)—Mr. Standidge.

211. The Little Chronicle: only one other copy known, 4to. Cir. 1520—Mr. Quaritch.

212. The Pilgrimage of Perfection. 4to. 1526—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

213. Bull of Pope Leo X. Folio. No date—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Richard Fakes or Fawkes: probably a relative of William Faques, the first King's Printer, who died in 1511, although it is asserted that he was of a Yorkshire family: printed in Durham Rents, Temple Bar, or else in "Powle's Churchyerde, at the signe of the A. B. C."

214. The Myrroure of Our Lady. Woodcut titles, and other cuts: the printer's device on the verso of folio 164: a colophon on the recto. Folio. 1530—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

215. Another copy, with twenty-three leaves of a supplement, and on the verso of the last leaf "Here endeth the book that is called oure Ladye's Myrroure." Probably unique. 1530—The Very Rev. Dr. Rock.

John Rastell: a London citizen: began to print about 1517: married Elizabeth More, sister of the Chancellor: died 1536.

216. Natura Brevium: in Latin and English. 16mo. 1532—Mr. Standidge.

217. Dialogues of Creatures Moralised: first English edition. 4to. 1520—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

William Rastell: son of the foregoing: Serjeant at law and justice of Queen's Bench under Queen Mary: died at Louvain, 1567.

218. More's Supplication of Soules. Folio. No date. The Very Rev. Dr. Rock.

219. Debellacyon of Salem. 4to. 1533—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

William Coplande: son of Robert Coplande, who had been in partnership with Wynkyn de Worde: he succeeded to his father's business in 1548, and died in 1568 or 1569.

220. The Tree and xij frutes of the Holy Ghoost. 4to. 1554—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

221. The Recuile of the Historyes of Troie. Folio. 1555—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Robert Redman: began to print in 1523: his quarrel with Pynson is a curious episode in the history of printing. Redman is worthy of notice as the first English printer who published any part of the Bible in the vernacular: a further account of his works will be found under the heading of "Bibles." He died in 1540.

222. A work of preparation or ordinance unto Com̄union. 24mo. 1531—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

223. Wycliffe's Consolation for Troubled Consciences: almost unique. A copy is mentioned in Maitland's "Lambeth Library," p. 238: formerly in the collection of Mr. James Dix. 16mo. No date. (Cir. 1532)—Mr. Addington.

224. Wycliffe's Crede, Paternoster, and Ave Maria: one other copy known: see Maitland, p. 238. Mr. Maskell's copy dated in 1539 differed from this one. 16mo. No date. (Cir.. 1527)—Mr. Addington.

Wycliffe (See under "Bibles.")

225. Wycliffe's Small Pagines to the Common People: a manuscript of this work was in Archbishop Tenison's library. No other copy is known. 16mo. No date. (1532)—Mr. Addington.

226. Myrrour of Christes Passion. Folio. 1534—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

227. Life of Our Ladye—by Lydgate. 4to. 1531—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

228. The Pype or Tonne of the lyfe of Perfection: Henry the Eighth's copy in the original binding. Lowndes mentions an edition of 1552 probably by mistake, as Redman died in 1540. 4to. 1532—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Thomas Berthelet: the third King's Printer, but the first to whom a patent was granted; his salary was £4 per annum: died 1555.

229. Two Acts of Parliament: temp. Henry VIII. Folio. Cir. 1550—Mr. Standidge.

230. Xenophon's Treatise of Householde. Small 8vo. 1548—Society of Antiquaries.

231. Bartholomeus de Proprietatibus Rerum. Folio. 1535—Society of Antiquaries.

232. Necessary Doctrine for any Christen Man. 4to. 1543—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Thomas Vautroullier: a Norman by birth: printed in Edinburgh and Loundon. His daughter married Richard Field. He died about 1590.

233. Historie of Judith in forme of a poeme: with the autograph of William Camden. 12mo. Edinburgh. 1584—Dean and Chapter of Westminster.

John Oswen: the first printer at Worcester, whither he came from Ipswich in 1548, and printed until 1553.

234. Homily to be read in time of Pestilence. Small 4to. Worcester, 1553—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

John Cawood: the pupil of John Reynes, Queen's Printer under Queen Mary: d. 1572.

235. A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulacion made by Sir Thomas More. 4to. 1553—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.

Cawood, Wales, and Tottel:in partnership.

236. The works of Sir Thomas More. Folio. 1557—Sir W. Tite, M.P.

Richard Jugge: Queen's Printer: in partnership with Cawood: d. 1577.

237. Orders taken by virtue of her Majestie's letters addressed to her hyghnesse commissioners for causes ecclesiastical. 4to. 1561—The Rev. J. Fuller Russell.