2037757Cassell's Illustrated History of England — Front Matter and PrefaceJohn Cassell

BOADICEA.

Cassell's Illustrated

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

New and Revised Edition.


CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.



VOL. I.


FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH.


Cassell Petter & Galpin:


London, Paris & New York.







PREFACE.

HE preceding edition of this History has been most carefully corrected and revised, and the Publishers are thankful that the present one has not failed of a success more than equal to that which had attended its predecessor. The expectation which led them originally to publish and now to issue this revised edition of a history of this great country so as to meet the want of the great masses which compose so large a portion of it, has not been disappointed.

It is almost as vain to write the praises of history as it is unnecessary to write its apology. Whatever doubts may be entertained as to the merits of the classics as a means of education, history stands above all suspicion, and is pre-eminent not only as a means, but even as an end of knowledge.

We may regard history as in some sort the story of ourselves under circumstances different from those in which it finds us; which circumstances, however, time often repeats with remarkable similitude of detail. It is, indeed, more than this; it is the narrative of national as well as of individual life, and—in a higher aspect still—it is the narrative of the great human race. But even if we look on it only as a vast collection of biographies, we can hardly exaggerate the importance of its voice to us. It teaches its votary something of himself and of his kind which the profoundest philosopher without it could never know. If we except Nature and Revelation, what else is there beyond the domain of history? Indeed, it is the complement of these, and with these fills up all experience and all thought. But if this be true of universal history, it is true in a sense more confined and yet more intense of the history of our own country. The exceeding interest of this latter will let none of us escape. It is our text-book in childhood, but we have not grasped its wisdom or exhausted its pleasure in age. We delight in it, not merely because it tells of our own fathers and our own homes, but because it, more than any other, presents the broad surface of the people; because it is concerned, not only with kings, and statesmen, and warriors, but with the toilers at the plough, and at the counter, and at the desk—with the great middle class, whose growth in extent and power forms so large a portion of its page; because it exhibits a unity of design and a continuity of action which is not so patent, even if it exists, elsewhere; because it leads by marked gradations through the practical logic of great principles to that national product which we now enjoy with so much pride and satisfaction; because it is the voice of a people whose language is more wide-spread and more potent in the ears of friends and foes than that of any tongue on earth, and is enriched with science and with song to which few others can aspire.

On the other hand, the history of this country, as of all others, presents a corrective to that national pride and self-sufficiency which it may at first seem to engender. We, too, have come forth from the dark ages dyed with their superstitions and their crimes. We have lingered long indeed upon the threshold of this more exalted time. We can boast no great, unbroken unity of race, religion, and polity, as the Jew of other days might boast with justice. The Reformation found us as it found others, and did not find us first. We have made great national mistakes and committed great national crimes in our policy at home and abroad, and the sciences of political and domestic economy are only beginning to take hold upon us. Our history clearly points out that our geographical position may well dispute with the genius of the people the merit of making us what we are; and our geographical position and our mineral wealth are blessings for which we cannot thank ourselves.

The slow building of a constitution which finds no parallel in the world is the most distinctive, as it is the largest, feature in English history. But this does not render it a mere monotonous political dissertation. The movements of the people are broken in upon by wars from without, and tumults and revolutions from within. Great actors and great thinkers come upon the sight, and for a moment nothing else is seen. How all these pressed on, or modified, or retarded the destiny of the nation is matter of difficult but most instructive research. How the various units of the great mass, which history can seek out, acted under the changing circumstances of the time, and moved under the diverse influences of events, of passion, and of principle, is matter pregnant with instruction to each of us. Nor is there instruction for the head alone. The whole of the complex nature of man is wrought upon. History thrusts upon the stage at once, or in quick and continued succession, tragedy, and comedy, and farce; and, as we weep, and laugh, and wonder, we must not forget that we are in the theatre, not of fancy, but of truth, and that every event, however slight, every entrance and every exit, possesses a real meaning and a real importance. It is often difficult, sometimes perhaps impossible, to discover this meaning and this importance; but even when we cannot perceive the connection between individual actors and the conduct of the plot, the individual cannot be utterly devoid of interest and instruction. An unimportant personage or a slight event may bring before us the spirit of the times, and the progress of lesser transactions, which are so apt to be forgotten in the great action of the moment. To the statesman, no doubt, the study of English history is of special importance, and he learns from it the genius of our constitution, and finds in it precedent, example, and warning peculiar to himself. But we all have an interest in the state, though it be not such as his, and we all find in that history precedent, and example, and warning. As every day adds to our knowledge of the past, it should add to our wisdom for the future; and if we do not profit in heart and head by the experience which the ages have gathered for us—if we do not grow, as they would have us, not only in wisdom, but in humility, in moderation, in humanity—we have to blame, not these unerring teachers, but ourselves.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.

  1. PAGE
  2. Frontspeice-Boadicea
  3. The Druids inciting the Britons to Oppose the Landing of the Romans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    1
  4. Druidical Remains at Carnac, in the Department of Morbehan, France
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    3
  5. Stonehenge (restored)
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    4
  6. Druidical Monuments (restored) at Abury, Wiltshire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    5
  7. Caledonians, or Picts
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    6
  8. Landing of Julius Cæsar
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    7
  9. Julius Cæsar. From a Cameo in the Imperial Library, Paris
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    10
  10. Roman Soldiers passing over a Bridge of Boats
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    12
  11. The Romans leaving London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    13
  12. Roman Architecture in Britain: Capital—Masonry at Colchester—Cornice, Basement, Doorway at Bird-Oswald
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    19
  13. Sections of the Wall of Richborough Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    20
  14. Coins Struck during the Roman Period in England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    21
  15. The Piratical Invasion of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    22
  16. Newport Gate, Lincoln
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    22
  17. Roman Urns
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    23
  18. The Treaty of Peace between the Saxon Leaders and the British King
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    24
  19. Defeat of the Saxons by Arthur
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    25
  20. Saxon Arms
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    26
  21. Egbert
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    27
  22. Alfred the Great
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    30
  23. The Murder of Cenulph, King of Wessex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    31
  24. Alfred in the Neatherd's Hut
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    34
  25. Edgar the Pacific rowed down the River Dee by Eight Tributary Princes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    37
  26. Athelstan's Ring
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    38
  27. Edwy dragged by Dunstan from the Presence of Elgina
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    42
  28. The Ecclesiastical Council convened by St. Dunstan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    43
  29. Drawing of the Crucifixion. Harl M.S.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    47
  30. Assassination of Edward the Martyr
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    48
  31. The Sister of King Sweyn murdered in the General Massacre of the Danes by the Saxons, a. d. 1002
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    49
  32. Danish Arms and Armour
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51
  33. Meeting of Edmund Ironside and Canute in the Isle of Alney
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  34. Canute reproving his Courtiers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    55
  35. Danish Tumuli, Essex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    57
  36. Canute the Great
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    58
  37. Harold Swearing to Maintain the Right of the Duke of Normandy to the Throne of England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    60
  38. The Death of Hardicanute
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    61
  39. William, Duke of Normandy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  40. The Shrine of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    67
  41. Building of the Tower of Babel. Saxon MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    69
  42. Saxon Architecture: Tower of Sompting Church—Window of Deerhurst Church—Window of Jarrow Church—Doorway of Barnack Church
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    71
  43. ——Tower of Earl's Barton Church
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    72
  44. Anglo-Saxon Calendar
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    73, 76
  45. A Saxon Blacksmith
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  46. Saxon Bell
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  47. Execution of a Criminal. Saxon MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    78
  48. Saxon Calendar
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    78
  49. At a Banquet given by Harold he receives the News of the Invasion of the Normans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    79
  50. Saxon Game at Bowls
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    80
  51. Anglo-Saxon Vessel
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    81
  52. Ruins of Hastings Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  53. Death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  54. The Norman Thanksgiving after the Battle of Hastings
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    87
  55. William the Conqueror
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    89
  56. Finding of the Body of Harold
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    90
  57. Coronation of William the Conqueror
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  58. Arms of William the Conqueror
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    92
  59. Silver Penny and Great Seal of William the Conqueror
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    93
  60. Rougemont Castle, Exeter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    94
  61. Battle Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    96
  62. Hereward cutting his way through the Norman Host
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    97
  63. Plan of a Norman Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    98
  64. Clifford's Tower, York
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    99
  65. Depopulation of Hampshire to form the New Forest
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    102
  66. William the Conqueror and his Son Robert
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  67. View of Lincoln, showing the Ruins of the Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    106
  68. William II. surnamed Rufus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    108
  69. The Death of Conan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    109
  70. William Rufus and the Soldier
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    111
  71. Statue of William Rufus in the Choir of York Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    113
  72. Bamborough Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    114
  73. Pope Urban II. preaching the First Crusade
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  74. Roman Model, representing the Palm Tree of Judea
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117
  75. St Helena discovering the True Cross. Greek MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118
  76. The Army of Peter the Hermit
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    120
  77. Bird's-eye View of Christian Constantinople
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    121
  78. Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon at Brussels
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    123
  79. Marble Column raised by Arcadius at Constantinople
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    125
  80. Throne of the Emperor of Constantinople. Greek MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  81. Santa Sophia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    127
  82. Circus and Hippodrome of ancient Constantinople
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    128
  83. Costume of an Empress of Constantinople. Greek MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    129
  84. Crown of an Empress of Constantinople. From an Arab Medal
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    129
  85. Movable Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    131
  86. Sword of Godfrey of Bouillon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    131
  87. Tomb of Godfrey of Bouillon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    131
  88. Templars
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    132
  89. The Death of William Rufus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    133
  90. Fragment of a Copy of the Evangelists, in Latin. Tenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  91. —— of an Ode to Mecænas. Tenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  92. Anglo-Saxon Writing of Sixth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  93. Latin Papyrus of Third Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    136
  94. Saxon Dinner Party. Cotton MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    136
  95. Gleemen Juggling. Cotton MS. Ditto
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    137
  96. Balancing
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    137
  97. Musical Instruments. Caedmon MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    137
  98. Dance. Ninth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    138
  99. Grand Organ
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    138
  100. Norman Costumes of Eleventh Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    139
  101. Harp. Ninth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  102. Ladies Hunting. Royal MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  103. Hawking. Cotton MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  104. Umbrella used in Hawking
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  105. Harold. From the Bayeux Tapestry
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    140
  106. Training the Falcon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141
  107. Sword Play
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141
  108. Bob Apple
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141
  109. Saxon Crowns
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141
  110. Anglo-Saxon Costume
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  111. —— Shoes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  112. Ladies' Costume
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  113. Cloak-pin, Buckle, and Pouch. Twelfth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  114. Anglo-Saxon Dinner Party
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    142
  115. Chairs, Candlestick, Saxon Bed
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143
  116. Norman Vessel. Twelfth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143
  117. Comb in Ivory
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143
  118. Military Costumes. Twelfth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    144
  119. Gisarme—Norman Soldiers and Bowmen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    144
  120. Woman Spinning
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    145
  121. Noble Ladies of Normandy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    145
  122. Sacramental Wafer-box
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    145
  123. Bayeux Tapestry
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    147
  124. Great Seal of Henry I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    148
  125. Robert of Normandy at the Castle of the Count of Conversano
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    150
  126. Marriage of Henry I. and Matilda
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    151
  127. Statue of Henry I. in the Choir of York Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152
  128. Henry I
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    154
  129. Robert of Normandy a Prisoner in Cardiff Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    156
  130. Matilda, Queen of Henry I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  131. Shipwreck of Prince William, Son of Henry I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    159
  132. King Henry bewailing the Loss of his Children
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    160
  133. Stephen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    162
  134. The Battle of the Standard
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    163
  135. Silver Penny of Stephen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    164
  136. Signature and Seal of Pope Innocent II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    164
  137. Great Seal of Stephen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    165
  138. Effigy of Roger, Bishop of Sarum, in Salisbury Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    166
  139. Stephen taken Prisoner
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    168
  140. The Empress Matilda and the Queen of Stephen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    169
  141. Revolt of the Citizens of London against Matilda
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    171
  142. Statue of Stephen in the Choir of York Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    172
  143. Flight of Matilda from Oxford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    174
  144. Meeting of Stephen and Prince Henry at Wallingford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    175
  145. Statue of Henry II. in the Choir of York Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    176
  146. Great Seal of Henry II
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    177
  147. Silver Penny, Henry II
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    177
  148. Henry II
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    178
  149. Entry of Henry and Eleanor into Winchester
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    180
  150. Becket at the Head of Seven Hundred Knights
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    181
  151. Progress of Thomas à Becket through France
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    186
  152. Defeat of the English by the Welsh at Berwin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    187
  153. Murder of Thomas a Becket
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    190
  154. Henry II. doing Penance at the Tomb of Thomas à Becket
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    192
  155. Siege of Waterford. The City taken by Assault
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    193
  156. Spoon of Twelfth Century, used at the Coronation of the Kings of England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    196
  157. Meeting of Henry and Louis on the Plain near Gisors
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    198
  158. Penance of Henry before the Shrine of Thomas à Becket. From an ancient painting on glass
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    199
  159. Effigy of Eleanor, Queen of Henry II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    203
  160. Richard Cœur-de-Lion drawing his Sword on the Cardinal-Legate of the Pope
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    204
  161. Richard Cœur -de-Lion beside the Dead Body of his Father
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    205
  162. Norman Architecture:—
  163. Norwich Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    207
  164. Hedingham Castle, Essex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    207
  165. Early Norman Capital
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    208
  166. St. James's Tower, Bury St. Edmunds
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  167. St. Botolph's Priory
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  168. Portion of a Doorway, Durham Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  169. Richard I., Cœur-de-Lion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    210
  170. Richard causing the Gold and Jewels to be Weighed in his Presence
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    211
  171. Crown of the Twelfth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    212
  172. Statue of Richard I. in York Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    212
  173. Shield of a Templar
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  174. View of part of the Town of Genoa. From an ancient Engraving
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    214
  175. Medals of William I. or William II. of Sicily
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    214
  176. Falcons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    215
  177. Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Shrine of St. Januarius
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    216
  178. Isaac of Cyprus praying Cœur-de-Lion for the Restoration of his Daughter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    217
  179. Plan of Acre in the Fourteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    219
  180. Machine for Throwing Stones, used at the Siege of Acre
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    220
  181. "Save the Holy Sepulchre"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    222
  182. Richard Cœur-de-Lion at Jaffa
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    223
  183. Coins of Sovereigns of the Seljuk Dynasty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    225
  184. Richard Cœur-de-Lion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    226
  185. The Bishop of Salisbury before Saladin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    238
  186. PAGE
  187. Richard Cœur-de-Lion surprised by the Austrian Soldiers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    229
  188. Longchamp, the Chancellor, arresting Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    231
  189. Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Diet of the German Empire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    231
  190. John kneeling for Forgiveness before his Brother Richard
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    235
  191. The Death of Longbeard
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    240
  192. Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    241
  193. Effigies of Richard I. and Berengaria
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    243
  194. Great Seal of King John
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    245
  195. Richard Cœur-de-Lion receiving his Death-wound
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    246
  196. The Death of Prince Arthur
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    247
  197. King John
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    252
  198. John kneeling in Homage before the Pope's Legate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    253
  199. John refusing to Sign Magna Charta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    258
  200. Rage of John after the Signing of Magna Charta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    259
  201. Specimen of the Writing of Magna Charta
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    260
  202. Dover Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    264
  203. John's Passage of the Wash
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    265
  204. Great Seal of Henry III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    267
  205. The Head of Eustace le Moine carried on a Pole
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    270
  206. The Barons enforcing their Rights from Henry III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    271
  207. Henry III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    276
  208. Banquet at the Marriage of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    277
  209. The Battle of Taillebourg
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    282
  210. Interior of Westminster Hall—the Bishops pronouncing Sentence of excommunication against all who should oppose the Charter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    283
  211. The Bishop of Worcester meeting the King of the Romans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    288
  212. London Bridge in the Thirteenth Century—Escape of Queen Eleanor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    289
  213. Henry III. at the Battle of Lewes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    291
  214. Combat between Prince Edward and Baron Adam Gourdon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    294
  215. Circular part of the Temple Church, London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    295
  216. Architecture of the Thirteenth Century: Capital, Salisbury Cathedral—Capital, Lincoln Cathedral—Tooth Ornament, Lincoln Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    299
  217. ——South Transept of Beverly Minster
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    300
  218. Departure of Henry and Eleanor to the Holy Land
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    301
  219. Great Seal of Edward I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    303
  220. Tomb of Henry III. in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    306
  221. Edward I. presenting his Infant Son to the Welsh
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    307
  222. Edward I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    312
  223. Baliol doing Homage for the Crown of Scotland
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    313
  224. Earl Warenne displaying his Title to his Estates
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    318
  225. Edward I. at Berwick
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    319
  226. Origin of the War between France and England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    324
  227. Quarrel between Edward I. and the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    325
  228. Death of Comyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    330
  229. Wallace Crowned with Laurel in Westminster Hall
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    331
  230. Carlisle Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    334
  231. Tomb of Eleanor, Queen of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    336
  232. Marriage of Edward II. and Isabella of France
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    337
  233. Great Seal of Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    339
  234. Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    342
  235. Surprise of Edinburgh Castle.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    343
  236. The Battle of Bannockburn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    349
  237. Berkeley Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    354
  238. Deposition of Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    355
  239. Great Seal of Edward III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    358
  240. Edward III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    360
  241. Reception of Philippa of Hainault at London.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    361
  242. Mortimer's Hole, Nottingham Castle.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    366
  243. The Troops of Lord Montacute in the Subterranean Passage.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    367
  244. The Battle of Sluys.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    373
  245. Genoese Bowmen.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    375
  246. Edward the Black Prince.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    378
  247. Combat between French and English Cavalry at the Passage of the Somme.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    379
  248. Queen Philippa interceding for the Burgesses of Calais.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    385
  249. Edward the Black Prince presenting King John of France to his Father Edward III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    390
  250. The Battle of Poietiers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    391
  251. Combat between English and French Knights in a Square at Limoges.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    397
  252. The Death of Edward III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    403
  253. Great Seal of Richard II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    406
  254. Richard II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    408
  255. The Widow of the Black Prince appealing to Wat Tyler for Protection from the Mob
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    409
  256. John of Gaunt.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    414
  257. Wycliffe appearing before the Prelates at St. Paul's to answer the Charge of Heresy.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    415
  258. Death of Wat Tyler.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    421
  259. John Wycliffe
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    426
  260. Richard II. asserting his Authority.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    427
  261. Betrothal of the French Princess to Richard II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    432
  262. Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    433
  263. Combat between the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford stopped by the King.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    438
  264. Meeting of Richard and Lancaster at Flint Castle.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    439
  265. Pontefract Castle.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    442
  266. A Scandinavian God
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    445
  267. Shipping of the Year 1269
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    447
  268. Prior of Southwick's Chair. Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    448
  269. Parliament assembled for the Deposition of Richard II. Harl. MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    450
  270. Siege of a Town in the Fourteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    451
  271. King and Armour-bearer. Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    452
  272. Ciborium. Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    453
  273. Crozier. Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    453
  274. Costume of a Bishop of the Fourteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    454
  275. Effigy of Jocelyn, Bishop of Salisbury.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    454
  276. Fac-simile of Part of a Page of Wycliffe's Bible.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    455
  277. Author and Copyist Writing.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    456
  278. Roger Bacon.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    457
  279. Matthew Paris.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    459
  280. Geoffrey Chaucer.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    462
  281. The Queen's Cross, Northampton.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    463
  282. Decorated Architecture:—
  283. Building of St. Alban's Abbey. Cotton MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    464
  284. Window, from Meopham.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    465
  285. Window— — — St. Mary's, Beverley.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    465
  286. Decorated Capital, from Selby.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    467
  287. Ball-flower.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    467
  288. Four-leaved Flower.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    467
  289. Ruins of Croyland Abbey.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    468
  290. Edward II. and the Minstrel.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    469
  291. Dance of Fools.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    470
  292. Dancing Bears and Monkeys. Harl. MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    471
  293. Woman Churning and Blind Beggar.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    472
  294. Blacksmith of Fourteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    472
  295. Penny of Edward I.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    473
  296. Penny (supposed) of Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    473
  297. Groat of Edward III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    473
  298. English Merrymaking in the Fourteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    475
  299. Bed of the Thirteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    476
  300. Effigy of Matilda Fitzwalter at Dunmow.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    476
  301. Abbot's Chair. Thirteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    476
  302. Pilgrim. Thirteenth Century.Ditto
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    477
  303. Stocks. Thirteenth Century.Ditto
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    477
  304. Saddle of the Time of Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    477
  305. King at Table. Fourteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    477
  306. Shoes of the Time of Edward II.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    478
  307. Tilting Helmet found at Lynn. Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    478
  308. Mourning Costumes of the Thirteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    479
  309. Head-dresses of the Time of Henry III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    479
  310. Stool-ball. Fourteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    480
  311. Card-playing. Fourteenth Century.Ditto
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    480
  312. Horsemen Tilting. Twelfth Century. Royal MS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    480
  313. Henry IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    481
  314. Great Seal of Henry IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    482
  315. Owen Glendower's Oak.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    486
  316. The Return of the Douglas across the Border.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    487
  317. Restoration of Isabella to her Father.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    493
  318. The Field of the Battle of Shrewsbury.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    495
  319. The French Fleet reaching Milford Haven.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    498
  320. Execution of the Archbishop of York.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    499
  321. Judge Gascoigne
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    503
  322. Reconciliation of the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    505
  323. Owen Glendower.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    510
  324. Judge Gascoigne and Prince Henry
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    511
  325. Tomb of Henry IV. and his Queen in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    513
  326. Great Seal of Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    516
  327. Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    517
  328. Cradle of Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    518
  329. Room in the Lollards' Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    519
  330. French Carpenter and Maid Servant
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    522
  331. The Battle of the Carpenters and Butchers.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    523
  332. Parliament of Henry V. Harl. MS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    526
  333. Azincourt—King Henry V. and the Sire de Helly.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    529
  334. Ruins of Monmouth Castle.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    534
  335. Reception of Sigismund on the Coast of England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    535
  336. The Mass in the Abbey Church of Marmontier
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    541
  337. Rouen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    546
  338. Cardinal Ursini's Visit to Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    547
  339. Armour of Fifteenth Century—Great Hall at Brougham Hall.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    552
  340. Assassination of the Duke of Burgundy
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    553
  341. Tomb of Henry V. in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    555
  342. Paris in the Fifteenth Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    558
  343. Funeral Procession of Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    559
  344. Great Seal of Henry VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    564
  345. Henry VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    565
  346. The Duke of Brabant driving away the Ladies of his Wife Jacqueline
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    567
  347. Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry, Winchester Cathedral.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    570
  348. Joan of Arc.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    571
  349. Joan of Arc— — — at the Assault of the Tournelles.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    577
  350. Burning of Joan of Arc.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    582
  351. Death of Cardinal Beaufort.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    583
  352. Queen Margaret, from a Tapestry in St. Mary's Hall, Coventry.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    589
  353. The Tower of London.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    594
  354. Death of the Earl of Shrewsbury.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    595
  355. Siege Operations (Fifteenth Century); a French Town taken by the English.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    600
  356. Richard Duke of York claiming the Crown.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    601
  357. Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    605
  358. Queen Margaret and the Robber of Hexham.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    607
  359. Great Seal of Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    608
  360. First Meeting of Edward IV. and Lady Elizabeth Gray.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    613
  361. Coinage of the Fifteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    615
  362. Preaching at St. Paul's Cross. Fifteenth Century.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    618
  363. Warwick visiting King Henry VI. in the Tower.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    619

CASSELL'S


ILLUSTRATED


HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

THE DRUIDS INCITING THE BRITONS TO OPPOSE THE LANDING OF THE ROMANS. (See p. 5.)

Chapters (not listed in original)