Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 1

by John Cassell

 

BOADICEA.

 

Cassell's Illustrated

 

 

 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

 

 

 

 

 

New and Revised Edition.

CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.

 

 

 

 

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VOL. I.

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH.

 

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Cassell Petter & Galpin:

London, Paris & New York.

 

PREFACE.

HE preceding edition of this History has been most carefully corrected and revised, and the Publishers are thankful that the present one has not failed of a success more than equal to that which had attended its predecessor. The expectation which led them originally to publish and now to issue this revised edition of a history of this great country so as to meet the want of the great masses which compose so large a portion of it, has not been disappointed.

It is almost as vain to write the praises of history as it is unnecessary to write its apology. Whatever doubts may be entertained as to the merits of the classics as a means of education, history stands above all suspicion, and is pre-eminent not only as a means, but even as an end of knowledge.

We may regard history as in some sort the story of ourselves under circumstances different from those in which it finds us; which circumstances, however, time often repeats with remarkable similitude of detail. It is, indeed, more than this; it is the narrative of national as well as of individual life, and—in a higher aspect still—it is the narrative of the great human race. But even if we look on it only as a vast collection of biographies, we can hardly exaggerate the importance of its voice to us. It teaches its votary something of himself and of his kind which the profoundest philosopher without it could never know. If we except Nature and Revelation, what else is there beyond the domain of history? Indeed, it is the complement of these, and with these fills up all experience and all thought. But if this be true of universal history, it is true in a sense more confined and yet more intense of the history of our own country. The exceeding interest of this latter will let none of us escape. It is our text-book in childhood, but we have not grasped its wisdom or exhausted its pleasure in age. We delight in it, not merely because it tells of our own fathers and our own homes, but because it, more than any other, presents the broad surface of the people; because it is concerned, not only with kings, and statesmen, and warriors, but with the toilers at the plough, and at the counter, and at the desk—with the great middle class, whose growth in extent and power forms so large a portion of its page; because it exhibits a unity of design and a continuity of action which is not so patent, even if it exists, elsewhere; because it leads by marked gradations through the practical logic of great principles to that national product which we now enjoy with so much pride and satisfaction; because it is the voice of a people whose language is more wide-spread and more potent in the ears of friends and foes than that of any tongue on earth, and is enriched with science and with song to which few others can aspire.

On the other hand, the history of this country, as of all others, presents a corrective to that national pride and self-sufficiency which it may at first seem to engender. We, too, have come forth from the dark ages dyed with their superstitions and their crimes. We have lingered long indeed upon the threshold of this more exalted time. We can boast no great, unbroken unity of race, religion, and polity, as the Jew of other days might boast with justice. The Reformation found us as it found others, and did not find us first. We have made great national mistakes and committed great national crimes in our policy at home and abroad, and the sciences of political and domestic economy are only beginning to take hold upon us. Our history clearly points out that our geographical position may well dispute with the genius of the people the merit of making us what we are; and our geographical position and our mineral wealth are blessings for which we cannot thank ourselves.

The slow building of a constitution which finds no parallel in the world is the most distinctive, as it is the largest, feature in English history. But this does not render it a mere monotonous political dissertation. The movements of the people are broken in upon by wars from without, and tumults and revolutions from within. Great actors and great thinkers come upon the sight, and for a moment nothing else is seen. How all these pressed on, or modified, or retarded the destiny of the nation is matter of difficult but most instructive research. How the various units of the great mass, which history can seek out, acted under the changing circumstances of the time, and moved under the diverse influences of events, of passion, and of principle, is matter pregnant with instruction to each of us. Nor is there instruction for the head alone. The whole of the complex nature of man is wrought upon. History thrusts upon the stage at once, or in quick and continued succession, tragedy, and comedy, and farce; and, as we weep, and laugh, and wonder, we must not forget that we are in the theatre, not of fancy, but of truth, and that every event, however slight, every entrance and every exit, possesses a real meaning and a real importance. It is often difficult, sometimes perhaps impossible, to discover this meaning and this importance; but even when we cannot perceive the connection between individual actors and the conduct of the plot, the individual cannot be utterly devoid of interest and instruction. An unimportant personage or a slight event may bring before us the spirit of the times, and the progress of lesser transactions, which are so apt to be forgotten in the great action of the moment. To the statesman, no doubt, the study of English history is of special importance, and he learns from it the genius of our constitution, and finds in it precedent, example, and warning peculiar to himself. But we all have an interest in the state, though it be not such as his, and we all find in that history precedent, and example, and warning. As every day adds to our knowledge of the past, it should add to our wisdom for the future; and if we do not profit in heart and head by the experience which the ages have gathered for us—if we do not grow, as they would have us, not only in wisdom, but in humility, in moderation, in humanity—we have to blame, not these unerring teachers, but ourselves.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.

1. PAGE

2. Frontspeice-Boadicea

3. The Druids inciting the Britons to Oppose the Landing of the Romans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

4. Druidical Remains at Carnac, in the Department of Morbehan, France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   3

5. Stonehenge (restored) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   4

6. Druidical Monuments (restored) at Abury, Wiltshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   5

7. Caledonians, or Picts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   6

8. Landing of Julius Cæsar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   7

9. Julius Cæsar. From a Cameo in the Imperial Library, Paris ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   10

10. Roman Soldiers passing over a Bridge of Boats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    12

11. The Romans leaving London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    13

12. Roman Architecture in Britain: Capital—Masonry at Colchester—Cornice, Basement, Doorway at Bird-Oswald ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    19

13. Sections of the Wall of Richborough Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    20

14. Coins Struck during the Roman Period in England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    21

15. The Piratical Invasion of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    22

16. Newport Gate, Lincoln ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    22

17. Roman Urns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    23

18. The Treaty of Peace between the Saxon Leaders and the British King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    24

19. Defeat of the Saxons by Arthur ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    25

20. Saxon Arms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    26

21. Egbert ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    27

22. Alfred the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    30

23. The Murder of Cenulph, King of Wessex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

24. Alfred in the Neatherd's Hut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    34

25. Edgar the Pacific rowed down the River Dee by Eight Tributary Princes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    37

26. Athelstan's Ring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    38

27. Edwy dragged by Dunstan from the Presence of Elgina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    42

28. The Ecclesiastical Council convened by St. Dunstan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

29. Drawing of the Crucifixion. Harl M.S. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    47

30. Assassination of Edward the Martyr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    48

31. The Sister of King Sweyn murdered in the General Massacre of the Danes by the Saxons, a. d. 1002 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

32. Danish Arms and Armour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51

33. Meeting of Edmund Ironside and Canute in the Isle of Alney ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    54

34. Canute reproving his Courtiers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    55

35. Danish Tumuli, Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    57

36. Canute the Great ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

37. Harold Swearing to Maintain the Right of the Duke of Normandy to the Throne of England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    60

38. The Death of Hardicanute ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

39. William, Duke of Normandy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

40. The Shrine of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    67

41. Building of the Tower of Babel. Saxon MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

42. Saxon Architecture: Tower of Sompting Church—Window of Deerhurst Church—Window of Jarrow Church—Doorway of Barnack Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

43. ——Tower of Earl's Barton Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

44. Anglo-Saxon Calendar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    73, 76

45. A Saxon Blacksmith ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

46. Saxon Bell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    77

47. Execution of a Criminal. Saxon MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    78

48. Saxon Calendar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    78

49. At a Banquet given by Harold he receives the News of the Invasion of the Normans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    79

50. Saxon Game at Bowls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    80

51. Anglo-Saxon Vessel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    81

52. Ruins of Hastings Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    84

53. Death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    85

54. The Norman Thanksgiving after the Battle of Hastings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    87

55. William the Conqueror ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    89

56. Finding of the Body of Harold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    90

57. Coronation of William the Conqueror ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

58. Arms of William the Conqueror ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    92

59. Silver Penny and Great Seal of William the Conqueror ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    93

60. Rougemont Castle, Exeter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    94

61. Battle Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    96

62. Hereward cutting his way through the Norman Host ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    97

63. Plan of a Norman Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    98

64. Clifford's Tower, York ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    99

65. Depopulation of Hampshire to form the New Forest ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    102

66. William the Conqueror and his Son Robert ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

67. View of Lincoln, showing the Ruins of the Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    106

68. William II. surnamed Rufus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    108

69. The Death of Conan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    109

70. William Rufus and the Soldier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    111

71. Statue of William Rufus in the Choir of York Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    113

72. Bamborough Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

73. Pope Urban II. preaching the First Crusade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    115

74. Roman Model, representing the Palm Tree of Judea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    117

75. St Helena discovering the True Cross. Greek MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    118

76. The Army of Peter the Hermit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    120

77. Bird's-eye View of Christian Constantinople ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    121

78. Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon at Brussels ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    123

79. Marble Column raised by Arcadius at Constantinople ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    125

80. Throne of the Emperor of Constantinople. Greek MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    126

81. Santa Sophia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    127

82. Circus and Hippodrome of ancient Constantinople ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    128

83. Costume of an Empress of Constantinople. Greek MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    129

84. Crown of an Empress of Constantinople. From an Arab Medal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    129

85. Movable Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    131

86. Sword of Godfrey of Bouillon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    131

87. Tomb of Godfrey of Bouillon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    131

88. Templars ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    132

89. The Death of William Rufus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    133

90. Fragment of a Copy of the Evangelists, in Latin. Tenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

91. —— of an Ode to Mecænas. Tenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

92. Anglo-Saxon Writing of Sixth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    135

93. Latin Papyrus of Third Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136

94. Saxon Dinner Party. Cotton MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    136

95. Gleemen Juggling. Cotton MS. Ditto„ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    137

96. Balancing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    137

97. Musical Instruments. Caedmon MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    137

98. Dance. Ninth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

99. Grand Organ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    138

100. Norman Costumes of Eleventh Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     139

101. Harp. Ninth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

102. Ladies Hunting. Royal MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

103. Hawking. Cotton MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

104. Umbrella used in Hawking ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

105. Harold. From the Bayeux Tapestry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     140

106. Training the Falcon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     141

107. Sword Play ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     141

108. Bob Apple ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     141

109. Saxon Crowns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     141

110. Anglo-Saxon Costume ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

111. —— Shoes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

112. Ladies' Costume ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

113. Cloak-pin, Buckle, and Pouch. Twelfth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

114. Anglo-Saxon Dinner Party ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     142

115. Chairs, Candlestick, Saxon Bed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     143

116. Norman Vessel. Twelfth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     143

117. Comb in Ivory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     143

118. Military Costumes. Twelfth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     144

119. Gisarme—Norman Soldiers and Bowmen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     144

120. Woman Spinning ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     145

121. Noble Ladies of Normandy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     145

122. Sacramental Wafer-box ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     145

123. Bayeux Tapestry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     147

124. Great Seal of Henry I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     148

125. Robert of Normandy at the Castle of the Count of Conversano ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     150

126. Marriage of Henry I. and Matilda ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

127. Statue of Henry I. in the Choir of York Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     152

128. Henry I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

129. Robert of Normandy a Prisoner in Cardiff Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     156

130. Matilda, Queen of Henry I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157

131. Shipwreck of Prince William, Son of Henry I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

132. King Henry bewailing the Loss of his Children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     160

133. Stephen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     162

134. The Battle of the Standard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     163

135. Silver Penny of Stephen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     164

136. Signature and Seal of Pope Innocent II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     164

137. Great Seal of Stephen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     165

138. Effigy of Roger, Bishop of Sarum, in Salisbury Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     166

139. Stephen taken Prisoner ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     168

140. The Empress Matilda and the Queen of Stephen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     169

141. Revolt of the Citizens of London against Matilda ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     171

142. Statue of Stephen in the Choir of York Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     172

143. Flight of Matilda from Oxford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     174

144. Meeting of Stephen and Prince Henry at Wallingford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     175

145. Statue of Henry II. in the Choir of York Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     176

146. Great Seal of Henry II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     177

147. Silver Penny, Henry II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     177

148. Henry II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     178

149. Entry of Henry and Eleanor into Winchester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     180

150. Becket at the Head of Seven Hundred Knights ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     181

151. Progress of Thomas à Becket through France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     186

152. Defeat of the English by the Welsh at Berwin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     187

153. Murder of Thomas a Becket ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     190

154. Henry II. doing Penance at the Tomb of Thomas à Becket ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     192

155. Siege of Waterford. The City taken by Assault ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     193

156. Spoon of Twelfth Century, used at the Coronation of the Kings of England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     196

157. Meeting of Henry and Louis on the Plain near Gisors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     198

158. Penance of Henry before the Shrine of Thomas à Becket. From an ancient painting on glass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     199

159. Effigy of Eleanor, Queen of Henry II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     203

160. Richard Cœur-de-Lion drawing his Sword on the Cardinal-Legate of the Pope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     204

161. Richard Cœur -de-Lion beside the Dead Body of his Father ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     205

162. Norman Architecture:—

163. Norwich Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     207

164. Hedingham Castle, Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     207

165. Early Norman Capital ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     208

166. St. James's Tower, Bury St. Edmunds ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     209

167. St. Botolph's Priory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     209

168. Portion of a Doorway, Durham Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     209

169. Richard I., Cœur-de-Lion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     210

170. Richard causing the Gold and Jewels to be Weighed in his Presence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     211

171. Crown of the Twelfth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     212

172. Statue of Richard I. in York Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     212

173. Shield of a Templar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     213

174. View of part of the Town of Genoa. From an ancient Engraving ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     214

175. Medals of William I. or William II. of Sicily ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     214

176. Falcons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     215

177. Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Shrine of St. Januarius ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     216

178. Isaac of Cyprus praying Cœur-de-Lion for the Restoration of his Daughter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     217

179. Plan of Acre in the Fourteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     219

180. Machine for Throwing Stones, used at the Siege of Acre ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     220

181. "Save the Holy Sepulchre" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     222

182. Richard Cœur-de-Lion at Jaffa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     223

183. Coins of Sovereigns of the Seljuk Dynasty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     225

184. Richard Cœur-de-Lion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     226

185. The Bishop of Salisbury before Saladin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     238

186. PAGE

187. Richard Cœur-de-Lion surprised by the Austrian Soldiers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     229

188. Longchamp, the Chancellor, arresting Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

189. Richard Cœur-de-Lion before the Diet of the German Empire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

190. John kneeling for Forgiveness before his Brother Richard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     235

191. The Death of Longbeard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     240

192. Priests interceding with King Richard for the Bishop of Beauvais ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     241

193. Effigies of Richard I. and Berengaria ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     243

194. Great Seal of King John ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     245

195. Richard Cœur-de-Lion receiving his Death-wound ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     246

196. The Death of Prince Arthur ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     247

197. King John ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     252

198. John kneeling in Homage before the Pope's Legate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     253

199. John refusing to Sign Magna Charta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     258

200. Rage of John after the Signing of Magna Charta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     259

201. Specimen of the Writing of Magna Charta ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     260

202. Dover Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     264

203. John's Passage of the Wash ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     265

204. Great Seal of Henry III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     267

205. The Head of Eustace le Moine carried on a Pole ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     270

206. The Barons enforcing their Rights from Henry III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     271

207. Henry III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     276

208. Banquet at the Marriage of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     277

209. The Battle of Taillebourg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     282

210. Interior of Westminster Hall—the Bishops pronouncing Sentence of excommunication against all who should oppose the Charter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     283

211. The Bishop of Worcester meeting the King of the Romans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     288

212. London Bridge in the Thirteenth Century—Escape of Queen Eleanor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     289

213. Henry III. at the Battle of Lewes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     291

214. Combat between Prince Edward and Baron Adam Gourdon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     294

215. Circular part of the Temple Church, London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     295

216. Architecture of the Thirteenth Century: Capital, Salisbury Cathedral—Capital, Lincoln Cathedral—Tooth Ornament, Lincoln Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     299

217. ——South Transept of Beverly Minster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     300

218. Departure of Henry and Eleanor to the Holy Land ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     301

219. Great Seal of Edward I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     303

220. Tomb of Henry III. in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     306

221. Edward I. presenting his Infant Son to the Welsh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     307

222. Edward I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     312

223. Baliol doing Homage for the Crown of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     313

224. Earl Warenne displaying his Title to his Estates ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     318

225. Edward I. at Berwick ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

226. Origin of the War between France and England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     324

227. Quarrel between Edward I. and the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     325

228. Death of Comyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     330

229. Wallace Crowned with Laurel in Westminster Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     331

230. Carlisle Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     334

231. Tomb of Eleanor, Queen of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     336

232. Marriage of Edward II. and Isabella of France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     337

233. Great Seal of Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     339

234. Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     342

235. Surprise of Edinburgh Castle. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     343

236. The Battle of Bannockburn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     349

237. Berkeley Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     354

238. Deposition of Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     355

239. Great Seal of Edward III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     358

240. Edward III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     360

241. Reception of Philippa of Hainault at London. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     361

242. Mortimer's Hole, Nottingham Castle. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     366

243. The Troops of Lord Montacute in the Subterranean Passage. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     367

244. The Battle of Sluys. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     373

245. Genoese Bowmen. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     375

246. Edward the Black Prince. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     378

247. Combat between French and English Cavalry at the Passage of the Somme. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     379

248. Queen Philippa interceding for the Burgesses of Calais. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     385

249. Edward the Black Prince presenting King John of France to his Father Edward III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     390

250. The Battle of Poietiers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     391

251. Combat between English and French Knights in a Square at Limoges. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

252. The Death of Edward III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     403

253. Great Seal of Richard II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     406

254. Richard II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     408

255. The Widow of the Black Prince appealing to Wat Tyler for Protection from the Mob ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     409

256. John of Gaunt. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     414

257. Wycliffe appearing before the Prelates at St. Paul's to answer the Charge of Heresy. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     415

258. Death of Wat Tyler. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     421

259. John Wycliffe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     426

260. Richard II. asserting his Authority. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     427

261. Betrothal of the French Princess to Richard II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     432

262. Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     433

263. Combat between the Earls of Norfolk and Hereford stopped by the King. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     438

264. Meeting of Richard and Lancaster at Flint Castle. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     439

265. Pontefract Castle. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     442

266. A Scandinavian God ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     445

267. Shipping of the Year 1269 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     447

268. Prior of Southwick's Chair. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     448

269. Parliament assembled for the Deposition of Richard II. Harl. MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     450

270. Siege of a Town in the Fourteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     451

271. King and Armour-bearer. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     452

272. Ciborium. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     453

273. Crozier. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     453

274. Costume of a Bishop of the Fourteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     454

275. Effigy of Jocelyn, Bishop of Salisbury. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     454

276. Fac-simile of Part of a Page of Wycliffe's Bible. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     455

277. Author and Copyist Writing. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     456

278. Roger Bacon. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     457

279. Matthew Paris. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     459

280. Geoffrey Chaucer. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     462

281. The Queen's Cross, Northampton. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     463

282. Decorated Architecture:—

283. Building of St. Alban's Abbey. Cotton MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     464

284. Window, from Meopham. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     465

285. Window— — — St. Mary's, Beverley. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     465

286. Decorated Capital, from Selby. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     467

287. Ball-flower. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     467

288. Four-leaved Flower. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     467

289. Ruins of Croyland Abbey. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     468

290. Edward II. and the Minstrel. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     469

291. Dance of Fools. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     470

292. Dancing Bears and Monkeys. Harl. MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     471

293. Woman Churning and Blind Beggar. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     472

294. Blacksmith of Fourteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     472

295. Penny of Edward I. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     473

296. Penny„ (supposed) of Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     473

297. Groat of Edward III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     473

298. English Merrymaking in the Fourteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     475

299. Bed of the Thirteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     476

300. Effigy of Matilda Fitzwalter at Dunmow. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     476

301. Abbot's Chair. Thirteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     476

302. Pilgrim. Thirteenth Century.Ditto ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     477

303. Stocks. Thirteenth Century.Ditto ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     477

304. Saddle of the Time of Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     477

305. King at Table. Fourteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     477

306. Shoes of the Time of Edward II. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     478

307. Tilting Helmet found at Lynn. Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     478

308. Mourning Costumes of the Thirteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     479

309. Head-dresses of the Time of Henry III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     479

310. Stool-ball. Fourteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     480

311. Card-playing. Fourteenth Century.Ditto ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     480

312. Horsemen Tilting. Twelfth Century. Royal MS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     480

313. Henry IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     481

314. Great Seal of Henry IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     482

315. Owen Glendower's Oak. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     486

316. The Return of the Douglas across the Border. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     487

317. Restoration of Isabella to her Father. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     493

318. The Field of the Battle of Shrewsbury. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     495

319. The French Fleet reaching Milford Haven. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     498

320. Execution of the Archbishop of York. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     499

321. Judge Gascoigne ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     503

322. Reconciliation of the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     505

323. Owen Glendower. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     510

324. Judge Gascoigne and Prince Henry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     511

325. Tomb of Henry IV. and his Queen in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     513

326. Great Seal of Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     516

327. Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     517

328. Cradle of Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     518

329. Room in the Lollards' Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     519

330. French Carpenter and Maid Servant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     522

331. The Battle of the Carpenters and Butchers. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     523

332. Parliament of Henry V. Harl. MS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     526

333. Azincourt—King Henry V. and the Sire de Helly. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     529

334. Ruins of Monmouth Castle. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     534

335. Reception of Sigismund on the Coast of England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     535

336. The Mass in the Abbey Church of Marmontier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     541

337. Rouen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     546

338. Cardinal Ursini's Visit to Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     547

339. Armour of Fifteenth Century—Great Hall at Brougham Hall. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     552

340. Assassination of the Duke of Burgundy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     553

341. Tomb of Henry V. in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     555

342. Paris in the Fifteenth Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     558

343. Funeral Procession of Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     559

344. Great Seal of Henry VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     564

345. Henry VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     565

346. The Duke of Brabant driving away the Ladies of his Wife Jacqueline ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     567

347. Cardinal Beaufort's Chantry, Winchester Cathedral. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     570

348. Joan of Arc. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     571

349. Joan of Arc— — — at the Assault of the Tournelles. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     577

350. Burning of Joan of Arc. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     582

351. Death of Cardinal Beaufort. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     583

352. Queen Margaret, from a Tapestry in St. Mary's Hall, Coventry. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     589

353. The Tower of London. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     594

354. Death of the Earl of Shrewsbury. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

355. Siege Operations (Fifteenth Century); a French Town taken by the English. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     600

356. Richard Duke of York claiming the Crown. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     601

357. Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     605

358. Queen Margaret and the Robber of Hexham. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

359. Great Seal of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     608

360. First Meeting of Edward IV. and Lady Elizabeth Gray. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

361. Coinage of the Fifteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     615

362. Preaching at St. Paul's Cross. Fifteenth Century. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     618

363. Warwick visiting King Henry VI. in the Tower. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     619

CASSELL'S

ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

 

THE DRUIDS INCITING THE BRITONS TO OPPOSE THE LANDING OF THE ROMANS. (See p. 5.)

 

Chapters (not listed in original)

• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 5
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 7
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 9
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 11
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 13
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 15
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 17
• Chapter 18
• Chapter 19
• Chapter 20
• Chapter 21
• Chapter 22
• Chapter 23
• Chapter 24
• Chapter 25
• Chapter 26
• Chapter 27
• Chapter 28
• Chapter 29
• Chapter 30
• Chapter 31
• Chapter 32
• Chapter 33
• Chapter 34
• Chapter 35
• Chapter 36
• Chapter 37
• Chapter 38
• Chapter 39
• Chapter 40
• Chapter 41
• Chapter 42
• Chapter 43
• Chapter 44
• Chapter 45
• Chapter 46
• Chapter 47
• Chapter 48
• Chapter 49
• Chapter 50
• Chapter 51
• Chapter 52
• Chapter 53
• Chapter 54
• Chapter 55
• Chapter 56
• Chapter 57
• Chapter 58
• Chapter 59
• Chapter 60
• Chapter 61
• Chapter 62
• Chapter 63
• Chapter 64
• Chapter 65
• Chapter 66
• Chapter 67
• Chapter 68
• Chapter 69
• Chapter 70
• Chapter 71
• Chapter 72
• Chapter 73
• Chapter 74
• Index