Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Rave Reed

by Thomas Davidson

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

Rave, rāv, v.i. to be mad: to be wild or raging, like a madman: to talk irrationally.—v.t. to utter wildly.—ns. Rā′ver, one who raves or is furious; Rā′ving, furious talk.—adj. delirious: distracted.—adv. Rā′vingly, in a raving manner: with frenzy: with distraction. [O. Fr. râver (Fr. rêver), to be delirious—L. rabies, madness.]

Rave, rāv, n. one of the side pieces of a wagon.

Rave, rāv, old pa.t. of rive.

Rave-hook, rāv′-hook, n. a ripping-iron.

Ravel, rav′el, v.t. to confuse, entangle: to untwist or unweave: to unravel (in this sense usually with out).—v.i. to be untwisted or unwoven: to become entangled: to search (with into):—pr.p. rav′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. rav′elled.—n. a ravelled thread.—adj. Rav′elled, denoting bread made from flour and bran.—ns. Rav′elling, a ravelled thread; Rav′elling-en′gine, a machine for tearing rags.—adv. Rav′elly.—n. Rav′elment, discord. [Dut. ravelen.]

Ravelin, rav′lin, n. a detached work with two embankments raised before the counterscarp. [Fr.,—It. rivellino.]

Raven, rā′vn, n. a kind of crow, noted for its croak and glossy black plumage.—adj. black, like a raven.—adj. Rā′ven-col′oured (Shak.).—ns. Rā′ven's-duck, fine hempen sail-cloth; Rā′venstone, a gallows. [A.S. hræfn; Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf.]

Raven, Ravin (B.), rav′n, v.t. to obtain by violence: to devour with great eagerness or voracity.—v.i. to prey rapaciously.—n. prey: plunder.—ns. Rav′ener, a plunderer; Rav′ening (B.), eagerness for plunder.—adjs. Rav′enous, Rav′ined, voracious: devouring with rapacity: eager for prey or gratification.—adv. Rav′enously.—n. Rav′enousness. [O. Fr. ravine, plunder—L. rapina, plunder.]

Ravine, ra-vēn′, n. a long, deep hollow, worn away by a torrent: a deep, narrow mountain-pass. [Fr.,—L. rapina, rapine, violence.]

Ravish, rav′ish, v.t. to seize or carry away by violence: to rob: to have sexual intercourse with by force: to fill with ecstasy.—n. Rav′isher.—p.adj. Rav′ishing, delighting to rapture: transporting: ecstatic.—adv. Rav′ishingly, in a ravishing manner: with rapture.—n. Rav′ishment, act of ravishing: abduction: rape: ecstatic delight: rapture. [Fr. ravir—L. rapĕre.]

Raw, raw, adj. not altered from its natural state: not cooked or dressed: unbaked: not prepared or manufactured: not mixed: having the skin abraded: sore, as from abrasion of the skin: unfinished: immature: inexperienced: chilly and damp.—n. a galled place: an inveterate sore: hence (fig.) a point on which one is particularly sensitive.—adjs. Raw′bone (Spens.), Raw′boned, with little flesh on the bones: gaunt; Raw′-cold (Shak.), damp and cold.—ns. Raw′head, a spectre mentioned to frighten children; Raw′hide, an untanned skin: a whip made of twisted, untanned leather.—adj. Raw′ish, rather raw.—adv. Raw′ly.—ns. Raw′ness; Raw′-port, a porthole through which an oar can be worked in a small vessel. [A.S. hreáw; Dut. raauw, Ice. hrár, Ger. roh.]

Rax, raks, v.t. (Scot.) to reach out, hand. [Rack.]

Ray, rā, n. array.—v.t. to array—hence, ironically, (Shak.) to bedaub. [Array.]

Ray, rā, n. a line of light or heat: a beam or gleam of intellectual light: a radiating part of any structure: (bot.) the outer part of a flower-cluster.—v.t. to radiate: to furnish with rays.—v.i. to shine out.—adjs. Rayed, having rays; Ray′less, without rays: destitute of light. [Fr. raie—L. radius, a rod.]

Ray, rā, n. a popular name for such flat, cartilaginous fishes as the skate, thornback, and torpedo.—n. Ray′-oil, oil prepared from the livers of ray-fish. [Fr. raie—L. raia.]

Ray, rā, n. the scab—a disease of sheep.

Ray, rā, n. (mus.) the second note of the diatonic scale.

Rayah, rä′ya, n. a non-Mohammedan subject of Turkey who pays the capitation tax. [Ar. raiya—ra‛a, to pasture.]

Rayle, rāl, v.i. (Spens.). Same as Rail.

Rayne, rān, v.i. and n. (Spens.). Same as Rain.

Rayon, rā′on, n. (Spens.) a ray. [Fr.]

Rayonnant, rā′o-nant, adj. (her.) sending forth rays. [Fr., pr.p. of rayonner, to emit rays—rayon, a ray.]

Raze, rāz, n. (Shak.). Same as Race (3).

Raze, rāz, v.t. to lay level with the ground: to overthrow: to destroy. [Rase.]

Raze, rāz, n. a swinging fence in a water-course to prevent the passage of cattle.

Razee, ra-zē′, n. a ship-of-war cut down by reducing the number of decks. [Fr. rasé, cut down.]

Razor, rā′zor, n. a keen-edged implement for shaving: a tusk, as the razors of a boar.—adj Rā′zorable (Shak.), fit to be shaved.—ns. Rā′zor-back, a kind of baleen whale, also called Rorqual, Fin-back, or Finner: a hog whose back has the form of a ridge; Rā′zor-bill, a species of auk, common on the coasts of the northern Atlantic; Rā′zor-blade, -clam, -fish, -shell, a bivalve mollusc with an elongated, narrow shell; Rā′zor-hone, a hone for sharpening razors; Rā′zor-paste, a paste for spreading on a razor-strop; Rā′zor-strop, a strop for razors. [Fr. rasoir—L. radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Razure, rā′zhōōr, n. Same as Erasure.

Razzia, rat′si-a, n. a pillaging incursion—Algerian.

Re, rā, n. (mus.). Same as Ray.

Re, rē, n. a word used in the legal phrase In re, in the case (of). [L., abl. of res, thing, case.]

Reabsorb, rē-ab-sorb′, v.t. to absorb, suck in, or swallow up again.—n. Reabsorp′tion.

Reaccommodate, rē-a-kom′o-dāt, v.t. to readjust.

Reaccuse, rē-a-kūz′, v.t. to accuse again.

Reach, rēch, v.t. to stretch or extend: to attain or obtain by stretching out the hand: to hand over: to extend to: to arrive at: to get at: to gain.—v.i. to be extended: to mount up in quantity or number: to stretch out the hand: to try to obtain: to arrive.—n. act or power of reaching: extent of stretch: extent of force: penetration: artifice: contrivance: a straight portion of a stream between bends: (naut.) the distance traversed between tacks.—adj Reach′able, within reach.—ns. Reach′er, one who reaches; Reach′ing-post, in rope-making, a post fixed at the lower end of a rope-walk.—adjs Reach′less, unattainable; Reach′-me-down, ready-made.—Head reach, the distance to windward traversed by a vessel while tacking. [A.S. rǽcan; Ger. reichen, to reach.]

Reacquite, rē-a-kwīt′, v.t. to pay back: to requite.

React, rē-akt′, v.t. to act anew.—v.i. to return an impulse in the opposite direction: to act mutually on each other.—n. Reac′tion, action resisting other action: mutual action: backward tendency from revolution, reform, or progress.—adj Reac′tionary, for or implying reaction.—n. one who attempts to reverse political action.—n. Reac′tionist.—adj Reac′tive.—adv. Reac′tively.—ns. Reac′tiveness, Reactiv′ity.

Read, rēd, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed words: to peruse: to comprehend: to study, as to read law, science: to teach: to make out, from signs: to solve, as to read a dream: to interpret: to understand, as reading the stars: to note the indication of, as to read a barometer: impute by inference, as to read a meaning into a book.—v.i. to perform the act of reading: to practise much reading: to appear on reading: to advise: to speak: to acquire information: to utter the words of a book: (mus.) to render music at first sight: to put a certain expression upon it: to be suitable for perusal:—pa.t. and pa.p. read (red).—n. Read, a reading, perusal: (Spens.) counsel, a saying, an interpretation.—adj Read (red), versed in books: learned.—ns. Readabil′ity, Read′ableness.—adj Readable (rēd′a-bl), that may be read: worth reading: interesting: enabling to read.—adv. Read′ably.—ns. Read′er, one who reads: one whose office it is to read prayers in a church, or lectures in a university, &c.: one who reads or corrects proofs: one who reads much: a reading-book; Read′ership, the office of a reader.—adj. Read′ing, addicted to reading.—n. act of reading: perusal: study of books: public or formal recital: the way in which a passage reads: an interpretation of a passage or work: a version: noting an instrument, as the reading of a barometer.—ns. Read′ing-book, a book of exercises in reading; Read′ing-boy (print.), a reader's assistant; Read′ing-desk, a desk for holding a book or paper while it is read: a church-lectern; Read′ing-lamp, a form of lamp for use in reading; Read′ing-room, a room with papers, periodicals, &c., resorted to for reading.—Read between the lines, to detect a meaning not expressed; Read one's self in, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine Articles and repeat the declaration of assent prescribed by law to a new incumbent.—Penny reading, an entertainment consisting of readings, &c., to which the admission is a penny. [A.S. rǽdan, to discern, read—rǽd, counsel; Ger. rathen, to advise.]

Readdress, rē-ad-dres′, v.t. to address again.

Readeption, rē-a-dep′shun, n. (Bacon) the act of regaining, recovery.—v.t. Readept′. [L. re-, again, adipisci, adeptus, to obtain.]

Readjourn, rē-ad-jurn′, v.t. to adjourn again.—n. Readjourn′ment.

Readjust, rē-ad-just′, v.t. to adjust or put in order again, or in a new way.—n. Readjust′ment.

Readmit, rē-ad-mit′, v.t. to admit again.—ns. Readmis′sion, act of readmitting: state of being readmitted; Readmit′tance, admittance or allowance to enter again.

Readorn, rē-a-dorn′, v.t. to decorate again.

Ready, red′i, adj. prepared at the moment: in proper time: prepared in mind: willing: not slow or awkward: dexterous: prompt: quick: present in hand: at hand: near: easy: on the point of: opportune: off-hand, as a ready retort.—n. a waiter's answer to a call: the position of a soldier's weapon after the order 'Make ready!' (slang) ready-money.—v.t. to dispose: to arrange.—adv. in a state of readiness or preparation.—adv. Read′ily.—n. Read′iness.—adj. Read′y-made, made and ready for use: not made to order.—ns. Read′y-mon′ey, cash payment; Read′y-pole, a bar across the chimney to support the pot-hook; Read′y-reck′oner, a book of tables giving the value of any number of things from the lowest monetary unit upwards: also the interest on any sum of money from a day upwards.—adj. Read′y-wit′ted, having ready wit: clever: sharp.—Make ready, to prepare. [A.S. rǽde—rídan, to ride; Scot. red, to put in order, Ger. be-reit, ready.]

Reaffirm, re-af-fėrm′, v.t. to affirm again.—n. Reaffirmā′tion.

Reafforest, rē-af-for′est, v.t. to convert anew into a forest.—n. Reafforestā′tion.

Reagent, rē-ā′jent, n. a substance that reacts on and detects the presence of other bodies: a test: one who exerts reflex influence.—n. Reā′gency.

Reaggravation, rē-ag-rav-ā′shun, n. the last monitory before the excommunication.

Reagree, rē-a-grē′, v.i. to become reconciled.

Reak, rēk, n. (obs.) a freak: a prank.

Real, rē′al, adj. actually existing: not counterfeit or assumed: true: genuine: sincere: authentic: (law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands or houses.—adj. Rē′alisable, that may be realised.—n. Realisā′tion, act of realising or state of being realised: a realising sense or feeling.—v.t. Rē′alise, to make real: to bring into being or act: to accomplish: to convert into real property or money: to obtain, as a possession: to feel strongly: to comprehend completely: to bring home to one's own experience.—n. Rē′aliser, one who realises.—p.adj. Rē′alising, serving to make real or bring home to one as a reality: conversion of property into money.—ns. Rē′alism, the medieval doctrine that general terms stand for real existences—opp. to Nominalism: the doctrine that in external perception the objects immediately known are real existences: the tendency in art to accept and to represent things as they really are—opp. to Idealism—a method of representation without idealisation, raised by modern French writers into a system, claiming a monopoly of truth in its artistic treatment of the facts of nature and life; Rē′alist, one who holds the doctrine of realism: one who believes in the existence of the external world.—adj. Rēalist′ic, pertaining to the realists or to realism: life-like.—adv. Rēalist′ically.—n. Rēal′ity, that which is real and not imaginary: truth: verity: (law) the fixed, permanent nature of real property.—adv. Rē′ally, in reality: actually: in truth.—ns. Rē′alness, the condition of being real; Rē′alty, land, with houses, trees, minerals, &c. thereon: the ownership of, or property in, lands—also Real estate.—Real presence (see Presence); Real school, a modern German preparatory, scientific, or technical school—the highest grade being the Real gymnasium, or first-class modern school, as opp. to the gymnasium proper, or classical school. [Low L. realis—L. res, a thing.]

Real, rē-al′, n. a Spanish coin, 100 of which=£1 sterling. [Sp.,—L. regalis, royal.]

Realgar, rē-al′gar, n. a native sulphuret of arsenic, a mineral consisting of about 70 parts of arsenic and 30 of sulphur, and of a brilliant red colour. [Fr.,—Ar. rahj-al-ghar, 'powder of the mine.']

Reallege, rē-al-lej′, v.t. to allege again.

Really, rē-a-lī′, v.t. (Spens.) to bring together again: to reform.—v.t. to arrange again.—n. Reallī′ance, a renewed alliance.

Realm, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdiction: kingdom: province: country: dominion. [O. Fr. realme—Low L. regalimen—L. regalis, royal.]

Realty, rē′al-ti, n. fealty: royalty (see also Real, 1).

Ream, rēm, n. a quantity of paper consisting of 20 quires of 24 sheets. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)—Sp. resma—Ar. rizma (pl. rizam), a bundle.]

Ream, rēm, v.i. (prov.) to cream: to froth.—n. Ream′iness.—adj. Ream′y.

Ream, rēm, v.t. to stretch: to enlarge by a rotatory cutter.—ns. Ream′er; Ream′ing-bit.

Reame, rēm, n. (Spens.) a realm.

Rean, rēn, n. a gutter. [Run.]

Reanimate, rē-an′i-māt, v.t. to restore to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to revive.—n. Reanimā′tion.

Reannex, rē-an-neks′, v.t. to annex again, to reunite.—n. Reannexā′tion.

Reanoint, rē-an-oint′, v.t. to anoint anew.

Reanswer, rē-an′sėr, v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to answer back, to react.

Reap, rēp, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to clear off a crop: to gather by effort: to receive as a reward: to obtain a harvest.—ns. Reap′er, Reap′man; Reap′ing-hook, a hook-shaped instrument, with a handle, for cutting grain: a sickle; Reap′ing-machine′, a machine for cutting grain, drawn by horses, &c.; Reap′-sil′ver, money paid by feudal tenants as a commutation for their services in reaping the crops. [A.S. rípan, to pluck; Goth. raupjan, Ger. raufen.]

Reapparel, rē-ap-par′el, v.t. to clothe again.

Reappear, rē-ap-pēr′, v.i. to appear again or a second time.—n. Reappear′ance, a second appearance.

Reapply, rē-ap-plī′, v.t. and v.i. to apply again.—n. Reapplicā′tion.

Reappoint, rē-ap-point′, v.t. to appoint again.—n. Reappoint′ment.

Reapportion, rē-ap-pōr′shun, v.t. to apportion again.—n. Reappor′tionment.

Reapproach, rē-ap-prōch′, v.t. and v.i. to approach again.

Rear, rēr, n. the back or hindmost part: the last part of an army or fleet.—ns. Rear′-ad′miral, an officer of the third rank, who commands the rear division of a fleet; Rear′dorse, an open fireplace, without a chimney, against the rear wall of a room; Rear′-front, the rear-rank of a body of troops when faced about; Rear′-guard, troops which protect the rear of an army; Rear′horse, an insect of the family Mantidæ; Rear′ing-bit, a bit to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing; Rear′ing-box, in fish-culture, a fish-breeder; Rear′-line, the last rank of a battalion, &c., drawn up in open order; Rear′most, last of all; Rear′-rank, the hindermost rank of a body of troops; Rear′ward, Rere′ward, (B.), the rear-guard, the part which comes last. [O. Fr. riere—L. retro, behind.]

Rear, rēr, v.t. to bring up to maturity: to educate: to erect: (Milt.) to lift upward, as steps: (Spens.) to carry off by force: to stir up.—v.i. to rise on the hind-legs, as a horse.—n. Rear′er, one who rears or raises: in coal-mines, a seam having an inclination of more than 30°. [A.S. rǽran, to raise, the causal of rísan, to rise.]

Rear, rēr, adj. early: underdone.—adjs. Rear′-boiled; Rear′-roast′ed. [Rare.]

Reargue, rē-ar′gū, v.t. to argue over again.—n. Rear′gument.

Rearmouse. Same as Reremouse.

Rearrange, rē-ar-rānj′, v.t. to arrange anew.—n. Rearrange′ment.

Reascend, rē-as-send′, v.t. and v.i. to ascend, mount, or climb again.—ns. Reascen′sion, Reascent′.

Reason, rē′zn, n. an idea which supports or justifies an act or belief: a motive: proof: excuse: cause: an explanation: the faculty of the mind by which man draws conclusions, and determines right and truth: the exercise of reason: just view of things: right conduct: propriety: justice: that which is conformable to reason: (logic) a premise placed after its conclusion.—v.i. to exercise the faculty of reason: to deduce inferences from premises: to argue: to debate: (B.) to converse.—v.t. to examine or discuss: to debate: to persuade by reasoning.—adj. Rea′sonable, endowed with reason: rational: acting according to reason: agreeable to reason: just: not excessive: moderate.—n. Rea′sonableness.—adv. Rea′sonably.—ns. Rea′soner; Rea′soning, act of reasoning: that which is offered in argument: course of argument.—adj. Rea′sonless.—n. Rea′son-piece, a wall plate.—By reason of, on account of: in consequence of; Principle of sufficient reason, the proposition that nothing happens without a sufficient reason why it should be as it is and not otherwise; Pure reason, reason absolutely independent of experience. [Fr. raison—L. ratio, rationis—rēri, ratus, to think.]

Reassemble, rē-as-sem′bl, v.t. and v.i. to assemble or collect again.—n. Reassem′blage.

Reassert, rē-as-sert′, v.t. to assert again.—n. Reasser′tion.

Reassess, rē-as-ses′, v.t. to assess again.—n. Reassess′ment.

Reassign, rē-as-sīn′, v.t. to assign again: to transfer back what has been assigned.—n. Reassign′ment.

Reassume, rē-as-sūm′, v.t. to assume or take again.—n. Reassump′tion.

Reassure, rē-a-shōōr′, v.t. to assure anew: to give confidence to: to confirm: to insure an insurer.—ns. Reassur′ance, repeated assurance: a second assurance against loss; Reassur′er.—adj. Reassur′ing.—adv. Reassur′ingly.

Reast, rēst, v.t. to dry or smoke (as meat). [Roast.]

Reata, Riata, rē-ä′ta, n. a rope of raw hide, used in America for catching animals. [Sp.,—L. re-, back, aptare, to fit on.]

Reattach, rē-at-tach′, v.t. to attach again.—n. Reattach′ment.

Reattain, rē-at-tān′, v.t. to attain again.

Reattempt, rē-at-temt′, v.t. to attempt again.

Réaumur's scale. See Thermometer.

Reave, rēv, v.t. to take away by violence:—pa.t. and pa.p. reft.—n. Reav′er. [A.S. reáfian, to rob—reáf, clothing, spoil; Ger. rauben, to rob.]

Reawake, rē-a-wāk′, v.i. to awake again.

Reballing, rē-bawl′ing, n. the catching of eels with earthworms fastened to a ball of lead.

Rebaptise, rē-bap-tīz′, v.t. to baptise again.—ns. Rebap′tiser; Rebap′tism, Rebaptisā′tion; Rebap′tist, one who baptises again: an anabaptist.

Rebate, rē-bāt′, v.t. (Shak.) to beat to obtuseness, to blunt: to beat back: to allow as discount.—n. Rēbāte′ment, deduction: diminution: narrowing: (her.) a shortening, as of one arm of a cross. [Fr. rebattre, to beat back—L. re-, back, battuĕre, to beat.]

Rebate, rē-bāt′, n. same as Rabate—also a hard freestone used in pavements: wood fastened to a handle in beating mortar.

Rebec, Rebeck, rē′bek, n. a musical instrument of the violin kind, with three strings played with a bow, introduced by the Moors into Spain. [O. Fr. rebec (Sp. rabel)—Ar. rabāba.]

Rebeccaite, rē-bek′a-īt, n. one of a set of rioters in South Wales, in 1843-44, who scoured the country by night, the leaders disguised in women's clothes, and threw down the toll-bars on the public roads; they were called 'Rebecca and her daughters,' from Gen. xxiv. 60.—n. Rebecc′aism.

Rebel, reb′el, n. one who rebels.—adj. rebellious.—v.i. (re-bel′) to renounce the authority of the laws and government to which one owes allegiance, or to take up arms and openly oppose them: to oppose any lawful authority:—pr.p. rebel′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. rebelled′.—n. Rebel′ler, one who rebels: a rebel.—adj. Reb′el-like (Shak.), like a rebel.—n. Rebell′ion, act of rebelling: open opposition to lawful authority: revolt: the Great Rebellion in England from 1642 to 1660: the American civil war of 1861-65.—adj. Rebell′ious, engaged in rebellion: characteristic of a rebel or rebellion: (of things) refractory.—adv. Rebell′iously, in a rebellious manner: in opposition to lawful authority.—n. Rebell′iousness.—adj. Reb′elly, rebellious. [Fr. rebelle—L. rebellis, insurgent—re-, again, bellum, war.]

Rebellow, rē-bel′ō, v.i. (Spens.) to bellow in return: to echo back a loud noise.

Rebind, rē-bīnd′, v.t. to bind anew.

Rebirth, rē-bėrth′, n. a new entrance into a living form, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis.

Rebite, rē-bīt′, v.t. to freshen worn lines in a plate.

Reboant, reb′ō-ant, adj. rebellowing: loudly resounding.—n. Reboā′tion. [L. reboans, -antis, pr.p. of reboāre—re-, again, boāre, to cry aloud.]

Reboil, rē-boil′, v.t. and v.i. to cause to boil again.

Reborn, rē-bawrn′, adj. endowed with fresh life.

Rebound, rē-bownd′, v.i. to bound or start back: to bound repeatedly: to recoil: to reverberate: to re-echo.—v.t. to repeat as an echo.—n. act of rebounding: recoil.

Rebrace, rē-brās′, v.t. to renew the strength of.

Rebuff, rē-buf′, n. a. beating back: sudden check: defeat: unexpected refusal.—v.t. to beat back: to check: to repel violently: to refuse. [O. Fr. rebuffe—It. rebuffo, a reproof—It. ri (—L. re-), back, buffare, to puff.]

Rebuild, rē-bild′, v.t. to build again: to renew.—n. Rebuild′er.

Rebuke, rē-būk′, v.t. to check with reproof: to chide or reprove: (B.) to chasten.—n. direct reproof: reprimand: reprobation: (B.) chastisement: a severe check.—adjs. Rebūk′able; Rebuke′ful.—adv. Rebuke′fully.—n. Rebūk′er.—adv. Rebūk′ingly. [O. Fr. rebouquer (Fr. reboucher), from re-, back, bouque (Fr. bouche), the mouth—L. bucca, the cheek.]

Rebullition, rē-bul-ish′un, n. a renewed effervescence. [L. rebullīre, to bubble up.]

Reburse, rē-bėrs′, v.t. to pay over again. [L. re-, again, bursa, purse.]

Rebus, rē′bus, n. an enigmatical representation of a name or thing by using pictorial devices for letters, syllables, or parts of words: a riddle: (her.) a coat of arms bearing an allusion to the name of the bearer:—pl. Rē′buses. [L., res, a thing—prob. from the device speaking to the beholder non verbis sed rebus.]

Rebut, rē-but′, v.t. to butt or drive back: to repel: to reject: (law) to oppose by argument or proof.—v.i. (law) to return an answer:—pr.p. rebut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. rebut′ted.—adj. Rēbut′table.—ns. Rēbut′tal; Rēbut′ter, that which rebuts: a plaintiff's answer to a defendant's rejoinder. [O. Fr. rebuter, to repulse—L. re-, back, Mid. High Ger. bōzen, to beat.]

Recalcitrant, rē-kal′si-trant, adj. showing repugnance or opposition: refractory.—v.i. or (rarely) v.t. Recal′citrate, to show repugnance.—n. Recalcitrā′tion. [L. recalcitrans, -antis—re-, back, calcitrāre, -ātum, to kick—calx, calcis, the heel.]

Recalesce, rē-kal-es′, v.t. to show anew a state of glowing heat.—n. Recales′cence (phys.), a peculiar behaviour of iron when cooling from a white-heat. At 1000°, e.g., it glows more brilliantly for a short time. [L. re-, again, calescĕre, to grow hot.]

Recall, rē-kawl′, v.t. to call back: to command to return: to revoke: to call back to mind.—n. act of recalling or revoking: a signal to soldiers to return.—adj. Recall′able, capable of being recalled.—n. Recal′ment, revocation.

Recant, rē-kant′, v.t. to withdraw (a former declaration): to retract.—v.i. to revoke a former declaration: to unsay what has been said, esp. to declare one's renunciation of a religious belief which one formerly maintained.—ns. Rēcantā′tion, act of recanting: a declaration contradicting a former one; Rēcant′er.

Recapitulate, rē-ka-pit′ū-lāt, v.t. to go over again the chief points of anything.—n. Recapitūlā′tion, act of recapitulating: a summary of the main points of a preceding speech, treatise, &c.—adjs. Recapit′ūlātive; Recapit′ūlātory, repeating again: containing a recapitulation. [L. recapitulāre, -ātum—re-, again, capitulum—caput, head.]

Recaption, rē-kap′shun, n. reprisal: (law) taking back goods, wife, or children from one who has no right to detain them.

Recapture, rē-kap′tūr, v.t. to capture back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor.—n. act of retaking: a prize recaptured.—n. Recap′tor.

Recarburise, rē-kär′bū-rīz, v.t. to restore the carbon to metal from which it has been removed.—n. Recarbonisā′tion.

Recarnify, rē-kär′ni-fī, v.t. to convert again into flesh. [L. re-, again, carnify, to change into flesh.]

Recarry, rē-kar′i, v.t. to carry back or anew.—n. Recarr′iage.

Recast, rē-kast′, v.t. to cast or throw again: to cast or mould anew: to compute a second time.—n. a moulding or shaping anew, as of a book.

Recede, rē-sēd′, v.i. to go or fall back: to retreat: to bend or tend in a backward direction: to withdraw: to give up a claim.—v.t. to cede back, as to a former possessor.—adj. Reced′ing, sloping backward. [L. recedĕre, recessum—re-, back, cedĕre, to go.]

Receipt, rē-sēt′, n. act of receiving: place of receiving: power of holding: a written acknowledgment of anything received, a legal acknowledgment of money received in discharge of a debt or demand: that which is received: a recipe in cookery.—v.t. to give a receipt for: to sign: to discharge.—adj. Receipt′able, that may be receipted.—ns. Receipt′-book, a book containing receipts; Receipt′or, one who gives a receipt. [O. Fr. recete (Fr. recette)—L. recipere, receptum.]

Receive, rē-sēv′, v.t. to take what is offered: to accept: to embrace with the mind: to assent to: to allow: to give acceptance to: to give admittance to: to welcome or entertain: to hold or contain: (law) to take goods knowing them to be stolen: (B.) to bear with, to believe in.—v.i. to be a recipient: to hold a reception of visitors.—n. Receivabil′ity, Receiv′ableness, the quality of being receivable.—adj. Receiv′able, that may be received: a waiting payment, as bills receivable.—ns. Receiv′edness, the state or quality of being received or current; Receiv′er, one who receives: an officer who receives taxes: a person appointed by a court to hold and manage property which is under litigation, or receive the rents of land, &c.: one who receives stolen goods: (chem.) a vessel for receiving and holding the products of distillation, or for containing gases: the glass vessel of an air-pump in which the vacuum is formed: the receiving part of a telegraph, telephone, &c.; Receiv′er-gen′eral, an officer who receives the public revenue; Receiv′ership, the office of a receiver; Receiv′ing, the act of receiving; Receiv′ing-house, a depôt: a house where letters and parcels are left for transmission; Receiv′ing-in′strument, an appliance by which operators at two telegraph stations can communicate; Receiv′ing-off′ice, a branch post-office for receipt of letters, &c.; Receiv′ing-ship, a stationary ship for recruits for the navy. [O. Fr. recever (Fr. recevoir)—L. recipĕre, receptum—re-, back, capĕre, to take.]

Recelebrate, rē-sel′ē-brāt, v.t. to celebrate again.

Recency, rē′sen-si, n. newness. [Recent.]

Recension, rē-sen′shun, n. a critical revisal of a text: a text established by critical revision: a review.—n. Recen′sionist. [L. recensio—recensēre—re-, again, censēre, to value.]

Recent, rē′sent, adj. of late origin or occurrence: fresh: modern: (geol.) belonging to the present geological period.—adv. Rē′cently.—n. Rē′centness. [Fr.,—L. recens, recentis.]

Receptacle, rē-sep′ta-kl, n. that into which anything is received or in which it is contained: (bot.) the basis of a flower: (zool.) an organ that receives and holds a secretion.—n. Rē′cept, an idea taken into the mind from without.—adj. Receptac′ular (bot.), pertaining to or serving as a receptacle.—n. Receptibil′ity, receivability.—adj. Recept′ible, receivable.—ns. Recep′tion, the act of receiving: admission: state of being received: acceptance: a receiving officially: (Milt.) capacity for receiving: a receiving of guests for entertainment: welcome: treatment at first coming; Recep′tion-room.—adj. Recept′ive, having the quality of receiving or containing: (phil.) capable of receiving, or quick to receive, impressions.—ns. Recept′iveness; Receptiv′ity, quality of being receptive. [L. recipĕre, receptum, to receive.]

Recess, rē-ses′, n. a going back or withdrawing: retirement: seclusion: a period of remission of business: part of a room formed by a receding of the wall: a retired spot: a nook: a sinus or depressed par.—v.t. to make a recess in: to put into a recess.—adj. Recessed′, having a recess.—Recessed arch, one arch within another. [Recede.]

Recession, rē-sesh′un, n. act of receding: withdrawal: the state of being set back.—adjs. Reces′sional; Recess′ive.—adv. Recess′ively.—n. Recess′us, a recess.

Recession, rē-sesh′un, n. a ceding or giving back.

Rechabite, rek′a-bīt, n. one of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who abstained from drinking wine, in obedience to the injunction of their ancestor (Jer. xxxv. 6): a total abstainer from intoxicating drinks: a member of the Rechabite order of total abstainers.—n. Rech′abitism.

Réchauffé, rā-shō-fā′, n. a warmed-up dish: a fresh concoction of old literary material. [Fr.]

Recheat, rē-chēt′, n. (Shak.) a recall on the horn when the hounds have lost the scent, or at the end of the chase. [O. Fr. recet.]

Recherché, rē-sher′shā, adj. extremely nice: peculiar and refined: rare. [Fr.]

Rechlesse, rek′les, adj. Same as Reckless.

Rechristen, rē-kris′n, v.t. to name again.

Recidivate, rē-sid′i-vāt, v.i. to fall again: to backslide.—ns. Recidivā′tion; Recid′ivist (Fr. law), a relapsed criminal.—adj. Recid′ivous, liable to backslide. [Fr.,—L. recidīvus, falling back.]

Recipe, res′i-pē, n. a medical prescription: any formula for the preparation of a compound: a receipt:—pl. Recipes (res′i-pēz). [L., lit. 'take,' the first word of a medical prescription, imper. of recipĕre.]

Recipient, rē-sip′i-ent, adj. receiving.—n. one who receives, that which receives.—ns. Recip′ience, Recip′iency, a receiving: receptiveness. [L. recipiens, -entis, pr.p. of recipĕre, to receive.]

Reciprocal, rē-sip′rō-kal, adj. acting in return: mutual: alternating: interchangeable: giving and receiving.—n. that which is reciprocal: (math.) the quotient resulting from the division of unity by any given quantity.—n. Reciprocal′ity, the state or quality of being reciprocal: mutual return.—adv. Recip′rocally, mutually: interchangeably: inversely.—ns. Recip′rocalness; Recip′rocant (math.), a contravariant expressing a certain condition of tangency: a differential invariant.—adj. Recip′rocantive, relating to a reciprocant.—v.t. Recip′rocāte, to give and receive mutually: to requite: to interchange: to alternate.—v.i. to move backward and forward: (coll.) to make a return or response.—ns. Recip′rocating-en′gine, an engine in which the piston moves forward and backward in a straight line; Reciprocā′tion, interchange of acts: alternation.—adj. Recip′rocātive, acting reciprocally.—n. Reciproc′ity, mutual obligations: action and reaction: equality of commercial privileges.—adjs. Rec′iprock, Rec′iproque (Bacon), reciprocal; Recip′rocous (rare), turning back: reciprocal.—Reciprocal proportion is when, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third; Reciprocal ratio, the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities; Reciprocal terms, those that have the same signification and consequently are convertible; Reciprocating motion, by this the power is transmitted from one part of a machine to another. [L. reciprocus.]

Reciprocornous, rē-sip′rō-kor-nus, adj. having horns like a ram.

Recision, rē-sizh′un, n. the act of cutting off. [Fr.,—L.,—recidĕre, recisum, to cut off.]

Recite, rē-sīt′, v.t. to read aloud from paper, or repeat from memory: to narrate: to give the particulars of.—v.i. to rehearse in public.—ns. Recī′tal, act of reciting: rehearsal: that which is recited: a narration: a vocal or instrumental performance, as a piano recital: (law) that part of a deed which recites the circumstances; Recitation (res-i-tā′shun), act of reciting: a public reading: rehearsal; Recitā′tionist, a public reciter; Recitative (-tēv′), (mus.) a style of song resembling declamation, a kind of union of song and speech.—adj. in the style of recitative.—adv. Recitative′ly, in the manner of recitative.—ns. Recitati′vo (mus.), recitative; Recit′er; Recit′ing-note, a note in chanting on which several syllables are sung. [Fr. réciter—L. recitāre—L. re-, again, citāre, -ātum, to call.]

Reck, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard.—v.i. (usually with not, and fol. by of) care: heed.—adj. Reck′less, careless: heedless of consequences: rash.—adv. Reck′lessly.—ns. Reck′lessness; Reck′ling, a reckless person: the weakest in a litter: a helpless babe.—adj. stunted.—It recks (Milt.), it concerns. [A.S. récan, from a root seen in Old High Ger. ruoh, care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless.]

Reckon, rek′n, v.t. to count: to place in the number or rank of: to esteem: to think, believe.—v.i. to calculate: to charge to account: to make up accounts: to settle accounts (fol. by with): to count or rely (with on or upon): to have an impression: to think: to suppose.—ns. Reck′oner; Reck′oning, an account of time: settlement of accounts, &c.: charges for entertainment: standing as to rank: (naut.) a calculation of the ship's position: (B.) estimation: value.—Reckon for, to be answerable for; Reckon on, or upon, to count or depend upon; Reckon without his host (see Host).—Day of reckoning, the day when an account must be given and a settlement made: the judgment-day. [A.S. ge-recenian, to explain; Ger. rechnen.]

Reclaim, rē-klām′, v.t. to demand the return of: to regain: to bring back from a wild or barbarous state, or from error or vice: to bring into a state of cultivation: to bring into the desired condition: to make tame or gentle: to reform.—v.i. to cry out or exclaim: (Scots law) to appeal from the Lord Ordinary to the inner house of the Court of Session.—adj. Reclaim′able, that may be reclaimed or reformed.—adv. Reclaim′ably.—ns. Reclaim′ant, one who reclaims; Reclamā′tion, act of reclaiming: state of being reclaimed, as of waste land: demand: recovery. [Fr.,—L. re-, again, clamāre, to cry out.]

Reclasp, rē-klasp′, v.t. to clasp again.

Reclinate, rek′li-nāt, adj. reclined: (bot.) bent downward, so as to have the point lower than the base, as a leaf.—n. Reclinā′tion, the act of reclining or leaning: the angle which the plane of a dial makes with a vertical plane, the intersection being a horizontal line: an operation in surgery for the cure of cataract. [L. reclināre, -ātum, to recline.]

Recline, rē-klīn′, v.t. to lean or bend backwards: to lean to or on one side.—v.i. to lean: to rest or repose.—adjs. Recline′ (Milt.), leaning; Reclined′ (bot.), same as Reclinate.—n. Reclī′ner.—adj. Reclī′ning (bot.), bending away from the perpendicular: recumbent.—ns. Reclī′ning-board, a board on which persons recline to gain erectness to the figure; Reclī′ning-chair, an invalid's chair. [Fr.,—L. reclināre—re-, back, clināre, to bend.]

Reclose, rē-klōz′, v.t. to close again.

Reclothe, rē-klōth, v.t. to clothe again.

Recluse, rē-klōōs′, adj. secluded: retired: solitary.—n. one shut up or secluded: one who lives retired from the world: a religious devotee living in a single cell, generally attached to a monastery.—adv. Recluse′ly, in retirement or seclusion from society.—ns. Recluse′ness, seclusion from society: retirement; Reclu′sion, religious retirement or seclusion: the life of a recluse.—adj. Reclu′sive (Shak.), affording retirement or seclusion.—n. Reclu′sory, a recluse's cell. [Fr.,—L. reclusus, pa.p. of recludĕre, to open, shut away—re-, away, claudĕre, to shut.]

Recoct, rē-kokt′, v.t. to cook anew, to vamp up.—n. Recoc′tion.

Recognise, rek′og-nīz, v.t. to know again: to recollect: to acknowledge: to see the truth of.—adj. Rec′ognisable, that may be recognised or acknowledged.—adv. Rec′ognisably, in a recognisable manner.—ns. Recog′nisance, a recognition: an avowal: a profession: a legal obligation entered into before a magistrate to do, or not do, some particular act: to enter into recognisances; Rec′ogniser, one who recognises; Recogni′tion, act of recognising: state of being recognised: recollection: avowal: (Scots law) a return of the feu to the superior.—adjs. Recog′nitive, Recog′nitory. [L. recognoscĕre—re-, again, cognoscĕre, to know.]

Recoil, rē-koil′, v.t. to start back: to rebound: to return: to shrink from.—n. a starting or springing back: rebound: an escapement in which after each beat the escape-wheel recoils slightly.—n. Recoil′er, one who recoils.—adj. Recoil′ing.—adv. Recoil′ingly.—n. Recoil′ment. [Fr. reculer—L. re-, back, Fr. cul, the hinder part—L. culus.]

Recoin, rē-koin′, v.t. to coin over again.—ns. Recoin′age; Recoin′er.

Recollect, rē-kol-ekt′, v.t. to collect again.

Recollect, rek-ol-ekt′, v.t. to remember: to recover composure or resolution (with reflex. pron.).—n. Recollec′tion, act of recollecting or remembering: the power of recollecting: memory: that which is recollected: reminiscence.—adj. Recollec′tive, having the power of recollecting.

Recollect, rek′ol-ekt, n. a member of a congregation of a monastic order following a very strict rule—mostly of the Franciscan order forming a branch of the Observantines.—Also Rec′ollet.

Recombine, rē-kom-bīn′, v.t. to combine again.—n. Recombinā′tion.

Recomfort, rē-kum′furt, v.t. to comfort or console again: (Bacon) to give new strength.—adj. Recom′fortless (Spens.), comfortless.—n. Recom′forture (Shak.), restoration of comfort.

Recommence, rē-kom-ens′, v.t. to commence again.—n. Recommence′ment.

Recommend, rek-o-mend′, v.t. to commend to another: to bestow praise on: to introduce favourably: to give in charge: to commit, as in prayer: to advise.—adj. Recommend′able, that may be recommended: worthy of praise.—n. Recommend′ableness, the quality of being recommendable.—adv. Recommend′ably, so as to deserve recommendation.—n. Recommendā′tion, act of recommending: act of introducing with commendation: repute: letter of recommendation.—adj. Recommend′ātory, that recommends: commendatory.—n. Recommend′er, one who, or that which, recommends.

Recommit, rē-kom-it′, v.t. to commit again: particularly, to send back to a committee.—ns. Recommit′ment, Recommit′tal.

Recommunicate, rē-kom-ūn′i-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to communicate again.

Recompact, rē-kom-pakt′, v.t. to join anew.

Recompense, rek′om-pens, v.t. to return an equivalent for anything: to repay or requite: to reward: to compensate: to remunerate.—n. that which is returned as an equivalent: repayment: reward: compensation: remuneration.—n. Rec′ompenser. [Fr. récompenser—L. re-, again, compensāre, to compensate.]

Recompile, rē-kom-pīl′, v.t. to compile anew.—ns. Recompilā′tion, Recompile′ment, a new compilation.

Recomplete, rē-kom-plēt′, v.t. to complete anew.—n. Recomplē′tion.

Recompose, rē-kom-pōz′, v.t. to compose again or anew: to form anew: to soothe or quiet.—ns. Recompos′er; Recomposi′tion.

Reconcile, rek′on-sīl, v.t. to restore to friendship or union: to bring to agreement: to bring to contentment: to pacify: to make consistent: to adjust or compose.—adj. Rec′oncilable, that may be reconciled: that may be made to agree: consistent.—n. Rec′oncilableness, possibility of being reconciled: consistency: harmony.—adv. Rec′oncilably, in a reconcilable manner.—ns. Rec′onciler; Reconciliā′tion, Rec′oncilement, act of reconciling: state of being reconciled: renewal of friendship: propitiation: atonement: the bringing to agreement things at variance.—adj. Reconcil′iatory, serving or tending to reconcile. [Fr. réconcilier—L. re-, again, conciliāre, -ātum, to call together.]

Recondense, rē-kon-dens′, v.t. to condense again.—n. Recondensā′tion.

Recondite, rē-kon′dit, or rek′on-dīt, adj. secret: abstruse: profound.—ns. Recondite′ness; Recon′ditory, a storehouse. [L. recondĕre, -itum, to put away—re-, again, condĕre, to put together.]

Reconduct, rē-kon-dukt′, v.t. to conduct back or anew.

Reconfirm, rē-kon-fėrm′, v.t. to confirm again.

Reconjoin, rē-kon-join′, v.t. to join anew.

Reconnaissance, re-kon′i-sans, n. the act of reconnoitring: a survey or examination: the examination of a tract of country with a view to military or engineering operations.—Reconnaissance in force, an attack by a body of troops to discover the strength of the enemy. [Fr.]

Reconnoitre, rek-o-noi′tėr, v.t. to survey or examine: to survey with a view to military operations.—v.i. to make preliminary examination:—pa.t. and pa.p. reconnoi′tred.—n. a preliminary survey. [O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconnaître)—L. recognoscĕre, to recognise.]

Reconquer, rē-kong′kėr, v.t. to conquer again: to recover: to regain.—n. Recon′quest.

Reconsecrate, rē-kon′sē-krāt, v.t. to consecrate anew.—n. Reconsecrā′tion.

Reconsider, rē-kon-sid′ėr, v.t. to consider again, as to reconsider a motion or vote: to review.—n. Reconsiderā′tion.

Reconsolate, rē-kon′sō-lāt, v.t. (obs.) to comfort again.

Reconsolidate, rē-kon-sol′i-dāt, v.t. to consolidate anew.—n. Reconsolidā′tion.

Reconstitute, rē-kon′sti-tūt, v.t. to construct anew.—adj. Reconstit′ūent.—n. Reconstitū′tion.

Reconstruct, rē-kon-strukt′, v.t. to construct again: to rebuild.—n. Reconstruc′tion.—adj. Reconstruc′tionary.—n. Reconstruc′tionist.—adj. Reconstruc′tive, able or tending to reconstruct.

Recontinue, rē-kon-tin′ū, v.t. and v.i. to continue anew.—n. Recontin′ūance.

Reconvalescence, rē-kon-val-es′ens, n. restoration to health.

Reconvene, rē-kon-vēn′, v.t. to convene or call together again.—v.i. to come together again.

Reconvent, rē-kon-vent′, v.t. to assemble together again.—n. Reconven′tion, a counter-action by a defendant against a plaintiff.

Reconvert, rē-kon-vėrt′, v.t. to convert again.—n. Reconver′sion.

Reconvey, rē-kon-vā′, v.t. to transfer back to a former owner, as an estate.—n. Reconvey′ance.

Record, rē-kord′, v.t. to write anything formally, to preserve evidence of it: to bear witness to: to register or enrol: to celebrate.—adj. Record′able, able to be recorded, worthy of record.—ns. Recordā′tion (Shak.), remembrance; Record′er, one who records or registers, esp. the rolls, &c., of a city: a judge of a city or borough court of quarter-sessions: an old musical instrument somewhat like a flageolet, but with the lower part wider than the upper, and a mouthpiece resembling the beak of a bird: a registering apparatus in telegraphy; Record′ership, the office of recorder, or the time of holding it. [O. Fr. recorder—L. recordāre, to call to mind—re-, again, cor, cordis, the heart.]

Record, rek′ord, n. a register: a formal writing of any fact or proceeding: a book of such writings: a witness, a memorial: memory, remembrance: anything entered in the rolls of a court, esp. the formal statements or pleadings of parties in a litigation.—n. Rec′ord-off′ice, a place where public records are kept.—Beat, or Break, the record, to outdo the highest achievement yet done; Close the record, an act of a Scottish judge after each party has said all he wishes to say by way of statement and answer; Public records, contemporary authenticated statements of the proceedings of the legislature, and the judgments of those higher courts of law known as Courts of Record; Trial by record, a common law mode of trial when a disputed former decision of the court is settled by producing the record.

Recount, rē-kownt′, v.t. to count again: to tell over again: to narrate the particulars of: to detail.—n. a second or repeated count.—ns. Recount′al, Recount′ment, relation in detail, recital. [O. Fr. reconter—re-, again, conter, to tell.]

Recoup, rē-kōōp′, v.t. to make good: to indemnify.—adj. Recoupé (her.), divided a second time.—n. Recoup′ment, reimbursement: (law) reduction of the plaintiff's damages by keeping out a part. [Fr. recouper, to cut again—re-, again, couper, to cut, coup, a stroke—Low L. colpus—L. colaphus.]

Recoure, rē-kōōr′, v.t. (Spens.) to recover.

Recourse, rē-kōrs′, n. a going to for aid or protection: access.—v.i. to return.—adj. Recourse′ful, returning. [Fr. recours—L. recursus—re-, back, currĕre, cursum, to run.]

Recover, rē-kuv′ėr, v.t. to cover again.

Recover, rē-kuv′ėr, v.t. to get possession of again: to make up for: to retrieve: to cure: to revive: to bring back to any former state: to rescue: to obtain as compensation: to obtain for injury or debt: to reconcile.—v.i. to regain health: to regain any former state: (law) to obtain a judgment.—n. recovery: the forward movement in rowing, after one stroke to take another.—n. Recoverabil′ity, the state of being recoverable.—adj. Recov′erable, that may be recovered or regained: capable of being brought to a former condition.—ns. Recov′erableness, the state of being recoverable: capability of being recovered; Recoveree′, one against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery; Recov′erer, one who recovers; Recov′eror, one who recovers a judgment in common recovery; Recov′ery, the act of recovering: the act of regaining anything lost: restoration to health or to any former state: the power of recovering anything: (law) a verdict giving right to the recovery of debts or costs. [O. Fr. recovrer—L. recuperāre—re-, again, and Sabine cuprus, good; some suggest cupĕre, to desire.]

Recreant, rek′rē-ant, adj. cowardly: false: apostate: renegade.—n. a mean-spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade.—n. Rec′rēancy, the quality of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly spirit.—adv. Rec′rēantly. [O. Fr., pr.p. of recroire, to change belief—Low L. (se) re-credĕre, to own one's self beaten—L. re-, again, credĕre, to believe.]

Recreate, rek′rē-āt, v.t. to revive: to reanimate: to cheer or amuse: to refresh: to delight.—v.i. to take recreation.—n. Recreā′tion, the act of recreating or state of being recreated: refreshment after toil, sorrow, &c.: diversion: amusement: sport.—adjs. Recreā′tional, Rec′reātive, serving to recreate or refresh: giving relief in weariness, &c.: amusing.—adv. Rec′reātively, so as to afford recreation or diversion.—n. Rec′reātiveness, the quality of being refreshing or amusing.

Recrement, rek′rē-ment, n. superfluous matter: dross.—adjs. Recrement′al, Recrementi′tial, Recrementi′tious. [L. recrementum, dross.]

Recriminate, rē-krim′in-āt, v.t. to criminate or accuse in return.—v.i. to charge an accuser with a similar crime.—n. Recriminā′tion, the act of recriminating or returning one accusation by another: a countercharge or accusation.—adjs. Recrim′inātive, Recrim′inātory, recriminating or retorting accusations or charges.—n. Recrim′inātor, one who recriminates.

Recross, rē-kros′, v.t. to cross again.—adj. Recrossed′ (her.), having the ends crossed.

Recrucify, rē-krōōs′i-fī, v.t. to crucify anew.

Recrudescent, rē-krōō-des′ent, adj. growing sore or painful again.—v.i. Recrudesce′, to become raw again: to be renewed.—ns. Recrudes′cence, Recru′dency, Recrudes′cency, the state of becoming sore again: a state of relapse: (med.) increased activity after recovery: (bot.) the production of a fresh shoot from a ripened spike. [L. recrudescens, -entis, pr.p. of recrudescĕre, to become raw again—re-, again, crudescĕre, to become raw—crudis, crude.]

Recruit, rē-krōōt′, v.i. to obtain fresh supplies: to recover in health, &c.: to enlist new soldiers.—v.t. to repair: to supply: to supply with recruits.—n. the supply of any want: a substitute for something wanting: a newly enlisted soldier.—ns. Recruit′al, renewed supply; Recruit′er.—adj. Recruit′ing, obtaining new supplies: enlisting recruits.—n. the business of obtaining new supplies or enlisting new soldiers.—ns. Recruit′ing-ground, a place where recruits may be obtained; Recruit′ing-par′ty, a party of soldiers engaged in enlisting recruits; Recruit′ing-ser′geant, a sergeant who enlists recruits; Recruit′ment, the act, business, or employment of raising new supplies of men for an army. [O. Fr. recruter—re-, croître—L. recrescĕre—re-, again, crescĕre, to grow.]

Recrystallisation, rē-kris-tal-īz-ā′shun, n. the process of crystallising again.—v.t. and v.i. Rēcrys′tallise.

Recta, rek′ta, n.pl.—adj. Rec′tal. See Rectum.

Rectangle, rek′tang-gl, n. a four-sided figure with all its angles right angles and its opposite sides equal.—adjs. Rec′tangled, having right angles; Rectang′ūlar, right-angled.—n. Rectangūlar′ity, the state or quality of being right-angled.—adv. Rectang′ūlarly, with, or at, right angles.—n. Rectang′ūlarness.—Rectangular hyperbola, a hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to one another; Rectangular solid, a solid whose axis is perpendicular to its base. [Fr.,—L. rectus, right, angulus, an angle.]

Rectify, rek′ti-fī, v.t. to make straight or right: to adjust: to correct or redress: to purify by repeated crystallisation or sublimation, or by distillations: (math.) to determine the length of a curve included between two limits: to prepare a sun-dial for an observation:—pa.t. and pa.p. rec′tified.—adj. Rectifī′able, that may be rectified or set right.—ns. Rectificā′tion, the act of rectifying or setting right: the process of refining any substance by repeated distillation: rectification of a globe, its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem; Rec′tifier, one who corrects: one who refines a substance by repeated distillation.—Rectify the course of a vessel, to determine its true course from indications of the ship's compass, and allowing for magnetic variations, &c.; Rectify the globe, to bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on a globe to the brass meridian. [Fr.,—L. rectus, straight, facĕre, to make.]

Rectigrade, rek′ti-grād, adj. walking straight forward. [L. rectus, straight, gradi, to step.]

Rectilineal, rek-ti-lin′ē-al, adj. bounded by straight lines: straight—also Rectilin′ear.—adv. Rectilin′eally.—n. Rectilinear′ity, the state or quality of being right-lined.—adv. Rectilin′early, in a right line.—n. Rectilin′earness. [L. rectus, straight, linea, a line.]

Rectinerved, rek′ti-nervd, adj. (bot.) straight or parallel nerved.

Rection, rek′shun, n. (gram.) the influence of a word in regard to the number, case, &c. of another word in a sentence.

Rectipetality, rek-ti-pe-tal′i-ti, n. (bot.) the natural tendency of stems to grow in a straight line.

Rectirostral, rek′ti-ros′tral, adj. having a straight bill. [L. rectus, straight, rostrum, a beak.]

Rectiserial, rek-ti-sē′ri-al, adj. placed in a straight line: (bot.) arranged in one or more straight ranks.

Rectitis, rek′tī-tis, n. inflammation of the rectum.—adj. Rectit′ic.

Rectitude, rek′ti-tūd, n. uprightness: correctness of principle or practice: integrity: correctness. [Fr.,—L. rectitudo—rectus, straight.]

Recto, rek′tō, n. (print.) the right-hand page—opp. to Reverso or Verso: (law) a writ of right.

Rector, rek′tor, n. a ruler: in the Church of England, a clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate, and who accordingly has the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues therein: a common name for all incumbents in the Episcopal churches of the United States and (since 1890) Scotland: the head-master of a superior public school in Scotland, Germany, &c.: the chief elective officer of certain Scotch and French universities: the head of Lincoln and of Exeter Colleges, Oxford, &c.: (R.C.) an ecclesiastic in charge of a congregation, a college, or religious house, esp. the head of a Jesuit seminary.—adjs. Rec′toral, Rectō′rial, pertaining to a rector or to a rectory—ns. Rec′torate, Rec′torship; Rec′toress, a female rector: a governess; Rec′tory, the province or mansion of a rector.—Rector magnificus, the head of a German university.—Lay rector, a layman who enjoys the great tithes of a parish; Missionary rector (R.C.), a priest appointed to the charge of some important mission in England. [L.,—regĕre, rectum, to rule.]

Rectrix, rek′triks, n. one of the long tail-feathers of a bird, so called because used in steering the bird in its flight:—pl. Rectrices (rek′tri-sēz).

Rectum, rek′tum, n. the lowest part of the large intestine:—pl. Rec′ta.—adj. Rec′tal.—ns. Rec′toscope, a speculum for rectal examination; Rectot′omy, the operation for dividing a rectal stricture.—adjs. Rec′to-urē′thral, pertaining to the rectum and to the urethra; Rec′to-ū′terine, to the rectum and the uterus; Rec′to-vag′inal, to the rectum and the vagina; Rec′to-ves′ical, to the rectum and the bladder. [L. rectus, straight.]

Rectus, rek′tus, n. a muscle so called from the straightness of its course:—pl. Rec′ti.

Recubant, rek′ū-bant, adj. reclining, recumbent—n. Recubā′tion. [L. recubāre, -ātum, to lie back.]

Recuil, Recule, rē-kūl′ (Spens.). Same as Recoil.

Recultivate, rē-kul′ti-vāt, v.t. to cultivate again.—n. Recultivā′tion.

Recumbent, rē-kum′bent, adj. lying back: reclining: idle.—ns. Recum′bence, Recum′bency.—adv. Recum′bently. [L. recumbĕre—re-, back, cubāre, to lie down.]

Recuperative, rē-kū′pėr-a-tiv, adj. tending to recovery—also Recū′peratory.—adj. Rēcū′perable, recoverable.—v.t. Recū′perāte, to recover, to regain strength.—ns. Recuperā′tion, recovery, as of something lost; Recū′perātor, one who, or that which, recuperates. [L. recuperativus—recuperāre, to recover.]

Recur, rē-kur′, v.i. to return, resort: to happen at a stated interval:—pr.p. recur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. recurred′.—ns. Recur′rence, Recur′rency, return.—adj. Recur′rent, returning at intervals: (anat.) running back in the opposite to a former direction: (entom.) turned back toward the base.—adv. Recur′rently.—Recurring decimal, a decimal in which after a certain point the digits are continually repeated—repeating, if but one recurring figure; circulating, if more than one. [Fr.,—L. recurrĕre—re-, back, currĕre, to run.]

Recure, rē-kūr′, v.t. to cure again: to recover—also n.—adjs. Recure′ful; Recure′less, incurable.

Recursant, rē-kur′sant, adj. (her.) turned backwards, of an animal with its back toward the spectator. [L. re-, back, cursans, -antis, pr.p. of cursāre, to run.]

Recurve, rē-kurv′, v.t. to curve or bend back—also Recur′vate.—ns. Recurvā′tion, Recur′vity, Recur′vature, the act of recurving: the state of being recurved: a bending backwards.—adjs. Recurved′; Recurviros′tral, having a recurved bill; Rēcur′vous, bent backward.

Recusant, rek′ū-zant, or rē-kū′zant, adj. obstinate in refusal, esp. to comply with the Anglican ritual.—n. a nonconformist: one who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the sovereign in religious matters.—ns. Rec′ūsance, Rec′ūsancy, state of being a recusant: nonconformity, or its tenets; Recusā′tion.—adj. Recū′sative. [Fr.,—L. recusans, pr.p. of recusāre—re-, against, causa, a cause.]

Recuse, rē-kūz′, v.t. (law) to reject.—adj. Recū′sative.

Recussion, rē-kush′un, n. the act of beating or striking back. [L. recutĕre, recussum, to beat back—re-, back, quatĕre, to shake.]

Red, red, adj. (comp. Red′der; superl. Red′dest) of a colour like blood: ultra-radical, revolutionary.—n. one of the primary colours, of several shades, as scarlet, pink, carmine, vermilion, &c.: a red cent, the smallest coin of the United States.—adjs. Red′-backed, having a red back; Red′-beaked, -billed, having a red beak or bill; Red′-bell′ied, having the under parts red.—n. Red′-bell′y, the United States slider, a terrapin: the Welsh torgoch, a char.—adj. Red′-belt′ed, having a red band or bands.—n. Red′-bird, the common European bullfinch: the United States grosbeak, also the tanager.—adj. Red′-blood′ed, having reddish blood.—ns. Red′-book, a book containing the names of all persons in the service of the state: the peerage; Red′breast, a favourite song-bird, so called from the red colour of its breast, the robin; Red′-bud, the Judas-tree of America; Red′-cabb′age, a variety of cabbage, with purplish heads, used for pickling; Red′-cap, a species of goldfinch, having a conical crest of red feathers on the top of the head: a ghost with long teeth who haunts some Scotch castles; Red′-cent, a copper cent; Red′-chalk, -clay (see Reddle); Red′-coat, a British soldier, so called from his red coat; Red′-cock (slang), an incendiary fire; Red′-cor′al, the most important kind of coral in commerce, found off the coasts of Algiers and Tunis and the Italian islands.—adj. Red′-corpus′cled, having red blood-discs.—n. Red′-Crag, a division of the Pliocene.—adjs. Red′-crest′ed, having a red crest; Red′-cross, wearing or distinguished by a cross of a red colour.—n. the badge and flag adopted by every society, of whatever nation, formed for the aid of the sick and wounded in time of war, recognised by the military authorities of its own nation, and enjoying certain privileges and immunities under the Convention of Geneva (1864).—n. Red′-deer, a species of deer which is reddish-brown in summer: the common stag.—v.t. Red′den, to make red.—v.i. to grow red: to blush.—adj. Red′dish, somewhat red: moderately red.—ns. Red′dishness; Red′-dog, the lowest grade of flour in high milling; Red′-drum, the southern red-fish, or red-bass, of the southern Atlantic coast of the United States; Red′-earth, the reddish loam frequently found in regions composed of limestones; Red′-eye, or Rudd, a fresh-water fish of the same genus as the roach, chub, and minnow.—adjs. Red′-faced (Shak.), having a red face; Red′-fig′ured, relating to an ancient Greek ceramic ware, in which a black glaze was painted over the surface so as to leave the design in the red of the body.—n. Red′-gum, strophulus, a skin disease usually occurring in infants about the time of teething, and consisting of minute red pimples with occasional red patches.—adjs. Red′-haired, Red′-head′ed, having red hair.—n. Red′-hand, a bloody hand: (her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and 'couped,' the distinguishing badge of baronets.—adj. Red′-hand′ed, in the very act, as if with bloody hands.—n. Red′-head, a person with red hair: the pochard, a red-headed duck.—adj. Red′-hot, heated to redness.—ns. Red′-lac, the Japan wax-tree; Red′-latt′ice (Shak.), an alehouse window, then usually painted red; Red′-lead, a preparation of lead of a fine red colour, used in painting, &c.—adj. Red′-legged, having red legs or feet, as a bird.—n. Red′-legs, the European red-legged partridge: the turnstone: the red-shank: (bot.) the bistort.—adj. Red′-lett′er, having red letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day, the holidays or saints' days being indicated by red letters in the old calendars.—n. Red′-liq′uor, a crude aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in calico-printing.—adjs. Red′-litt′en, showing a red light; Red′-looked (Shak.), having a red look.—adv. Red′ly.—adj. Red′-mad (prov.), quite mad.—n. Red′-met′al, one of several alloys of copper used in silver-ware: a Japanese alloy used in decorative metal-work.—adj. Red′-necked, having a red neck.—n. Red′ness.—adjs. Red′-nose, -nosed, having a red nose, like a habitual drunkard.—ns. Red′-oak, an oak with heavy and durable reddish wood, rising to ninety feet high in eastern North America; Red′-plague, a form of the plague marked by a red spot or bubo; Red′-poll, a small northern finch: the common European linnet: the North American palm-warbler.—adjs. Red′-polled; Red′-ribbed (Tenn.), having red ribs.—ns. Red′-root, a genus of plants of the natural order Rhamnaceæ—New Jersey Tea; Reds, or Red Republicans (see Republic); Red′-saun′ders, the sliced or rasped heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, used for giving colour to alcoholic liquors &c.—v.i. Red′sear, to break when too hot.—ns. Red′seed, small crustaceans which float on the sea; Red′-shank, an aquatic bird of the snipe family, with legs of a bright-red colour: a name given in ridicule to the Scottish Highlanders, and to the Irish.—adj. Red′-short, noting iron that is brittle at red-heat.—ns. Red′-short′ness; Red′skin, a Red Indian; Red′-staff, a miller's straight-edge, used in dressing millstones; Red′start, a bird belonging to the family of the warblers, appearing in Britain as a summer bird of passage; Red′streak, an apple, so called from the colour of its skin; Red′-tail, the red-tailed buzzard, one of the commonest hawks of North America.—adj. Red′-tailed (Shak.), having a red tail.—ns. Red′-thrush, the red-wing; Red′-top, a kind of bent grass; Red′-wa′ter, a disease of cattle, named from the urine being reddened with the red globules of the blood.—adj. Red′-wat′-shod (Scot.), walking in blood over the shoes.—ns. Red′-weed, the common poppy; Red′-wing, a species of thrush well known in Britain as a winter bird of passage, having an exquisite, clear, flute-like song; Red′wood, a Californian timber-tree, growing to nearly three hundred feet high.—adj. Red′-wud (Scot.), stark mad.—Red-cross knight, a knight having on his shield a red cross; Red ensign, the British flag for all vessels not belonging to the navy, consisting of a plain red flag, having the canton filled by the Union-jack (before 1864 also the special flag of the Red Squadron); Red-gum tree, a species of Eucalyptus attaining the height of 200 feet; Red pheasant, a tragopan; Red snow, snow coloured by the minute alga Protococcus nivalis, found in large patches in arctic and alpine regions.—Indian red, a permanent red pigment, orig. a natural earth rich in oxide of iron, now prepared artificially.—Royal Red Cross, a decoration for nurses, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1883. [A.S. reád; Ger. roth, L. ruber, Gr. e-rythros, Gael. ruath.]

Red, red, v.t. to put in order, make tidy: to disentangle: (coll.) to separate two men in fighting.—ns. Red′der (Scot.), one who endeavours to settle a quarrel; Red′ding, the process of putting in order; Red′ding-comb, a large-toothed comb for dressing the hair; Red′ding-straik (Scot.), a stroke received in trying to separate fighters.

Red, Redd, red (Spens.), pa.t. of read, declared.

Redaction, rē-dak′shun, n. the act of arranging in systematic order, esp. literary materials: the digest so made: an editorial staff.—v.t. Redact′, to edit, work up into literary form.—n. Redact′or, an editor.—adj. Redactō′rial. [Fr.,—L. redactus, pa.p. of redigĕre, to bring back.]

Redan, rē-dan′, n. (fort.) the simplest form of fieldwork, consisting of two faces which form a salient angle towards the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or causeway—quite open at the gorge. [O. Fr. redan, redent—L. re-, back, dens, a tooth.]

Redargue, rē-där′gū, v.t. to disprove.—n. Redargū′tion. [O. Fr. redarguer—L. redarguĕre—re-, back, arguĕre, to argue.]

Reddendum, re-den′dum, n. (law) the clause by which the rent is reserved in a lease:—pl. Redden′da.—n. Redden′do (Scots law), a clause in a charter specifying the services to be rendered by a vassal to his superior. [L., fut. part. pass. of reddĕre.]

Redding. See Red (2).

Reddition, re-dish′un, n. a giving back of anything: surrender: a rendering of the sense: explanation.—adj. Redd′itive, returning an answer. [Fr.,—L. reddition-em—reddĕre, redditum, to restore.]

Reddle, red′l, n. an impure peroxide of iron (ferric oxide) associated with very variable proportions of clay or chalk—also Red′-clay, Radd′le, Red′-chalk.—n. Redd′leman, a dealer in red clay.

Rede, rēd, v.t. to counsel or advise.—n. advice: a phrase: a motto.—n. Rede′craft, logic.—adj. Rede′less, without counsel or wisdom. [Read.]

Redecorate, rē-dek′o-rāt, v.t. to decorate again.

Rededication, rē-ded-i-kā′shun, n. a second or renewed dedication.

Redeem, rē-dēm′, v.t. to ransom: to relieve from captivity by a price: to rescue, deliver: to pay the penalty of: to atone for: to perform, as a promise: to improve, put to the best advantage: to recover, as a pledge.—adj. Redeem′able, that may be redeemed.—ns. Redeem′ableness; Redeem′er, one who redeems or ransoms, esp. Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world.—adjs. Redeem′ing, saving: good, as exceptional to what is bad; Redeem′less, incurable; Redemp′tive, pertaining to redemption: serving or tending to redeem; Redemp′tory, serving to redeem: paid for ransom. [O. Fr. redimer—L. redimĕre—red-, back, emĕre, to buy.]

Redeliberate, rē-de-lib′ėr-āt, v.i. to deliberate again.

Redeliver, rē-de-liv′ėr, v.t. to deliver back or again: to liberate a second time.—ns. Redeliv′erance; Redeliv′ery, the act of delivering back: a second delivery or liberation.

Redemand, rē-dē-mand′, v.t. to demand back or again.—n. the repetition of a demand: a demand for the return of a thing.

Redemise, rē-dē-mīz′, v.t. to convey back, as an estate.—n. such a transfer.

Redemption, rē-demp′shun, n. act of redeeming or buying back: ransom: release: the deliverance of mankind from sin and misery by Christ.—ns. Redemp′tionary, one who is set at liberty, or released from a bond, by paying a compensation or fulfilling some stipulated conditions; Redemp′tioner, one who redeemed himself from debt, or the like, by service; Redemp′tionist, one of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery; Redemp′torist, one of a congregation of R.C. missionary priests, founded by Alfonso Liguori in 1732, whose object is the religious instruction of the people and the reform of public morality, by periodically visiting, preaching, and hearing confessions. [Fr.,—L.,—redemptus, pa.p. of redimĕre, to redeem.]

Redented, rē-den′ted, adj. formed like the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a double notching—L. re-, again, dens, dentis, a tooth.]

Redescend, rē-dē-send′, v.i. to descend again.—n. Redescent′, a descending again.

Redescribe, rē-dē-skrīb′, v.t. to describe again.

Redetermine, rē-dē-tėr′min, v.t. to determine again.

Redevelop, rē-dē-vel′op, v.t. to intensify in photography by a second process.—n. Redevel′opment.

Redhibition, red-hi-bish′un, n. (law) an action to oblige the seller to annul the sale because of a defect—also Rehibi′tion.—adjs. Redhib′itory, Rehib′itory.

Redia, rē′di-a, n. a stage in some trematode worms immediately before cercaria:—pl. Rē′diæ. [From Redi, an Italian naturalist.]

Redifferentiate, rē-dif-e-ren′shi-āt, v.i. to differentiate a differential coefficient.—n. Redifferentiā′tion.

Redigest, rē-di-jest′, v.t. to reduce to form again.

Redingote, red′ing-gōt, n. a double-breasted outer coat with long full skirts, worn by men, also a similar outer garment for women.

Redintegrate, rē-din′tē-grāt, v.t. to restore to integrity again: to renew:—pr.p. redin′tegrāting; pa.p. redin′tegrāted.—n. Redintegrā′tion, restoration to integrity or to a whole or sound state: renovation. [L. redintegrāre, -ātum—re-, again, integrāre, to make whole—integer.]

Redirect, rē-di-rekt′, v.t. to direct anew.

Redisburse, rē-dis-burs′, v.t. to refund.

Rediscover, rē-dis-kuv′ėr, v.t. to discover again.—n. Rediscov′ery.

Redispose, rē-dis-pōz′, v.t. to dispose or adjust again.—n. Redisposi′tion.

Redisseize, rē-dis-sēz′, v.t. to disseize anew.—ns. Redisseiz′in (law), a writ to recover seizin of lands; Redisseiz′or.

Redissolve, rē-di-zolv′, v.t. to dissolve again.—n. Redissolū′tion.

Redistribute, rē-dis-trib′ūt, v.t. to apportion anew.—n. Redistribū′tion, a second or renewed distribution.

Redistrict, rē-dis′trikt, v.t. to divide again, as a state into districts.—n. Redis′tricting (U.S.).

Redition, rē-dish′un, n. the act of going back.

Redivide, rē-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide again or anew.

Redivivus, red-i-vī′vus, adj. alive again: restored.

Redolent, red′ō-lent, adj. diffusing odour or fragrance: scented.—ns. Red′olence, Red′olency.—adv. Red′olently. [Fr.,—L. redolens, -entis—red-, re-, again, olēre, to emit an odour.]

Redondilla, red-on-dē′lya, n. an early form of versification in which the 1st and 4th and the 2d and 3d lines of the stanza generally rhymed: in later Spanish use, a term applied to verses of 6 and 8 syllables in general, whether making perfect rhymes or assonances only. [Sp.,—L. rotundus, round.]

Redorse, rē-dors′, n. the reverse side of a dorsal or dorse.

Redouble, rē-dub′l, v.t. to double again or repeatedly: to increase greatly: to multiply.—v.i. to become greatly increased: to become twice as much.

Redoubt, Redout, rē-dowt′, n. (fort.) a field-work enclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked from the parapet: a central or retired work within any other works, intended to afford the garrison a last retreat—also Reduit′.—adj. (her.) bent in many angles. [Fr. redoute, réduit, a redoubt—It. ridotto—L. reducĕre, reductum—to bring back.]

Redoubt, rē-dowt′, v.t. (arch.) to fear.—adjs. Redoubt′able, valiant; Redoubt′ed (Spens.).—n. Redoubt′ing. [O. Fr. redouter, to fear greatly—L. re-, back, dubitāre, to doubt.]

Redound, rē-downd′, v.i. to be sent back by reaction, to rebound: to result, turn out: (Spens., Milt.) to overflow, to be in excess.—n. the coming back, as an effect or consequence, return.—n. Redound′ing. [Fr. rédonder—L. redundāre—re-, back, undāre, to surge—unda, a wave.]

Redowa, red′ō-a, n. a Bohemian round dance, one form resembling the waltz, the other the polka: the music for such a dance, usually in quick triple time. [Fr.,—Bohem. rejdowák.]

Redraft, rē-draft′, n. a second draft or copy: a new bill of exchange which the holder of a protested bill draws on the drawer or endorsers, for the amount of the bill, with costs and charges.

Redraw, rē-draw′, v.t. to draw again: to draw a second copy: to draw a new bill: to meet another bill of the same amount.

Redress, rē-dres′, v.t. to set right: to relieve from: to make amends to: to compensate: to dress again.—n. relief: reparation.—n. Redress′er, one who gives redress.—adjs. Redress′ible, that may be redressed; Redress′ive, affording redress; Redress′less, without relief.—n. Redress′ment, the act of redressing.

Redrive, rē-drīv′, v.t. to drive back.

Red-tape, red′-tāp, n. the red tape used in public, and esp. government, offices for tying up documents, &c.: applied satirically to the intricate system of routine in vogue there: official formality.—adj. pertaining to official formality.—ns. Red′-tā′pism, the system of routine in government and other public offices; Red′-tā′pist, a great stickler for routine.

Redub, rē-dub′, v.t. (obs.) to make amends for.—n. Redub′ber, one who buys stolen cloth and so alters it as not to be recognised.

Reduce, rē-dūs′, v.t. to bring into a lower state, as to reduce the ores of silver: to lessen: to impoverish: to subdue: to arrange: (arith. and alg.) to change numbers or quantities from one denomination into another: to reduce to its proper form, as to reduce a fracture: to bring into a new form, as to reduce Latin to English: to weaken: to bring into a class: (Scots law) to annul by legal means: (mil.) to strike off the pay-roll.—ns. Reduc′er, one who reduces: a joint-piece for connecting pipes of varying diameter; Reducibil′ity, Reduc′ibleness, the quality of being reducible.—adj. Reduc′ible, that may be reduced.—ns. Reduc′ing-scale, a scale used by surveyors for reducing chains and links to acres and roods; Reduc′tion, act of reducing or state of being reduced: diminution: subjugation: a rule for changing numbers or quantities from one denomination to another.—adj. Reduc′tive, having the power to reduce.—Reduce to the ranks, to degrade, for misconduct, to the condition of a private soldier; Reductio ad absurdum, the proof of a proposition by proving the falsity of its contradictory opposite; Reduction works, smelting works. [L. reducĕre, reductum—re-, back, ducĕre, to lead.]

Reduit. See Redoubt (1).

Redundance, rē-dun′dans, n. quality of being superfluous: superabundance—also Redun′dancy.—adj. Redun′dant, superfluous, as in words or images: (Milt.) flowing back, as a wave.—adv. Redun′dantly. [Fr.,—L. redund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redundāre, to redound.]

Reduplicate, rē-dū′pli-kāt, v.t. to double again: to multiply: to repeat.—adj. doubled.—n. Reduplicā′tion, the act of redoubling: the repetition of a syllable, or of the initial part, in inflection and word-formation, as in L. fefelli, perf. of fallo, Gr. tetupha, perf. of tuptō: (anat.) a folding or doubling of a part or organ.—adj. Redū′plicātive.

Reduviidæ, red-ū-vī′i-dē, n.pl. a family of predacious bugs.—adj. Redū′vioid.—n. Redū′vius, a genus embracing about fifty species, mostly African—the Fly-bug is European.

Redux, rē′duks, adj. led back, as from captivity, &c., as in Dryden's poem on the Restoration entitled Astræa Redux: (med.) noting the reappearance of certain physical signs after interruption in consequence of disease.

Ree, rē, (prov.) v.t. to riddle.

Ree, rē, adj. (prov.) wild, tipsy.

Reebok, rē′bok, n. a South African antelope.

Re-echo, rē-ek′ō, v.t. to echo back.—v.i. to give back echoes: to resound.—n. an echo repeated.

Reechy, rēch′i, adj. (Shak.) smoky, sooty, tanned.—n. Reech, smoke—the Scotch reek (q.v.).

Reed, rēd, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to deem.

Reed, rēd, n. the common English name of certain tall grasses, growing in moist or marshy places, and having a very hard or almost woody culm: a musical pipe anciently made of a reed: the sounding part of several musical instruments, as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe, and bagpipe: the speaking part of the organ, though made of metal: the appliance in weaving for separating the threads of the warp, and for beating the weft up to the web: a tube containing the powder-train leading to the blast-hole: a piece of whalebone, &c., for stiffening the skirt or waist of a woman's dress: (poet.) a missile weapon: reeds or straw for thatch: a measuring reed.—v.t. to thatch.—ns. Reed′-band, a musical band including clarinets and other reed-instruments; Reed′-bird, the bobolink; Reed′-bunt′ing, the black-headed bunting of Europe.—adjs. Reed′ed, covered with reeds: formed with reed-like ridges or channels; Reed′en, consisting of a reed or reeds.—ns. Reed′er, a thatcher; Reed′-grass, any one of the grasses called reeds; Reed′iness, the state of being reedy; Reed′ing, the milling on the edge of a coin: (archit.) ornamental beaded mouldings, &c.; Reed′-in′strument, a musical instrument, the tone of which is produced by the vibration of a reed; Reed′-knife, a metal implement for adjusting the tuning wires in a pipe-organ; Reed′ling, the European bearded titmouse; Reed′-mace, any plant of the genus Typha, esp. either of two species, also called Cat's tail, the most common of which grows to a height of five or six feet, and is sometimes called Bulrush; Reed′-mō′tion, the mechanism which in power-looms moves the batten; Reed′-or′gan, a key-board musical instrument of which the harmonium and the American organ are the principal types; Reed′-pheas′ant, the bearded titmouse or reedling; Reed′-pipe, in organ-building, a pipe whose tone is produced by the vibration of a reed: Reed′-plane, a concave-soled plane used in making beads; Reed′-stop, a set of reed-pipes in organs, the use of which is controlled by a single stop-knob; Reed′-war′bler, a species of the warblers, frequenting marshy places, and building its nest on the reeds which grow there—also Reed′-thrush; Reed′-wren, the greater reed-warbler: an American wren.—adj. Reed′y, abounding with reeds: resembling or sounding as a reed—n. masses of rods of iron imperfectly welded together. [A.S. hreód; Dut. riet, Ger. ried.]