Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Agriculture

For works with similar titles, see Agriculture.

AGRICULTURE, the art of cultivating the ground, whether by pasturage, by tillage, or by gardening. In many countries the process of human economical and social development has been from the savage state to hunting and fishing, from these to the pastoral state, from it again to agriculture, properly so called, and thence, finally, to commerce and manufactures, though even in the most advanced countries every one of the states now mentioned, excepting only the first, and, in part, the second, still exist and flourish. The tillage of the soil has existed from a remote period of antiquity, and experience has from time to time improved the processes adopted and the instruments in use; but it was not till a very recent period that the necessity of basing the occupation of the farmer on physical and other science has been even partially recognized. Now a division is made into theoretical and practical agriculture, the former investigating the scientific principles on which the cultivation of the soil should be conducted, and the best methods of carrying them out; and the latter actually doing so in practice.

The soil used for agricultural purposes is mainly derived from subjacent rocks, which cannot be properly understood without some knowledge of geology, while a study of the dip and strike of the rocks will also be of use in determining the most suitable directions for drains and places for wells. The composition of the soil, manures, etc., requires for its determination agricultural chemistry. The weather cannot be properly understood without meteorology. The plants cultivated, the weeds requiring extirpation, the fungus growths which often do extensive and mysterious damage, fall under the province of botany; the domestic animals, and the wild mammals, birds and insects which prey on the produce of the field, under that of zoölogy. The complex machines and even the simplest implements are constructed upon principles revealed by natural philosophy; farm buildings cannot be properly planned or constructed without a knowledge of architecture. Rents can be understood only by the student of political economy. Finally, farm laborers cannot be governed or rendered loyal and trustworthy unless their superior knows the human heart, and acts on the Christian principle of doing to those under him as he would wish them, if his or their relative positions were reversed, to do to him. Notwithstanding the enormous expansion of the manufacturing industries in the 19th century, agriculture is still the greatest of the occupations of man.

Historical and General Aspects.—In all countries and ages, history records no instance of any civilization attained without noteworthy progress in agriculture. The relationship of agriculture to population expansion is one of the vital questions for economists. It appears that, in times so remote that their antiquity is only conjecturable, an excellent system of agriculture supported, in the valleys of the Nile and Euphrates, populations at least as dense as any existing to-day. The same agricultural perfection, attended by much the same exceptional conditions of the population which distinguished the oldest civilizations of the world, is still conspicuously characteristic of such Oriental countries as retain any national vitality, especially India, China, and Japan. For instance, Japan contains more inhabitants than the United Kingdom, and supports them without taking any food products from abroad (actually, indeed, exporting considerable quantities of rice), whereas England imports foodstuffs to the value of hundreds of millions of dollars.

©Keystone View Company

PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE ON THE NILE

In the Middle Ages, agriculture was almost wholly disregarded throughout Europe, and, consequently, civilization was generally at a low ebb. On the other hand, the era of the Saracens in Spain is memorable for civilization, and particularly for its admirable agriculture. Without exception, all the European nations that enjoy eminence to-day possess carefully developed agricultural systems, while in Spain, the one noticeably backward country, agriculture languishes. It is proverbial that the wealth of France is not in her luxurious capital, but in her provincial acres. Belgium and Holland, the richest regions of Europe in proportion to area, with populations correspondingly dense, owe their pre-eminence to the elaborate cultivation. The collapse of the Mohammedan power finds one of its chief explanations in the indolence of the Turk and his neglect of the soil.

The first mention of agriculture is found in the writings of Moses. From them we learn that Cain was a “tiller of the ground”; that Abel sacrificed the “firstlings of his flock”; and that Noah “began to be a husbandman and planted a vineyard.” The Chinese, Japanese, Chaldeans, Egyptians, and Phœnicians appear to have held husbandry in high estimation. The Egyptians were so sensible of its blessings that they ascribed its invention to superhuman agency, and even carried their gratitude to such an excess as to worship the ox, for his services as a laborer. The Carthaginians carried the art of agriculture to a higher degree than other nations, their contemporaries. Mago, one of their most famous generals, wrote no less than 28 books on agricultural topics, which, according to Columella, were translated into Latin by an express decree of the Roman Senate. Hesiod, the Greek writer, supposed to be contemporary with Homer, wrote a poem on agriculture, entitled “Weeks and Days,” which was so denominated because husbandry requires an exact observance of times and seasons. Other Greek writers wrote on rural economy, and Xenophon, among the number, but their works have been lost in the lapse of ages. Columella, who flourished in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, wrote 12 books on husbandry, which constituted a complete treatise on rural affairs. Pliny ascribes the invention of manures to the Greek King Augeas, and Theophrastus not only mentions six kinds of manures, but declares that a mixture of soils produces the same effects as manures. Cato, the Roman censor, equally celebrated as a statesman, orator, and general, derived his highest and most durable honors from having written a voluminous work on agriculture. In the “Georgics” of Vergil, the majesty of verse and the harmony of numbers add dignity and grace to the most useful of all topics. Varro, Pliny, and Palladius were likewise among the distinguished Romans who wrote on agricultural subjects.

It is interesting to note here that irrigation had an influential advocate as long ago as the time of Vergil, who in his “Georgics” advises husbandmen to “bring down the waters of a river upon the sown corn, and, when the field is parched and the plants drying, convey it from the brow of a hill in channels.” To the credit of the Romans let it be remembered that, unlike many conquerors, instead of desolating they improved the countries which they subdued, and first of all in agriculture.

Recent Progress.—From the details of primitive agricultural methods given in ancient writings and represented in monumental inscriptions, it is evident that not till the 19th century had anything very material been done toward the creation of a distinctive agricultural science. The original arts of husbandry, practiced ages ago, have simply been adapted, with little improvement till very lately, to modify conditions. Most of the mechanical appliances to which our ancestors were restricted—the plow, roller, hoe, sickle—are found pictured in the Egyptian inscriptions and paintings. It is also known that the Egyptians were familiar with the advantages of rotation in crops, and that they were exceedingly intelligent and systematic in the administration of estates and the regulation of all rural concerns.

©Ewing Galloway

PLOWING AN ALFALFA FIELD BY TRACTOR

Within the last hundred years, however, the foundations of an entirely new agriculture have been securely laid. The two active agencies in this change have been chemical science and invention. Chemical science, as applied to agriculture, is based on very simple elements. The arable surface soil becomes exhausted if grain is sown upon it in successive years, this exhaustion being occasioned by the removal of the mineral substances necessary to the life of the grain. By the system of rotation, a cereal crop is followed by a so-called green crop, the roots of which penetrate deep into the subsoil and extract from it a fresh supply of the needful minerals; thus the vigor of the surface soil is renewed and it again produces an abundant grain crop.

The fundamentals of the new rural economy are to secure maximum productiveness on the agricultural lands, as a whole, by a comprehensive utilization of a great variety of fertilizers, and, by studying the needs of the soil, to apply to them the particular fertilizers best adapted to their nature. The demonstrations of experimental chemistry in these directions have been so effective that agricultural science has become one of the leading subjects of practical investigation, receiving the actual encouragement of all civilized governments. The energetic spirit stimulated by the latest teachings of chemical science has reflected constant advance in all other departments of scientific agriculture, such as drainage, irrigation, the improvement of breeds and plants, meteorology, etc.

Agricultural Interests and the Government.—The growth of agriculture and the evolution of enlightened governmental administration have uniformly gone hand in hand. The great distinguishing characteristic of the Dark Ages in Europe was the crushing oppression of the rural population. The lifting of the arbitrary burdens resting on the agricultural class has in all countries marked the beginning of the era of enlarged civil liberty and of diffused intelligence. The marvelous progress of the United States is above all the result of the rapid absorption of lands by its own native citizens and by industrious immigrants from Europe. From the earliest period the Federal Government, having enormous tracts of unoccupied lands at its disposal, pursued an extremely liberal policy to encourage settlement. Thus, in a brief time, every section of the country was peopled and the foundations of a great commonwealth were laid. With the vigorous revival of enterprise and thrift after the Civil War, and the steady advance of immigration, the epoch of abundant, fertile lands obtainable for a nominal price was brought to its close; and the intense rivalry witnessed at the opening of Oklahoma Territory was a demonstration of the practical termination of the era of settlement. In a new country, the soil of which has been accessible to all, the farmers have not been prompt to turn their attention to the strictly scientific aspects of agriculture, yet the government has manifested appreciation of the spirit of the age and the needs of the future by its generous provisions for the founding of agricultural colleges, and by its admirable system of agricultural experiment stations. The latter, like the agricultural colleges, are modeled upon the technical institutions originated in Europe for scientific investigation concerning all the branches of agriculture. The Federal Government makes an annual grant for experiment station purposes to each State and Territory in which an agricultural college is in operation, and some of the States also contribute to the support of the stations. The Department of Agriculture of the National Government is excellently equipped for the promotion of agricultural interests in both practical and experimental aspects. Its Weather Bureau, Bureau of Animal Industries, and various divisions, are constantly performing work of much value, and a great variety of useful information is systematically disseminated.

The following tables give the acreage, value, and production (000 omitted) of the principal agricultural crops in 1919:

BARLEY

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	6	168	286
New Hampshire	1	25	47
Vermont	14	420	630
New York	113	2,486	3,381
Pennsylvania	16	392	502
Maryland	6	198	244
Virginia	15	375	488
Ohio	125	3,150	3,938
Indiana	55	1,430	1,687
Illinois	212	5,724	6,926
Michigan	280	5,320	6,278
Wisconsin	512	13,568	16,417
Minnesota	910	18,200	21,112
Iowa	315	8,032	8,996
Missouri	11	330	429
North Dakota	1,300	14,950	16,146
South Dakota	875	19,250	22,138
Nebraska	217	5,577	5,577
Kansas	600	16,200	16,200
Kentucky	4	100	157
Tennessee	8	176	317
Texas	25	875	980
Oklahoma	50	1,500	1,830
Montana	90	540	756
Wyoming	35	525	919
Colorado	200	3,900	4,680
New Mexico	20	680	748
Arizona	29	1,102	1,543
Utah	24	720	1,015
Nevada	12	420	630
Idaho	120	3,360	4,704
Washington	138	4,140	5,589
Oregon	82	1,886	2,829
California	1,000	30,000	42,300
United States	7,420	165,719	200,419

CORN

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	20	1,100	2,145
New Hampshire	21	1,050	1,785
Vermont	40	2,120	3,710
Massachusetts	44	2,640	4,541
Rhode Island	11	495	921
Connecticut	55	3,300	5,940
New York	820	35,260	58,532
New Jersey	270	10,800	16,524
Pennsylvania	1,536	72,192	106,122
Delaware	230	6,900	10,005
Maryland	693	28,413	39,778
Virginia	1,600	44,800	75,712
West Virginia	735	24,990	40,984
North Carolina	2,900	55,100	101,935
South Carolina	2,340	37,440	73,757
Georgia	4,820	69,890	111,824
Florida	840	12,600	17,640
Ohio	3,700	162,800	196,988
Indiana	4,750	175,750	219,688
Illinois	8,600	301,000	391,300
Michigan	1,650	64,350	88,803
Wisconsin	1,820	85,540	106,925
Minnesota	2,950	118,000	141,600
Iowa	10,000	416,000	499,200
Missouri	5,756	155,412	214,469
North Dakota	508	16,764	23,470
South Dakota	3,200	91,200	108,528
Nebraska	7,030	184,186	224,707
Kansas	4,475	69,362	97,107
Kentucky	3,300	82,500	127,875
Tennessee	3,250	74,750	117,358
Alabama	4,334	62,843	99,920
Mississippi	3,980	59,700	95,520
Louisiana	1,850	32,375	48,562
Texas	6,760	202,800	239,304
Oklahoma	3,100	74,400	94,488
Arkansas	2,707	48,726	79,911
Montana	128	1,728	2,851
Wyoming	48	768	1,267
Colorado	671	11,206	15,913
New Mexico	240	7,200	10,872
Arizona	39	1,287	2,574
Utah	24	432	648
Nevada	3	90	126
Idaho	24	840	1,386
Washington	45	1,620	2,997
Oregon	71	1,860	2,883
California	87	2,871	5,139
United States	102,075	2,917,450	3,934,234

FLAXSEED

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Wisconsin	6	63	271
Minnesota	320	2,880	12,816
Iowa	16	152	638
Missouri	5	48	215
North Dakota	760	3,800	16,758
South Dakota	145	1,160	4,930
Nebraska	3	15	60
Kansas	14	88	334
Montana	410	697	3,067
Wyoming	4	16	56
Colorado	. . . .	. . . .	. . . .
United States	1,683	8,919	39,145

WHEAT

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	12	228	502
Vermont	12	252	572
New York	524	11,178	24,032
New Jersey	109	1,962	4,316
Pennsylvania	1,664	29,055	62,758
Delaware	145	1,740	3,706
Maryland	790	10,665	22,930
Virginia	1,060	12,508	28,018
West Virginia	400	5,400	11,880
North Carolina	850	7,225	16,834
South Carolina	204	1,836	4,737
Georgia	240	2,520	6,628
Ohio	2,860	54,440	115,413
Indiana	2,886	46,020	96,642
Illinois	4,150	65,675	137,918
Michigan	1,035	20,237	42,497
Wisconsin	549	7,355	15,814
Minnesota	4,015	37,710	94,276
Iowa	1,700	23,675	47,350
Missouri	4,296	57,886	120,982
North Dakota	7,770	53,613	129,207
South Dakota	3,725	30,175	72,420
Nebraska	4,384	60,675	122,564
Kansas	11,624	151,001	324,652
Kentucky	1,046	12,029	25,381
Tennessee	810	7,290	16,184
Alabama	138	1,242	3,043
Mississippi	36	504	1,260
Texas	1,900	31,350	62,700
Oklahoma	3,760	52,640	107,912
Arkansas	340	3,230	6,525
Montana	2,221	10,729	25,214
Wyoming	284	4,008	8,497
Colorado	1,459	17,645	35,643
New Mexico	283	6,100	12,200
Arizona	43	1,204	2,709
Utah	304	3,682	7,732
Nevada	29	668	1,429
Idaho	1,030	18,705	38,345
Washington	2,440	40,100	85,814
Oregon	1,126	20,495	43,449
California	900	16,335	33,323
United States	73,243	940,987	2,024,008

COTTON

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bales	Dollars
Virginia	42	22	3,850
North Carolina	1,568	875	154,000
South Carolina	2,881	1,475	263,288
Georgia	5,288	1,730	309,670
Florida	117	17	3,570
Alabama	2,621	715	124,410
Mississippi	2,950	946	177,375
Louisiana	1,532	300	52,500
Texas	10,346	2,700	472,500
Arkansas	2,563	830	151,060
Tennessee	775	298	49,915
Missouri	111	60	10,200
Oklahoma	2,341	930	163,680
California	167	102	21,930
Arizona	116	75	19,125
Other	11	7	1,250
United States	33,344	11,030	1,967,143

OATS

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	169	5,746	5,286
New Hampshire	33	1,221	1,038
Vermont	110	3,960	3,564
Massachusetts	15	570	513
Rhode Island	2	68	65
Connecticut	20	620	546
New York	1,160	29,580	24,551
New Jersey	82	2,460	1,968
Pennsylvania	1,189	36,859	29,487
Delaware	5	115	104
Maryland	65	1,820	1,492
Virginia	240	5,280	5,280
West Virginia	190	4,750	4,322
North Carolina	322	3,767	3,993
South Carolina	510	11,730	12,903
Georgia	540	10,800	12,420
Florida	60	1,140	1,368
Ohio	1,548	51,858	37,338
Indiana	1,825	60,225	41,555
Illinois	4,102	123,060	86,142
Michigan	1,475	36,875	26,181
Wisconsin	2,339	78,123	54,686
Minnesota	3,220	90,160	57,702
Iowa	5,670	196,182	125,556
Missouri	1,417	38,259	27,164
North Dakota	2,400	38,400	25,728
South Dakota	1,850	53,650	33,800
Nebraska	2,133	69,962	45,475
Kansas	1,574	44,229	32,287
Kentucky	440	9,900	9,009
Tennessee	400	9,200	8,556
Alabama	372	6,696	7,031
Mississippi	278	5,282	5,446
Louisiana	75	1,650	1,650
Texas	2,250	94,500	60,480
Oklahoma	1,500	49,500	34,650
Arkansas	420	9,240	8,131
Montana	612	6,120	6,569
Wyoming	315	5,670	6,350
Colorado	249	6,524	5,872
New Mexico	65	2,340	2,223
Arizona	13	533	533
Utah	72	2,448	2,399
Nevada	12	384	384
Idaho	220	7,700	7,546
Washington	320	12,800	11,904
Oregon	347	11,104	10,216
California	175	5,250	5,040
United States	42,400	1,248,310	895,603

POTATOES

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	102	24,480	34,272
New Hampshire	20	2,400	4,200
Vermont	25	3,125	4,906
Massachusetts	33	2,970	5,643
Rhode Island	5	425	765
Connecticut	24	1,680	3,276
New York	363	39,567	57,372
New Jersey	110	10,560	17,846
Pennsylvania	254	25,400	39,116
Delaware	11	913	1,141
Maryland	55	5,170	6,721
Virginia	121	11,495	18,047
West Virginia	57	5,130	8,978
North Carolina	58	4,930	8,036
South Carolina	27	2,295	4,590
Georgia	23	1,610	3,494
Florida	24	1,824	3,830
Ohio	150	9,300	17,856
Indiana	100	4,400	8,580
Illinois	155	8,060	15,798
Michigan	326	28,688	38,729
Wisconsin	300	28,200	39,480
Minnesota	300	26,100	39,933
Iowa	115	4,945	9,494
Missouri	110	8,250	15,180
North Dakota	90	5,670	9,072
South Dakota	90	4,500	8,550
Nebraska	115	6,825	12,018
Kansas	68	5,168	9,819
Kentucky	72	5,040	10,584
Tennessee	48	3,120	5,366
Alabama	44	3,520	7,568
Mississippi	18	1,530	2,830
Louisiana	25	1,600	3,520
Texas	52	3,796	7,972
Oklahoma	44	3,520	7,216
Arkansas	41	3,321	6,808
Montana	47	2,820	4,512
Wyoming	33	2,640	5,016
Colorado	92	11,040	18,768
New Mexico	11	495	940
Arizona	5	350	682
Utah	17	2,397	3,284
Nevada	6	900	1,350
Idaho	36	5,400	8,154
Washington	58	7,250	10,512
Oregon	45	4,230	6,345
California	88	11,352	19,412
United States	4,013	357,901	577,581

BUCKWHEAT

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	17	408	714
New Hampshire	2	52	81
Vermont	9	225	382
Massachusetts	2	44	70
Connecticut	5	100	200
New York	233	5,126	7,433
New Jersey	11	198	297
Pennsylvania	256	5,530	7,742
Delaware	6	108	173
Maryland	14	322	499
Virginia	25	475	736
West Virginia	42	882	1,499
North Carolina	11	209	293
Ohio	26	621	963
Indiana	14	231	346
Illinois	4	72	130
Michigan	48	662	907
Wisconsin	31	502	753
Minnesota	15	240	312
Iowa	7	98	166
Missouri	6	90	166
Nebraska	1	16	29
Tennessee	5	90	135
United States	790	16,301	24,026

RYE

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Vermont	1	17	26
Massachusetts	5	115	201
Connecticut	11	220	440
New York	120	1,932	2,898
New Jersey	81	1,296	2,074
Pennsylvania	228	3,648	5,727
Delaware	2	26	42
Maryland	30	420	685
Virginia	72	828	1,408
West Virginia	20	260	429
North Carolina	90	810	1,701
South Carolina	17	170	502
Georgia	33	294	800
Ohio	115	1,886	2,735
Indiana	380	5,320	7,448
Illinois	250	4,125	5,362
Michigan	900	13,500	17,280
Wisconsin	525	8,295	11,032
Minnesota	522	7,830	10,179
Iowa	70	1,113	1,469
Missouri	60	720	1,080
North Dakota	1,945	15,560	18,828
South Dakota	500	6,500	8,125
Nebraska	408	6,650	7,648
Kansas	200	2,520	3,553
Kentucky	62	744	1,302
Tennessee	31	279	558
Alabama	4	38	99
Texas	7	119	199
Oklahoma	25	350	525
Arkansas	3	28	56
Montana	68	272	503
Wyoming	28	252	454
Colorado	143	1,258	1,635
Utah	18	126	252
Idaho	9	135	236
Washington	20	240	444
Oregon	60	582	1,106
United States	7,063	88,478	119,041

HAY (TAME)

State	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Bushels	Dollars
Maine	1,120	1,456	27,227
New Hampshire	450	675	16,200
Vermont	910	1,456	29,266
Massachusetts	410	656	17,712
Rhode Island	57	86	2,752
Connecticut	340	544	16,429
New York	4,386	6,579	134,870
New Jersey	325	488	14,201
Pennsylvania	2,978	4,318	103,632
Delaware	82	105	2,730
Maryland	450	630	15,120
Virginia	1,100	1,650	39,105
West Virginia	810	1,215	31,104
North Carolina	800	1,040	25,168
South Carolina	275	358	11,098
Georgia	557	613	15,509
Florida	113	141	3,243
Ohio	2,879	3,973	86,611
Indiana	2,200	3,080	66,528
Illinois	3,250	4,810	102,934
Michigan	2,650	3,180	74,412
Wisconsin	2,677	4,738	96,181
Minnesota	2,000	3,800	55,100
Iowa	3,140	5,181	90,149
Missouri	2,810	3,794	73,983
North Dakota	605	908	12,803
South Dakota	890	1,558	21,033
Nebraska	1,769	4,299	60,186
Kansas	1,832	4,507	71,211
Kentucky	1,115	1,561	39,649
Tennessee	1,280	1,792	48,384
Alabama	1,367	1,367	30,484
Mississippi	405	648	13,284
Louisiana	250	450	10,350
Texas	662	1,258	22,644
Oklahoma	700	1,540	23,254
Arkansas	550	770	15,785
Montana	752	827	19,021
Wyoming	605	853	19,619
Colorado	1,065	2,396	44,326
New Mexico	235	646	11,757
Arizona	169	676	13,520
Utah	453	938	20,542
Nevada	225	526	10,310
Idaho	650	1,625	35,750
Washington	794	1,906	43,838
Oregon	854	1,452	27,733
California	2,352	4,257	73,220
United States	56,348	91,326	1,839,967

TOBACCO BY TYPES AND DISTRICTS

I.—Cigar Types

District	Acreage	Production	Total  farm value
	Acres	Pounds	Dollars
New England	35.0	54,400	25,187
New York	3.7	3,483	784
Pennsylvania	41.0	54,120	9,200
Ohio-Miami Valley	40.0	40,000	6,000
Wisconsin	48.0	60,960	13,533
Georgia and Florida	6.2	5,890	3,210
Total cigar types	172.9	218,853	57,914
II.—Chewing, Smoking, Snuff, and Export Types
Burley	313.0	262,920	146,609
Paducah	137.8	110,240	26,458
Henderson	106.5	87,330	17,466
One-sucker	47.5	37,050	6,132
Clarksville and Hopkinsville	126.0	100,800	26,006
Virginia sun-cured	13.0	8,320	2,271
Virginia dark	70.0	47,600	14,280
Old Bright	395.0	201,450	114,020
New Bright	463.0	277,800	118,065
Maryland and eastern Ohio export	33.5	24,120	6,874
Louisiana Perique	.4	174	113
Total chewing, smoking, snuff, and export types	1,705.7	1,157,804	478,294
All other	22.6	12,801	6,339
Total	1,901.2	1,389,458	542,547

RICE

State	Acreage	Production	Total farmvalue
	Acres[1]	Bushels[2]	Dollars[2]
North Carolina	400	10	28
South Carolina	3,700	90	270
Georgia	1,200	29	80
Florida	2,000	42	110
Missouri	600	23	55
Alabama	600	16	43
Mississippi	3,300	96	182
Louisiana	560,000	19,712	53,420
Texas	218,000	6,998	19,594
Arkansas	158,000	6,162	14,789
California	142,000	7,881	21,042
United States	1,089,800	41,059	109,613

Statistics of other products not included in the tables above are as follows: peanuts, 1,251,400 acres, production 33,263,000 bushels, value $79,839,000; beans, 1,018,000 acres, production 11,488,000 bushels, value $49,181,000; sweet potatoes, 1,029,000 acres, production 103,579,000 bushels, value $138,085,000; hops, 23,900 acres, production 29,346,000 pounds, value $22,656,000. The total value of thirteen crops in all the States in 1919 was $12,421,342,000. The total value of live stock on the farms in 1920 amounted to $8,566,313,000.

Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia 1. (1921) New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company. 69-75.

1. Figures in full (000 not omitted).
2. (000 omitted).