INDEX.
A
- Abstinence, two kinds of, 650.
- Absurdities of vulgar economy, 180, 205 note, 241 note, 249, 352, 489, 658, 654, 655, 666, 669, 701, 839, 841.
- Accumulation of capital, its concept, 634; not identical with hoarding, 645; at a faster rate than increase of population increases wages, 678; means increase of profetariat, 674; means concentration of capital and labourers, 685; causes a relative overpopulation (industrial reserve army), 691; its absolute general law, 707; its general law illustrated, 711-717; degrades the labourer, 727-733; primitive, its secret, 784; promoted by public debt, 827; see also Capitalist Accumulation.
- Additions to the text of the fourth German edition of “Capital,” 32.
- Adulteration of commodities, 194, 274, 277.
- Agricultural laborers’ misery in England, 719, 739-773, 779.
- Agricultural revolution in England, 778, 788-805; its reaction on industry, 817.
- American Civil War centralised capital, 847; stimulated improvements in cotton machinery, 473.
- Animals and plants transformed by a continuous process of labor, 202.
- Antagonism between capitalists and laborers, 363.
- Aristotle lacked a concept of value, 69.
B
- Barter, direct, its development, 100.
- Bentham’s dogma of a fixed wage fund, 668
- Burke's observation of compensation of differences in co-operative labor, 354.
C
- “Capital,” the Bible of the working class, 30
- Capital, first, money-capital, 163; its circulation without limits, 170; contradictions in its general formula, 178; merchant’s and money-lender’s does not create any new value, 183; problem of its production posed, 184; its creation accomplished, 217; constant, 232; variable, 283; dead labor sucking living labor, 257; squanders labor power, 581; means command over unpaid labor, 585; not increased by non-consumption, 646; its technical and organic composition, 672; see also Value.
- Capitalist, creates no surplus-value, 638; his individual consumption robs accumulation, 649; Faustian conflict in his breast, 651; net interested in value, but in surplus-value, 351; in the labor-process, 205.
- Capitalist, industrial, his genesis, 822; a lover of force, 824, 826.
- Capitalist Accumulation, its phases reviewed, 640; its historical tendencies, 834-837.
- Capitalist Argument, to conceal true nature of labor process, 218; against ten hours’ day, 240.
- Capitalist Co-operation differs from antique co-operation, 367.
- Capitalist Era, its beginning, 787.
- Capitalist View of production of commodities individualistic, 642.
- Capitalist Production, a production of surplus-value, 558; based on man’s dominion over nature, 563; begets class-struggle, 688; means anarchy in social division of labor and despotism in the workshop, 391.
- Capitalists, denouncing one another, 601; preventing one another from obeying laws, 537.
- Centralisation, its difference from concentration, 686.
- Changes in the original plan of “Capital,”
- Child Labor in England, 268, 284-289, 610, 511.
- Circulation, sweating money, 127; not a source of surplus-valne, 177.
- Classic Economy never understood the process of reproduction, 665, note; see also Political Economy.
- Class-Struggles between creditors debtors in antiquity, 162.
- Coin as money, 140.
- Colonisation, its modern theory, 838; independent labor its obstacle, 840; on a capitalist basis impossible without wage-labor, 843; uncovers secret of capitalist accumulation, 848.
- Commodities, defined, 41; their fetishism, 81; their exchange, 96; explaining their own nature, 95; their relation to their owners, 97; their circulation, 106; their metamorphosis, 116; differentiated from gold, 117; in love with money, 121, their complete metamorphosis, 125.
- Condition of Political Economy in 1848, 17-19
- Constant Capital, see Capital.
- Co-operation, based on division of labor typical of manufacturing period, 369; implies concentration of labor and capital, 862; in antiquity, 366; of machinery, 414; under capitalism develops despotism, 364.
- Co-operative Labor different in from individual labor, 357.
- Corvée, abuse of, 261.
- Cost-Price, 589.
- Cotton Industry, promoted slave breeding industry, 485.
- Credit-System, helps centralisation, 687; grows with national debt, 828
- Crises, cycle of, 31; see also Over-Population, Accumulation, Money, Machinery, Stock Exchange Gambling.
- Crusoe, Robinson, in political economy, 88
D
- Death from over-work, 280.
- Death Rate increased by capitalist production, 282, 434, 435, 510.
- Debt, Public, a lever of primitive accumulation, 827.
- Degeneration of laborer, 270,
- Degradation of laborer by capitalism, 727, 729, 731, 733, 736, 737, 832.
- Difference between English and American edition of “Capital,” 9.
- Diseases caused by capitalist exploitation, 270, 610, 511, 721, 727, 729, 731.
- Division of Labor, necessary for production of commodities, 49; not based on
production of commodities, 49; under manufacture explained, 371; in manufacture and society compared, 385; fatal to free citizenship, 389; in guilds, 394; its stupefying effect on the laborer, 897; increases capitalist authority, 391; in Indian communities, 393; make automaton of laborer, 396.
- Domestic Industry, Modern, 509; employs women and children, 510, 611; cause of overcrowding, 512; an industrial reserve force, 524.
E
- Economy in constant capital through co-operative labor, 355.
- Emigration of laborers meets opposition of masters, 629.
- Engels, his additional work on “Capital,” 82; his ridicule of Malthus, 696.
- Epochs, Economic, distinguished by tools, 200
- Equivalent, see Value.
- Exchange, illustrated, 118; a double process, 122.
- Exchange Value defined and explained, 48; see also Production and Value.
- Excrements of production, 663,
- Experiments, made to intensify labor, 449; in labor legislation made at the expense
of the laborers, 539.
- Exports refute wage fund theory, 670.
- Extinction of English handloom weavers, 471.
F
- Factory, modern, described, 457-466,
- Factory Acts, hasten industrial revolution, 514, 519, 521, 522; circumvented, 265; a curb on the greed for surplus-labor, 263; their effect on sanitation and education in England, 526; regarded as an interference with the rights of capital, 535; hasten concentration of capital, 552.
- Factory Acts Extension Acts, sphere embraced by them, 540; spoil Factory Acts, 541.
- Factory System, ruining handicrafts and manufacture, 492-493; its effect on English cotton industry, 497-501; its enormous power of expansion, 495; its reaction on handicrafts, manufacture, and domestic industries, 502-505.
- Family, its transformation under capitalist production, 511-514.
- Farmer, Capitalist, his genesis, 814.
- Force, an element in primitive accumulation, 809; the midwife of social revolution, 824.
- Forecast of events by averages, 227.
- Freedom, Equality, and Bentham, 196.
- French revolution abolished laborer’s right of association, 813.
G
- Gladatone, hia contradictory speech, 716.
- Gold and Silver, natural money, 102; differences in mining, 160 note; their different weight as a standard of price and medium of circulation, 141; see also Metal.
- Guilds, medieval, tried to prevent trade masters from becoming capitalists, 837.
H
- Handicraft, skill an obstacle to capitalist discipline, 403; revolutionised by modern industry, see Machinery.
- Hegel’s dialectics invented by Marx, 25, 26; law of transformation of quantity into quality, 338.
- Hoarding, see Money.
- Home-Market, conquered by modern industry, 821.
I
- Ideas reflexes of the real world, 91.
- Industrial Reserve Army, caused by accumulation of capital, 591; a necessary condition of capitalist production, 693; a regulator of wages, 699; a check upon the emancipation of labor, 701.
- Industry, Modern, revolutionises agriculture, 553, 778, 788-805; revolutionises handicrafts and manufacture, see Machinery and Accumulation; annihilates peasant, 554; breaks power of resistance of agricultural laborer, 655; increases public debts and taxation, 830.
- Interest, not analyzed in volume I; see volume III
- International spread of “Capital,” 30.
- Internationalism of capitalist production, see World Market.
- Invention causes more invention, 419.
- Inventions of handicraft period, 382.
J
- June Insurrection in France, its effect on ruling class of England, 313.
- Justice of capitalism illustrated, 726.
- Justification of the phrase “value of labor,” 592.
L
- Labor, the common property of commodities, 44; its twofold character, 48; simple average labor in the abstract, 61; skilled, reduced to simple average labor. 51, 52; the cause of the fetishism of commodities, 83; its social character, 84; homogeneous, the secret of social production, 85; in free communities, 90; its property transformed into capitalist property, 140; skilled and unskilled, their difference in value, 220; necessary, 240; has no value, 588; separated from property, 640; co-operative, see Co-Operation; surplus, see Surplus-Labor.
- Labor Fund, its relation to capital, 622.
- Labor Laws in England, from the 14th to the 17th century, 290-304; from 1833-1864, 304-330.
- Labor-Power, general property of labor-Process, 57; bought and sold, 185; a commodity, 186; its value determined, 189; minimum limit of its value, 192; advanced to the capitalist, 193; produces more value than it has itself, 216; its value determined by average necessities of life 568; three laws of determining its value, 569.
- Labor-Process, explained, 203; a productive process, 557.
- Labor Time, a standard measure of value, 45; socially necessary, 46; its assertion as a social law, 86; regulated by competition, 379.
- Laborer, the free, 187; his demand for a normal use of his labor-power, 258; a specialised implement in division of labor, 372; the collective, 383; feeds himself and the capitalist, 621; his productive and individual consumption, 626-628.
- Land, first used as money in the 17th century, 101.
- Law, concerning issue of paper money, 143; of population explained, 681; of value in its international application, 612; of value in general, see Value.
- Legislation against expropriated in England, 805-808, 810-814; in France, 808, 813.
- Leisure, nature’s gift to primitive man, 665.
- Limits of Compensation of rate and mass of surplus-value, 333; see also Surplus-Value.
M
- Machine, collective, 415; a product of modern industry, 418.
- Machinery, its difference from tools, 405; not a means of shortening labor time under capitalism, 405; uses more tools than man, 408; the starting point of industrial revolution, 410; more exact than skilled labor, 420; its giant power, 421; differences in its wear and tear, 423; ita capacity for speed, 425; its Productivity, 427; substituted for half-time laborers, 429; increases female and child labor, 400; develops slave trade in white children, 432; increases death rate among laborers, 434; undermines morality, 435, 436; prevents education of children, 437-439; prolongs working day, 440; its twofold wear and tear, 441; its moral depreciation, 442; increases relative surplus-value, 443; reduces variable capital relatively, 444; intensifies contradictions of capitalist production, 445; in antiquity lightened labor, 446; intensifies exploitation, 447; fought by laborers, 467; its use forbidden by law, 467-468; increases profits, 476; does not compensate working people for loss of employment, 479, 481; lowers consumption of commodities, 480; under capitalism and in a free society compared, 482; in one industry increases production in another, 484; animate and inanimate, 631.
- Malthus, his queer division of labor between accumulating and spending exploiters, 653; his “Essay on Population,” 675; his “Principles of Political Economy,” 696.
- Malthnsianism exploded, 676, note.
- Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees, 674.
- Manufacture, its twofold rise, 369, 370; its two fundamental forms, 375; its narrow technical basis, 404; modern, in operation, 506-509; ruined by machinery, see Machinery.
- Mass, of profit, see Profit; of surplus-value, see Surplus-Value.
- Market, see Home-Market and World-Market.
- Marx's method explained by himself, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25; method of quotation, 30, 33; quotation from Gladstone vindicated, 34-39.
- Materialist Conception of History, 15, 22,
- Means of Production, necessary for reproduction, 620; see also Constant Capital.
- Mercantilists and Free Traders, their misconception of value, 70.
- Metal, ita weight in silver and copper arbitrarily fixed by law, 142; see also Gold, Silver, and Money.
- Mill, John Stuart, his superiority over the mercantilists, 566; his misinterpretation of profits, 567; his excessive generalisations, 567; an apologist of the wage fund theory, 669.
- Mind, Human, operating on materials, after the fact, 87.
- Mines’ Inspection Act, a dead letter, 642; farce of questioning witnesses, 543-551,
- Misery of British industrial proletariat, 718.
- Modern Industry, see Industry, Machinery, and Accumulation.
- Money, the universal equivalent, 99; its magic, 105; a measure of value, 106; wild theories of, 108; its two functions as a measure of value and a standard of price, 109; historical origin of its names, 112; its currency, 128; keeps up the continuity of circulation, 130; ita change of place in simple circulation, 131; effect of its rise or fall on the prices of commodities, 132; its quantity in circulation determined by volume of production, 134; its currency a reflex of circulation of commodities, 132; its quantity determined by sum of prices and velocity of exchange, 137; mutual compensation of factors in its currency, 138; erroneous opinion concerning determination of its quantity in circulation, 139; paper, symbolising gold and silver, 144; replaced by tokens, 146; hoarding of, 146; buried by Hindoos, 147; its power, 148; bounds of its efficacy, 149; a means of payment, 151; development of special institutions for its payment, 154; its contradictory character expressed through crises, 155; its rise as a means of credit, 156; universal, 159; reserve, 161; its transformation into capital, 163; the beginning and end of value, 172; its international value, 613; probable form of its primitive accumulation, 623.
- Moore, Samuel, and Aveling, Edward, translators of the first volume of "Capital," 27, 28.
- Morality, of capitalism illustrated, 265, 273, 274, 278, 279, 287, 292, 294, 302, 311, 319, 321, 389, 3%, 446, 725; of working people destroyed by capitalism, 283, 432, 433, 485, 436, 501, 507, 508.
- Mysteries of trades, 532.
N
- National Debt, see Debt.
- Natural forces cost capital nothing, 422.
- Nature, the basis of the labor-process, 199, 201, 227, 230; its two economic classes, 562; and labor-power primary wealth creators, 662.
- Night Work opposed by laborers, 277.
- Nomad Races the first to develop the money form, 101.
O
- Original Plan of "Capital," 7.
- Over-Crowding of laborer by capitalism, 728, 729, 731.
- Over-Population, Relative, caused by accumulation of capital, 691; its different forms, 703.
- Over-Production, see Over-Population, Accumulation, Industrial Reserve Army, and Machinery.
- Over-Time paid extra, 598.
- Over-Work shortening life, 270, 272, 275, 279.
P
- Pauperism a form of relative over-population, 706.
- Physiocrats, consider only agricultural labor as productive, 559; their Tableau Economique, 647.
- Piece Wages, a converted form of time wages, 602; irrationality of their form, 604; their characteristic peculiarities, 605; a form of the sweating system, 606; compared with time wages, 607; in vogue since the 14th century, 608; the general rule under the Factory Acts, 609; lowered in proportion as the number of prices increases, 610; see also Wages.
- Plato's Republic on division of labor, 402.
- Political Economy, as a science a product of manufacturing period, 400; in antiquity dwells most on use-value and quality, 401; classic, could not explain price or value, 589, 590; stuck in its bourgeois skin, 694; its condition in 1848, 17, 19; vulgar, see Absurdities.
- Precious Metals, their increase accompanied by a fall in prices, 133; see also Metal, Money, Gold, and Silver.
- Price, the money-form of commodities, 107; its fluctuations explained, 111; the money-name of labor, 114; without value, 115; affected by changes in labor time, 120; of products of handicrafts and machinery compared, 426.
- Productivity, its effect on value, 53; depends on proficiency of laborer and perfection of tools, 374; declared to be no concern of the laborer's, 611.
- Production and Reproduction without "abstinence," 656.
- Production of commodities converted into capitalist production, 648.
- Production of use-value and exchange value compared, 218; see also Exchange Value and Use-Value.
- Profit, according to classic economy, 626; not analyzed in volume I, see volume III.
- Property, its different forms, 89.
- Protective Legislation for children benefits also the adult, 538.
- Protestantism changed holidays into working days, 303 note.
- Public Auction of children, 433,
- Public Debt, see Debt.
- Public Opinion a tool of capitalists, 632,
- Purchase, the second metamorphosis of commodities, 123.
Q
- Quesnay's Riddle for vulgar economists, 851
R
- Railway System encourages short orders, 623.
- Rate of Profit, not analysed in volume I; see volume III.
- Rate of Surplus-Value, see Surplus-Value.
- Raw Materials supplied by nature are not capital, 661.
- Reception of "Capital" in Germany, 20.
- Reduction of labor time under capitalism produces intensification of exploitation, 456.
- Relay System, 282.
- Religion a reflex of the real world, 91.
- Rent, not analysed in volume I; see volume III
- Reproduction, see Capitalist Production.
- Reserve Army, Industrial, created by modern industry, 533; see also Industrial Reserve Army, Accumulation, and Machinery.
- Revolution, see Capitalist Production, Agricultural Revolution, Factory System, and Industry.
- Ricardo, his insufficient analysis of value, 92, 666; his three laws of value, 569-573; his errors, 574.
- Rodbertus, his own detractor, 583.
- Roman Empire, its failure to collect all contributions in money, 157.
- Roscher's nursery economics, 355, note.
- Rumford's receipts for cheap living, 659.
S
- Sale, the first metamorphosis of commodities, 119.
- Schools, technical and agricultural, 534.
- Self-earned Money of capitalists, 637.
- Sentimentality in economics, 192.
- Silver, see Gold, Metal, and Money.
- Slave Labor is unpaid labor, 691.
- Smith, Adam, contended that additional capital is consumed by laborer, 646; supposed that social capital was only variable capital, 647.
- Social Laws, mistaken by bourgeois for natural laws, 98, 709; evolved by natural processes, 373.
- Soul of Capital, surplus-value, 257.
- Speculation, see Stock Exchange Gambling.
- Stock Companies 4 means of centralisation, 68.
- Stock Exchange Gambling promoted by public debt, 827.
- Sunday Work, 278; double standard of justice in regard to it, 291, note,
- Superintendence creates no value, 215.
- Supply and Demand no explanation for value or price, 689; used and abused by capitalists, 702.
- Surplus-Labor, 241; not invented by capital, 259; its intermediate forms, 559; its natural basis, 661; appears as paid labor, 591.
- Surplus-Product, its concept, 635; becomes property of capitalist by virtue of laws of commodity production, 642.
- Surplus-Value, absolute, its concept, 345, 559; its production, 197; the end of capitalist production, 207; its rate, 235; calculation of its rate, 242; produced only by variable capital, 237; its rate mass, 331; its mass varies in direct proportion to the variable capital, 335; relative, its concept, 1342, 546, 559; explained in detail, 347; three laws determining its magnitude, 569; its nature concealed by capitalist production, 585; converted into capital, 636; divided into capital and revenue, 648.
- Survival of the Fittest among agricultural laborers of England, 296.
- Symbols of money and commodities, 103.
T
- Tableau Economique, see Physiocrats.
- Taxation a product of national loans, 829.
- Taxes payable in kind a means of preserving the old order, 158.
- Terminology of “Capital” explained, 29.
- Time Wages, 594; see also Wages.
- Trade Unions desire to share benefits of improved machinery, 611, note.
- Traffic in human flesh, 294.
- Transition from manufacture to machine production, its different forms, 517.
U
- Unemployed, parade in Landon, 736; see also Over-Population and Machinery.
- Unproductive Laborers, their increase, 487.
- Ure, denouncing law for reduction of labor time as a retrogression, 299.
- Use-Value, defined and explained, 42; without exchange value, 47, 48; as quality compared to exchange-value as quantity, 52, 53; see also Value and Production.
V
- Value, its substance and form, 41-96; crystallised human labor, 45; by labor time illustrated, 47; as a relation and an equivalent, 56; equivalent form illustrated, 58; relative and absolute compared, 63; its elementary form, 71; its expanded relative form, 72; its particular equivalent form, 73; defects of its expanded form, 74; its general form, 76; interdependent development of its forms, 78; its transition from the general to the money form, 79; its creation explained, 208; how transferred to the product in production, 992: of constant capital transferred to the product, 234; represented by different parts of the product, 245; of commodities in inverse ratio to productivity, 350; surplus, see Surplus-Value; in use, see Use Value; exchange, see Exchange Value.
- Variable Capital, see Capital.
- Vulgar Economy, see Ahsurdities.
W
- Wage Laborer, his incessant reproduction the indispensable condition of capitalist production, 625.
- Wages, the price of labor-power, 586; nominal rise may be actual fall, 579; not equal to full value of product, 587; their variations, 695; lower with longer working hours, 699; compared internationally, 614, 615; do not rise or fall in proportion as productivity varies, 616; their forcible reduction a means of accumulation, 657; their general movement regulated by industrial reserve army, 699; regulated by laws of distribution of population, 700; see also Piece Wages, Time Wages, and Variable Capital.
- Wage Fund, according to Bentham, 668; according to Fawcett, 669.
- Water and Wind as motive powers, 411.
- Watt's genius shown by proclaiming the universality of the steam engine, 412.
- Wealth, National, measured by relative magnitude of surplus produce, 254; its primary creators labor-power and land, 662
- Work, unsanitary, a source of disease, 271
- Working Day, indeterminate, 256; capitalist idea of, 290; summary of its two historical stages in England, 326-330.
- World-Market, 828-834.
X
- Xenophon’s bourgeois instinct shown by his idea of division of labor, 402.