Diplomacy and the Study of International Relations/Part 2

by D. P. HEATLEY

THE LITERATURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Contents

• 1. Introductory. The scope of the study of diplomacy

  Le Guide Diplomatique

• 2. General guide

  Les Archives de l'Histoire de France

• 3. Juristic literature: Development of International Understandings as 'Law'
  • 1.

  (a) Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations. His general conclusions

  (b) Nys, Les Origines du Droit International

  (c) Walker, A History of the Law of Nations (to the Peace of Westphalia)

  • 2. Treatises of International Law

    Those influential for each age

    Vattel: his standpoint

    Fox on Vattel

    Vattel appealed to on contraband

    Sir James Mackintosh on Vattel and his predecessors

    Martens (G. F. von): his positivism

    Importance assigned by him to treaties

    His interpretation of the balance of power

    Effect of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon

    Wheaton: an estimate of his Elements of International Law

    More recent writers

    Sir Robert Phillimore: the value of his Commentaries to the student of History

    His interpretation of the balance of power

    Sir Travers Twiss: his 'Juridical Review' of the results of recent wars, and his presentation of treaties

    His tribute to Grotius

    His estimate of the effects of the French Revolution

    The parts of his work of value to the student of History

    W. Hall: his attachment to facts, and historical treatment of subjects

    Causes célebres du droit des gens

    Sir Frederick Pollock on international law and the government of the Society of Nations

• 4. Illustrations of controversial literature

  'The Sovereignty of the Sea'

  Samuel Pepys and 'our making of strangers strike to us at sea'

  Mr. S. R. Gardiner on the assertion of the sovereignty of the sea: a 'monstrous' claim

  Its considerable importance

  Gentili and Spanish claims

  Three British writers

  • 1. William Welwod

    The Sea-Law of Scotland: a book extremely rare

    An Abridgement of all Sea-Lawes: its scope

    Its chapter 'Of the Community and Propriety of the Seas'.

    An allusion to Grotius's Mare Liberum

    Continuity and identity

    Welwod's distinction: Welwod and Grotius

    Welwod's De Dominio Maris

    Seldcn and Welwod

  • 2. Selden

    The controversy a 'battle of books'; and more

    Grotius's Mare Liberum and Selden's Mare Clausum

  • 3. Boroughs: The Sovereignty of the British Seas

    The occasion of writing it.

    The occasion of publishing it

    An analysis of the work

    The riches of the British seas

    The need for asserting rights, and for learning lessons from the Hollanders

    'The most precious Jewell of his Maiesties Crowne'

• 5. Treaties

  'Les archives des nations'

  The relation of a treaty to 'the law'

  Collections of Treaties: General, British, Originals of British Treaties

• 6. Maps; and their historical background

  The Map of Europe by Treaty: its high value

• 7. Supplementary reading
  • 1. (a) Machiavelli

    (b) Guicciardini

    (c) Aphorismes Civill and Militarie

    Thucydides and Tacitus

  • 2. 'Anti-Machiavel'
  • 3. (a) Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell

    (b) Clarendon, History of the Rebellion

    (c) Oliver Cromwell's foreign policy

  • 4. Gentilis, (a) De Legationibus, and (b) De Abusu Mendacii
  • 5. (a) Vera, Le Parfait Ambassadeur (traduit de l'Espagnol par le Sieur Lancelot)

    (b) Wicquefort, L'Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions

    Translation by John Digby

    (c) Callieres, De la Manière de negocier avec les Souverains

    (d) Martens (Charles de), Le Guide Diplomatique

    Scope of the work

    (e) Satow, A Guide to Diplomatic Practice

  • 6. (a) Frederick the Great, L'Histoire de mon Temps

    When alliances may be broken

    The interest of the State and of rulers: seizing the occasion

    (b) Clausewitz, On War

    Allies and the means of defence

    Influence of the political object on the military

    War an instrument of policy

  • 7. Sorel, L'Europe et la Révolution française
  • 8. Malmesbury, Diaries and Correspondence
  • 9. Bernard, Four Lectures on Subjects connected with Diplomacy
  • 10. Holland, Studies in International Law
  • 11. Parliamentary Reports and Papers on diplomatic practice and procedure

• 8. Literature of recent British diplomacy

  Historical Works

  The Crown, Ministers, Parliament, and the conduct of Foreign Policy

  The Letters of Queen Victoria

  Memoirs and Biographies

  Parliamentary and State Papers

• 9. Literature of international ethics
  • 1. Citizenship of the world
  • 2. The mediaeval ideal
  • 3. Projects of Perpetual Peace

  L'Abbé de Saint-Pierre, Projet de la Paix perpétuelle

  The link in the Projects of Saint-Pierre, Rousseau, Bentham, and Kant

  Rousseau

  - The problem expressed in terms of the Social Contract

  - Rousseau and the study of international relations

  - His contribution to the promulgation of Projects of Perpetual Peace

  Bentham

  - Two 'fundamental propositions' of his 'Plan'

  - The establishment of a common tribunal

  - Colonies and trade and war

  - The international sanction

  - The place of Bentham's Plan in his scheme of thought

  Kant

  - His insistence on conditions to be satisfied

  - The essay 'Perpetual Peace', and Kant's political thought

  - The agreement of Rousseau and Kant : the supra-national disposition

  Politics and Ethics

  - Conclusions of two recent English thinkers

  The Family of Nations

  Hooker on the Law of Nations