Historic Highways of America/Volume 16/Index

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Index (1905)
by Archer Butler Hulbert

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INDEX

ABEL, Robert, subscribes toward improvement of Wilderness Road, 6, 198.
Abel's (tavern) 12, 119.
Abercrombie, General: menaces Ticonderoga, 5, 73; Forbes's letter to, 108–109; Forbes fails to hear from, 156.
Abert, Lieut. Col. J. J., surveys Potomac Valley for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
Aboriginal Occupation of the Lower Genesee Country, Harris, cited, 2, 85.
Acheson. T. C., stagecoach proprietor, 10, 136.
Adair, Major, attacked on St. Clair's road, 8, 183.
Adams, President J. Q.: lost in woods between Baltimore and Washington, 11, 69; toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823) 13, 73; lifts first spadeful of earth in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 104; oration, 105.
Adams's, William, 6, 108.
Adams's, 10, 160.
"Aeolus," Benjamin H. Latrobe describes sail-car, 13, 127.
Akron (Ohio), strategic location of, 1, 67.
Albach, Annals of the West, cited, 8, 156–158.
Albany and Oswego, map of route between, 12, 97.
Alexandria (Virginia): Braddock's army at, 4, 59; route of Braddock's army from, 76–77; early mention of, 12, 66.
Allaquapy's Gap, 5, 20.
Allegheny Portage Railway, see Railway.
Allen, James Lane: The Blue Grass Region of Kentucky, cited, 1, 127; 6, 16; describes character of early Kentucky immigration, 6, 176–178.
Allen, Jason, letter of Samuel Allen to, quoted, 12, 64–77.
Allen, John P., 12, 70.
Allen, Samuel: letter to Jason Allen describing trip to Ohio valley (1796) 12, 64–77; loses child while immigrating, 67–70.
Alliquippa, Queen, 9, 38.
American Annual Register, quoted on roads, 11, 68.
American Antiquarian, cited, 1, 90.
American Bottom, Dickens describes, 12, 188–196.
"American Eagle," 10, 155.
American Historical Review, cited, 9, 58.
American House, 10, 159, 163.
American Pioneer: cited, 6, 182; 9, 118–125; quoted, 9, 109–110, 125–127; 12, 88–94.
Amherst, Lord: attacks Louisbourg, 5, 73; underestimates Indians, 170; sends Bouquet troops, 176; Bouquet writes from Bushy Run battlefield to, 180.
Amphitheatre, Lafayette, Erie Canal inaugural ball in, 14, 149–150.
Anderson's, 6, 108.
Andrew's, 12, 129.
Annual Report of Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1902, quoted, 9, 206.
Archæological remains: on watersheds, 1, 69 et seq.; highland location of, 80, 81, 82; located near present-day roads, 83–85.
Archy's Spring, Washington at, 12, 23.
"Arks," species of river-boat, 9, 127.
Armstrong, Capt. John: Journal of Harmar's march and defeat, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.; in Harmar's defeat, 103–104.
Armstrong, Col. John: defender of the Pennsylvania frontier, 5, 55; conducts Kittanning campaign, 60–61; advises General Forbes, 94–95; letter to Bouquet referred to Forbes, 109; favors new road, 114; letter to Richard Peters, cited, 150.
Arnold, Benedict, Prof. Smith describes Quebec campaign of, 7, 115–118.
Arrowsmith's Map of the United States, (part of) 8, 117.
Athanasius, Indians at Braddock's defeat led by, 4, 123.
Atkinson, A. T., describes Braddock's route, 4, 175–190.
Atkin's Ordinary, 6, 124.
Attique, location of, 9, 37.
Atwater, Caleb: Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, 1, 92; on failure of sons of rich eastern families in the West, 6, 36; Tour, cited, 10, 84.
Aubrey, Grant defeated by (1758), 5, 178.
Audubon, describes Ohio flatboating, 9, 113–118.
Ayres Point, see Elkhorn Prairie.

BACKWOODS, British officer's description of life in Virginia, 4, 137–164.
Bailey and McInnes, Geological Report of 1888, quoted, 7, 104.
Bailey, St. John River, cited, 7, 105.
Baily, Francis: A Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America, quoted, 11, 106–150; prophesies (1796) that Georgetown will be absorbed by Washington, 11, 117; recounts incidents of trip from Washington to Pittsburg, 118–143; on independence of American character, 123; travels from Columbia, Ohio, northward, 144–150.
Bainbridge (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 28.
Baker, George A., The St. Joseph–Kankakee Portage, quoted, 7, 176–180.
Baker, William, 6, 199.
Baldwin, Early Maps of Ohio and the West, cited, 2, 99.
Ball, Thomas, 6, 201.
Ballard, Mrs. A. J., possesses Lieut. William Clark's Journal, 8, 205.
Ballston (New York): inns full at, 12, 118; mineral waters at, 118.
Baltimore: Potomac Canal Company bill objected to by citizens of, 13, 69–70; canal connection with West desired by citizens of, 70–72; disappointed at estimated cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 87–89; threatened by loss of western trade, 89–91; rivals criticise, 91–93; promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 95–98; foundation stone of Baltimore and Ohio Railway laid at, 106–110.
Bangar, Goldsbrow, 14, 26.
Barber, Daniel, 6, 202.
Barber, Thos., 6, 202.
Barbourville (Kentucky), 6, 63.
Bargemen, western, described, 9, 161–163.
Baringer's, Widow, 4, 76, 87.
Barker, James, 12, 145.
Barnes's, 10, 156.
Barney, Lieut. Joshua, locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109, 110.
Barringer, President, on influence of good roads on land values, 15, 44–45.
Batavia (New York) in 1805, 12, 138–141.
Batavia Woods (New York), bad reputation of, 12, 141.
Bay, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87.
Bayard, William, 14, 60, 178.
Bayle's, 10, 164.
Bay Path, see Old Connecticut Trail.
Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, cited, 2, 75.
Beach, E. S., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
Beach, R., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
Beale's, 12, 117.
Bean, Dr., accompanies Francis Baily in Ohio, 11, 145.
Bean's, Letty, 11, 142.
Beaujeu, M. de: plans to delay Braddock, 4, 121; in Braddock's Defeat, 122–126.
Beard, Adam, Dr. Walker annoyed by, 6, 56.
Beason, Jonas, opens books for subscriptions to old Northwestern Turnpike; 12, 31.
Beatty, Cornelius, subscribes to fund for repairing Wilderness Road, 6, 200.
Beausejour, Winslow captures, 5, 68.
Beaver, early military expeditions favored by dams of the, 7, 171.
Beck's, 10, 160.
Bedinger, George M., 6, 200.
Bedinger, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
Belknap, History of New Hampshire, quoted, 7, 119–121.
Belknap, Dr., Map of Wayne's route in the Maumee Valley, 8, 197.
Belleville (Illinois), Charles Dickens at, 12, 189–190.
Bellin, Partie Occidentale de la Nouvelle France, cited, 7, 50.
Bellville (West Virginia): formerly Flinn's Station, 12, 64; description of (1796), 75–76.
Benjamin, Dr. Marcus, on "Key of Keys," 4, 78.
Bent, Mr., at Marietta (Ohio), 12, 44.
Benton, Caleb, 12, 148, 150.
Benton, Elbert Jay, The Wabash Trade Route, cited, 7, 164.
Benton, Stephen, 12, 148, 150.
Benton, Thomas, on Buffalo routes, 1, 79.
Bernard, Gen. Simon: outlines route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78; estimates cost of, 78–87; estimate proved correct, 161.
Big Bottom Massacre: site of, 2, 116; 8, 109; effect of, 110–111.
Bigelow, Timothy, Journal of a Tour to Niagara Falls in the year 1805, quoted, 12, 117–142.
"Big Rock," 2, 63.
Billings, John S., 14, 12.
Bingham, the bookseller, 12, 118.
Bird's Road, in Kentucky, 6, 180–181.
Birkbeck, Morris: describes Old Glade Road, 5, 200–202; Letters from Illinois, quoted, 201–202.
"Black Bear," 10, 161.
"Black Commission," in modern Erie Canal, 14, 197.
Blackburn, Colonel, appointed on committee concerning Potomac improvement, 13, 50.
Blacksburg (Virginia), 6, 58.
Black's, Mr., at foot of Blue Ridge, 6, 108.
Black's, 10, 159.
Blair's Gap, Allegheny Portage Railway in, 13, 191.
Blanchard, Col. Joseph, raises New Hampshire Militia, 7, 119.
Blane, Alexander, subscribes toward Wilderness Road improvement, 6, 199.
Blane, John, 6, 199.
Bledsoe's, Captain, 6, 102.
Blesser's, 12, 62.
Bloody Island, St. Louis's duelling ground, 12, 196.
Bloomfield (New York) in 1805, 12, 136.
Blue Licks, Battle of, 6, 129, 174.
Blue Point (Illinois), Vincennes Trace passes near, 8, 50.
Blue Ridge, Walker crosses, 6, 58.
Bollman, Eric, letter describing western trip in 1796, 12, 77–88.
Bollman, H. L., 12, 77.
Bollman, Lewis, 12, 77.
Bond, Mr., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
Bonnécamps, Father: compares French and American forests, 7, 62; Journal, cited, 9, 22; map of Ohio River (1749), 24.
Boone, Daniel: Autobiography, cited, 1, 113; on buffalo roads, 113; opened road on Indian trail, 2, 15; Kentucky described by, 6, 32–33; at Fort Watauga treaty, 42–43; explores Kentucky, 79, 83, 88; negotiates Watauga Treaty, 92–93; letter to Henderson, 143; vital importance of Henderson's settlement described by, 143; letter to Governor Isaac Shelby asking for contract to improve Wilderness Road, 203–204.
Boonesborough (Kentucky): plat of, 6, 97; early days of, 115–117.
Boone's-town (Pennsylvania), Francis Baily at, 11, 125–126.
Boscowen, Admiral, at Louisbourg, 5, 73.
Boston Ordinary, 4, 194.
Bostwick, David, granted stage monopoly, 12, 150.
Bosworth, Squire, 12, 31.
Bouchette, Topographical Dictionary, cited, 7, 109.
Bouck, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149; nominated for governor, 172, 174, 175.
Bounty Land, Dinwiddie's proclamation of 1754 concerning, 3, 126.
Bouquet, Col. Henry: Journal, cited, 2, 107; road described, 125; Bouquet Papers, cited, 4, 193; 5, 77; commands Royal Americans, 5, 74; Forbes hurries, to the frontier, 77; letter to Forbes, May 20, 77; outlines route to Raystown, 78; letter to Forbes, June 28, 79; arrives at Raystown, 79; arrives at Carlisle, May 24, 85; letter from St. Clair suggesting change of route received by, 84; letter to Forbes, concerning Washington's regiment, 85; orders Washington to Fort Cumberland, 85; all routes examined by, 89; Forbes commends his carefulness in deciding on routes, 89–90; letter to Forbes, July 21, on road question, 96–100; Forbes refers decision of road question to, 108; letter to Forbes (July 26) reporting favorably on Pennsylvania road, 109–111; Fort Pitt relieved by, 176–182; Amherst gives limited assistance to, 176; delicate position of, 176–177; Fort Ligonier named by, 178; Battle of Bushy Run won by, 178–182; letter to Amherst, from Bushy Run battlefield, 180.
Bouquet's Redoubt at Fort Pitt, view of, 5, 184.
Bowie, R. W., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Bowman, Capt. John: Journal, quoted, 8, 44; early publications, 44; campaign (1779), up Little Miami, 75; commands a company in Clark's force, 222.
Boyd's, 6, 121.
Böye, Herman, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 44.
Boyer, Lieutenant, Journal of Wayne's Campaign, cited, 8, 205, et seq.
Boyle's, 12, 49, 80.
Braddock, Gen. Edward: character of, 4, 36–38; code of honor of, 37; creditable services, 37–38; Walpole on 37–38; adored at Gibraltar, 38; Duke of Cumberland's instructions to, 38–42, 42–51; ordered by Cumberland to Virginia, 43; expected to besiege Niagara, 47; outline of proposed campaign of, 42–51; impracticability of orders given to, 51–58; prophesies his own death, 53; dependent on Sir John St. Clair, 54; Virginia's lack of wagons and horses handicaps, 55; campaign should have been made through Pennsylvania, 55–57; the victim of treachery, 57; low character of troops under, 58–59; army reaches Alexandria, 59; indifference of colonies to, 61–75; colonial assemblies refuse money for, 64–65; manuscript letters, preservation of, 65; colonial troops criticised by, 67; praised by, 211; dependence on Benjamin Franklin, 68; failure of colonies to provide Indians for, 73; letters to British Ministry, 67–75; orderly books, quoted, 76; itinerary of troops from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland, 76–77; horse races in camp to amuse, 90; addresses Indians at Fort Cumberland, 92–93; beef for troops under, condemned, 93; chaplains in army under, 94; officers receive eleven wagon loads of presents, 96; wagons arrive at Fort Cumberland, 96; size of army (May 24, 1755), 97; seaman's account of defeat of, 101–107; leaves Fort Cumberland, 108; progress toward Fort Duquesne, 108–109; Franklin's prediction concerning defeat of, 109; Washington describes march of, 110, 114–115; decides to divide his army, 111; advances from Little Crossings with flying column, 111; Indians not supplied to, 112–114; arrives at the Youghiogheny River, 115; arrives at Turtle Creek, 117; scripture cited to justify victory of, 118; subscriptions started to celebrate victory of, 119; ballad celebrating expected victory of, 119; arrives at Monongahela River, 120; plan of Beaujeu to delay, 121; Beaujeu chooses spot for entrapping Braddock, 123; caution of, 124; defeat of, 124–131; topography explains the defeat of, 126–128; mortality at defeat of, 130; wounded, 130; retreats, 131; last hours of, 133; location of graves of, 133–134; view of, frontispiece; effect of the defeat of, 135; mutinous condition of troops under, 145–146; diet of troops under, 149–152; rumored retreat of, 156–157; Indians of, defeated by French Indians, 163; British officer describes defeat of, 165; route of army between Alexandria and Cumberland, 179–182; friends chosen by, in America, 211; Washington searches for grave of, 211; willow slip from St. Helena planted beside grave of, 212; Pontiac present at defeat of, 5, 171.
Braddock, Fanny, death of, 4, 37.
Braddock Fields, topography of, 4, 125.
Braddock Run House, 10, 160.
Bradley, Map of the United States, cited, 12, 25.
Bradshaw's, 10, 161.
Brant, Joseph: at St. Clair's defeat, 8, 163; interviews United States commissioners, 188; disagrees with western Indians, 189.
Brashear's, 10, 160.
Breckinridge, Robert, 6, 197.
Bremen Station (Illinois), see Welge Station.
Brent, Charles, 12, 30.
Bridge at "Big Crossings" (Pennsylvania), view of, 10, frontispiece.
Bridges, made of poles, 12, 137.
Brien's, 12, 49.
Briggs, engineer of Erie Canal, 14, 149.
Briley's Mill, 6, 110.
Brissot, Jean Pierre, New Travels in the United States, quoted, 11, 109.
British: conflict of Spaniards with, in Mississippi Valley, 6, 170; responsible for Indian War, 8, 76–77.
British Newspaper Accounts of Braddock's Defeat, cited, 4, 126.
Brock's Bridge, 4, 194.
Brokaw, Obadiah, farm, site of Big Bottom Massacre, 2, 116.
Brokenstraw Creek, 9, 29.
Bromeling's, 12, 118.
Bromley, Captain, interment of, 4, 94.
Brown, History of the First Locomotives in America, cited, 13, 129, 130.
Brown, Alexander, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Brown, Col. John Mason, 6, 197.
Brown, George: promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 95–98; treasurer of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 110.
Brown, James, 6, 197.
Brown, John, 6, 197.
Brown, Thomas, 12, 31.
Brown, William: itinerary on Braddock's Road, 4, 194–196; itinerary on Wilderness Road, 6, 123–130.
Brown, William H., letter of Peter Cooper to, 13, 129.
Buchanan, Judge, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal injunction granted by, 13, 101.
"Buck's," 10, 155.
Buckeye Hotel, 10, 163.
Buell, Journal, cited, 1, 114.
Buffalo: bones not found in mounds, 1, 102; range of, 103; habits of, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; History of American Bison, 128; migrations of, 129, 130; killed by George Rogers Clark's troops in Illinois, 8, 50; white men follow traces of, 12, 28; see Trace.
Buffalo Gap (Illinois), 8, 23, 27.
Buffalo (New York): Erie Canal celebration at, 14, 138–140; ceremony of wedding the Atlantic to Great Lakes at, 150.
Buford, Abe, 6, 199.
Bulger, Maj. Edward, 6, 129.
Bullitt, Alexander S., 6, 197.
Bullock, Leonard Henley, 6, 91.
Bullock Pens, on Forbes's Road, 5, 186.
Bullstown (West Virginia), Washington mentions portage at, 13, 41.
Bunker Hill, Clark's men advance on Vincennes by way of, 8, 60.
Buntin, Capt. Robert, letter to St. Clair, on aspect of Wabash battle-ground, 8, 157.
Burd, see Byrd.
Burdett, Frederick, 12, 31.
Burdine, Pete, famous stagecoach driver, 10, 133.
Bureau of Ethnology. Reports of: 1, 38 et seq.; 2, 65.
Burnay, David, 6, 133.
Burnet, Notes, cited, 9, 132.
Burt, Major, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
Burton, Lieutenant Colonel: advance of, from Little Crossings, 4, 111; in Braddock's defeat, 126, 127.
Bury, Exodus of the Western Nations, cited, 5, 38.
Bush, Philip, Jr., 6, 202.
Bushy Run, battle of, 5, 178–182.
Butcher, Eli, 12, 31.
Buteux, Father, journey on Canadian trails, 2, 35–43.
Butler County (Ohio): archæological remains in, 1, 54; Atlas of, 8, 195.
Butler, Gen. Richard: locates Fort Finney, 1, 59; Journal, quoted, 121–127; Washington writes to, on internal improvements, 3, 198; appointed second in command United States Army, 8, 119; raises recruits, 120; reaches Pittsburg, 121; success of, 122; ordered to Fort Washington peremptorily, 123; rebuked by Washington, 123–124; orders not obeyed, 124; testifies at Harmar's court martial, 129; reaches Fort Hamilton, 130; advances northward, 130–131; ordered to proceed in three columns, 131; advances from Fort Hamilton, 132; alters St. Clair's plan of march, 133; apologizes to St. Clair, 136; disaffection of, 137; explores route for army, 138; requests command of flying column, 141; conduct excused, 142; Slough reports to, 151; activity in battle, 153; responsible for defeat, 158; death of, 159; Pittsburg in mourning for, 177; letter to General Irvine on rough social conditions in West, 9, 66.
Butler, Major: in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 152; points out where General Butler's remains were to be found, 203.
Butler, ex-Senator M. C., on National Aid, 15, 54–55.
Butterworth, C. W.: Bouquet's Expedition, cited, 2, 107; Discovery of the Northwest, cited, 7, 183; Washington–Irvine Correspondence, cited, 168.
Byrd, Colonel: Sir John St. Clair on, 5, 85; Forbes ridicules, 106; sent by Bouquet to study routes, 109.
Byrne, Charles, 12, 31.
Byrne, Michael, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 160.

CALDWELL, John, 6, 199, 200.
Caldwell, Philip, 6, 200.
Caldwell's, 10, 160.
Calhoun, John C., toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823), 13, 73.
Calk, Mary Catherine, 7, 117.
Calk, William: Journal, quoted, 6, 107–117; companions of, 107.
Calloway, Col. James, pioneer company of, 6, 117, 130.
Calloway's, William, 6, 55.
Callender's, 12, 56.
Camac, Turner, Facts and Arguments respecting the great Utility of an extensive plan of Inland Navigation, cited, 13, 177.
Cameron, Georgia frontiersmen attempt to capture, 6, 152.
Camp Charlotte, Treaty of, 6, 87.
Campagne, a common word among pioneers, 12, 70; see Clear Fields.
Camp Beaver Swamp: Wayne's troops occupy, 8, 206; bridge built near, 206–207.
Campbell's, Col. Arthur, 6, 124.
Campbell, L. D., Wayne's Road on land owned by, 8, 195.
Campbell, Major, 6, 108.
Campbell, William, 6, 199.
Camp ground: in Illinois, at the "points" of timber, 8, 24; pioneer immigrants preparing a, 11, 185–188.

CANALS—
In General: portage paths as routes of, 7, 80–82; ancient, 13, 15–19; locks not used by ancients, 18; British, 19–21; lock invented, 18; first, in America, 22; need of, 23; comparative cost of three great American, 212.
Names and Data:
- Braire, 12, 18.
- Caledonian, Morris on, 14, 44.
- Chesapeake and Delaware, surveyed, 13, 22.
- Chesapeake and Ohio: Schriver plans Deep Creek route for, 13, 68; promoted by public meeting at Washington, 70; substituted for Potomac canal, 72; banquet of delegates at first convention of, 73; original central committee of, 74; committee to memorialize Congress in behalf of, 74; incorporated, 76; Potomac Company's shares exchanged for stock in, 77; divisions of, 77; Congress provides for survey of, 78; General Bernard surveys, 78; reports on, 78–87; map of, 81; estimated cost, 86; Baltimore disappointed at expensive estimates for, 87–88; rivaled by Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 98–102; ground broken for, 103–106; advertise for bids, 111; shares held by, 112; United States buys stock in, 112; right of way owned by, 115–116; dispute with Baltimore and Ohio Railway over right of way, 116–119; Cactocin Aqueduct, view of, 117; difficulties in building, 119–121; aided by "Eight Million Dollar Bill," 122; portion completed in 1835, 123; compelled to give Baltimore and Ohio Railway right of way in Potomac Valley, 123; financial history of, 135–160; scrip issued by, photograph of, 147; completed, 160; cost of, 161; later history of, 163–168; view of, near Cumberland, Maryland, 165; Senator Gorman president of, 163; injured by flood, 164; political manipulations of, 164–167; operated by trustees for the bondholders of 1848, 167–168; act incorporating, quoted in part, 225–231.
- Chicago Drainage, marks old portage route, 7, 181.
- Ellesmere, mention of, 14, 90.
- Erie: view of basin of, at Buffalo, 14, frontispiece; Gouverneur Morris father of, 43–47; promoters of, 43–61; influence of Jesse Hawley in originating the, 48–49; Origin of the Erie Canal, Hawley, quoted, 48, cited, 51; Joshua Forman's bill for, 49; first commissioners appointed, 52, 56; first appropriation, 53; first engineer's report on, 54–57; discussion of western terminus of, 55; first estimate of length of, 55; Congress asked to aid, 56–58; President Madison encourages, 57–58; first act authorizing loans for, 59; War of 1812 postpones building of, 59–60; revival of project, after War of 1812, 60; Clinton's Memorial for, 62–103; Potomac Company feels adverse effect of success of, 13, 63; Clinton on the economic need of, 14, 72–78; Clinton on commercial benefits of, 79–86; Clinton on engineering practicability, 86–88; comparative estimated cost of other canals and, 90–96; Clinton's estimate of expense of, 96–99; Clinton's summary of arguments in favor of, 99–103; laws authorizing the building of, 104–110; divisions of, 105; engineers constructing, examine Middlesex Canal, 105; original size of, 106; original estimate of cost of, 106–110; explorations of route of, 106–110; map and profile of (1834), 107; bill authorizing, nearly killed in Council of Revision, 110; vote of Chancellor Kent saves Bill for, 110–112; early stages of work on, 112–116; ridiculed, 113; accuracy of early surveys on, 114–115; celebration of beginning of, 116–119; view of, at Rome, 117; laborers eager to work on, 119; nature of early contracts for building of, 120; tools and machines used in building of, 121–127; dates of completed portions of, 128–136; illness of laborers on, 129; Western Inland Lock Navigation purchased by, 130–131; view of, at Little Falls, 133; first tolls received from, 135–137; inaugural celebration of, 137–151; Buffalo inaugural celebration of, 138–140; Buffalo committee in celebration of opening of, 139; prominent boats in inauguration of, 140; Clinton's triumphal tour through, 140–144; discontent occasioned at Rome, New York, by route of, 143; displeasure occasioned by route of, at Little Falls, New York, 144; discontent at Schenectady occasioned by, 144–145; Union College Guards celebrate opening of, 145; inaugural ceremony of, at Albany, 145; inaugural ceremonies of, at New York, 145–150; ceremony of wedding Great Lakes to the Atlantic, 147–148; procession in New York at inauguration of, 148–149; ball at the inauguration of, 149–150; engineers of, honored, 149–150; ceremony at Buffalo of wedding Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean, 150; local influences of, 152–177; distribution of real and personal property along, 155–158; improvement of land along, 158–160; effected change in highway travel, 12, 159; live stock along, 14, 160–161; affects growth of Unadilla, New York, 12, 161; influence on foreigners of, 14, 161–164; effect in politics, 165–177; financial history of, 178–194; early freight on, 187; early tolls on, 189; first enlargement of, 190–194; "Seymour plan" for improvement of, 195; "Nine Million" act for, 195; improvement of, by building a thousand-ton barge canal, 196–207; "Black Commission" on, 197; Governor Roosevelt on, 197–199; Roosevelt appoints committee of experts to study needs of, 198; William F. King on future of, 200–204; New York Central Railway and the, 201; new barge canal, 204; map of, 205; New York State acts creating the, 213–234.
- Forth-Clyde, 14, 89; built by Smeaton, 13, 21; Grand Junction, 14, 90.
- Holstein, 14, 89.
- Kennet and Avon, mentioned, 14, 90.
- Languedoc, built by Riquet, 13, 19.
- Leeds and Liverpool, 14, 90.
- Louisville and Portland, see Ohio River.
- Middlesex: sketch of, 14, 93; engineers constructing Erie Canal inspect, 105.
- Morris, incline planes on, 13, 193.
- Ohio and Lake Erie, Schriver proposes, 13, 75.
- Pennsylvania: proposed by Pennsylvania legislature, 13, 177; commissioners appointed, 177; report of commissioners, 177–179; tunnel problem delays, 178–179; railway agitation delays, 179; authorized, 182; bill creating, 182–191; map of, 185; divisions of, 191; central division begun and completed, 191–192; western division opened, 192; central division comprising Allegheny Portage Railway, see Railways; first boat passes entire length of, 206; itinerary on, 208–211; size and cost of, 211–212; purchased by Pennsylvania Railway, 215; abandoned, 215; An Historical Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania, quoted, 30.
- Potomac: proposed, 13, 66; bill to incorporate fails, 68–69; citizens of Baltimore oppose, 69–70, 91–93; name changed to Chesapeake and Ohio, 72.
- Rochdale, 14, 90.
- Schuylkill and Susquehanna, surveyed, 13, 22, 177, 191.
- Susquehanna, projected by Col. De Witt Clinton, 12, 161.

Canandaigua, terminus of stages on Genesee Road (1805), 12, 135.
Canoes: pioneer use of, 9, 102–105; burdens carried by, 105.
Carlisle, Major, Washington writes to, 5, 141.
Carlisle (Pennsylvania), Forbes conference of guides at, 5, 100; Revolutionary importance of, 186–187.
Carpenter's, 12, 46, 47.
Carr's, 12, 120.
Cars, Mr., 6, 108.
Carran's, 10, 161.
Carrel's, Widow, 12, 54.
Carroll, Charles, quoted, 5, 203; director Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110; lays foundation stone of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 107, 108; heads memorialists to Congress asking for national appropriation for the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 114.
Carrol's, 4, 196.
Carter's, 6, 130.
Cartier, Jacques, discoveries of, 3, 63.
Carts, used on early roads, 9, 43.
Case, Dr. Samuel H., immigrating to Central New York, 12, 146.
Cass, Gen. Lewis, 10, 162.
Cassatt, Alexander, in later history of the Lancaster Turnpike, 11, 92–94.
Casseday, History of Louisville, cited, 9, 118, 132, 163.
Castle Hill, Dr. Walker's home, 6, 51.
Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, 1, 73 et seq.; 2, 92.
"Catfish Camp," 10, 155.
Catharine Town (New York), 12, 134.
Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 37.
Cattle, driven by immigrants westward, 12, 72, 146.
Cayuga Lake, bridge to Geneva across (1805), 12, 131.
Cayuga (New York), in 1805, 12, 131.
Céloron: Journal, cited, 9, 22; expedition on the Ohio River, 22–47; failure to mention future site of Fort Duquesne explained, 39–40; English traders warned by, 41.
Chamberlain's, 10, 161.
Chambers's, 12, 56.
Chambers, Benjamin: fortifies cabin with cannon, 5, 59; founds Chambersburg, 59.
Chambly, Jacques de, 7, 52.
Champlain, explorations of, 7, 31–32.
Chapin, Israel, 12, 100, 110.
Chapin, Phineas, 12, 31.
Chapman, Major, advances with van of Braddock's army, 4, 98.
Chapman, Richard, 6, 199.
Charlotte, treaty of Camp, 6, 87.
Chastellux, Marquis of, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 199–200.
Cherokees: angered at Pennsylvania, 5, 85–86; Henderson's purchase of, 6, 42–43; disturb Kentucky pioneers, 135–139; towns destroyed by Georgians, 152–153.
Chesterfield, quoted, 5, 68–69.
Chester's Gap, 4, 195.
Chestnut Ridge (Pennsylvania), view of, 10, 65.
Chestnut trees, near Buffalo (1805), 12, 142.
Chew, Colby, Dr. Walker's companion, 6, 50, 51.
Childs, Timothy, 14, 142.
Chipman, Ward, cited, 7, 109.
Chissel's Lead Mine, 6, 58.
Christian, Col. William, Overhill Cherokee towns razed by, 6, 154.
Cincinnati, founded, 9, 65; see Fort Washington.
Clarendon, 10, 161.
Clark's, 10, 160.
Clark, Gen. George Rogers: captures Illinois posts, 6, 161–166; starts for Kaskaskia, 8, 15; lands at Fort Massac, 15–16; acts on advice of spies, 17; Memoir of, 18, 221–224; overland march, 18–32; guide becomes confused, 27; captures Kaskaskia, 32, sends Helm to occupy Vincennes, 32; loses Vincennes, 33; plans its recapture, 33; departs from Kaskaskia, 33; march, 34–60; personal magnetism, 41–49; accounts of the campaign, 47 et seq.; letter to inhabitants of Vincennes, 59–60; occupies Vincennes, 60; present-day view of route of, 60–71; Shawanese campaign (1780), 75; Miami campaign (1782), 75; Wabash campaign (1786), 77–78; crossing place of Little Wabash discussed, 225–230; operates first gunboat on Ohio River, 9, 129.
Clark, Henry, 6, 200.
Clark, James, Pennsylvania canal commissioner, 13, 177.
Clark, Lieutenant, killed at Harmar's defeat, 8, 106.
Clark, Lieut. William, under Wayne, 8, 176; Journal of, 205, et seq.; harshly criticises Wayne's caution, 211, 213.
Clark, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147, 152, 156.
Clark's Station, 6, 122.
Clark's Store, on Braddock's Road, 4, 195.
Clary, William M., 12, 84.
Clawson's, 10, 164.
Clay, Henry: promotes Cumberland Road, 10, 46; toasted at first Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 13, 74.
Clay City (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50.
Clay City (Kentucky), 6, 75.
Claysville (Pennsylvania), early taverns at, 10, 160.
Clear Fields, The, 5, 23; see Campagne.
Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, on Cuyahoga River, 1, 64.
Clinton, De Witt: 14, 52, 56, 60–61, 150, 180; Memorial by, 62–103.
Clinton, Col. De Witt, projects Susquehanna Canal, 12, 161.
Cloth, price in early days in Ohio Valley, 12, 75.
Coachman, Dickens describes, 12, 178–180.
Cochran, John, 6, 202.
Cocke, Captain, 6, 105.
Coffin, Stephen, narrative, quoted, 7, 156–157.
Colder, Lieutenant Governor, builder of first canal in America, 13, 22.
Coleman's, 4, 77.
Collier, Moses, 6, 201.
Collin's Log Tavern, 10, 154.
Collins, History of Kentucky, cited, 2, 29; 6, 182; 9, 131.
Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 18, 22, 25, 27, 41.
Columbia (Ohio), founded, 9, 65.
Columbus Inn, 10, 163.
Columbus (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 163–164.
Combs, Kentucky pioneer party joined by, 6, 116.
Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati, 9, 127–129.
Commonwealth, The, a Pittsburg paper in which Jesse Hawley published first article in favor of Erie Canal, 14, 48.
Conegochieque, see Conococheague.
Conestoga bridge, 12, 61.
Conestoga freighter: described, 10, 129–132; view of, 11, 50.
Connellsville (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 187.
Conococheague (Williamsport, Maryland), Forbes's proposed rendezvous, 5, 76.
Contrecœur: orders Villiers to attack Washington, 3, 154; early activity at Fort Duquesne, 4, 31; hopeless situation of, 115–117.
Contz's Harbour, 5, 20.
Convention, Indian, at Maumee, 8, 179–180; see Roche de Bout.
Cook, Lieut. William, surveyor Baltimore and Ohio line, 13, 109, 110.
Cook, Tillinghast, 12, 31.
Cooley, on post roads, 15, 57.
Cooper, Peter: successful locomotive "Tom Thumb," 13, 129; letter to William H. Brown, 129.
Cooper, William, 12, 31.
Cordery's, 10, 156.
Corey, American Atlas, cited, 12, 49.
Cornplanter: as peace emissary, 8, 111; at Maumee Convention, 181.
Cornstalk, bravery at Battle of Point Pleasant, 6, 87.
Cort, Colonel Henry Bouquet, quoted, 5, 38.
Cory, Elnathan, Harmar crosses Mad River near farm of, 8, 96.
"Cot Plains," explanation of name, 8, 50.
Coultersville (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 43.
"Cow-Pens," description of Virginia, 4, 143–145.
Cox's: 4, 76, 88; 6, 131.
Cox's Creek, Clark's route crosses, 8, 30.
Craig, John, 6, 130.
Craig, N. B., History of Pittsburg, cited, 3, 205; The Olden Time, quoted, 4, 166–190.
Craighill, Gen. William P., describes Braddock routes, 4, 78.
Cramer, Zadoc: early navigation of Ohio described by, 9, 73–99; The Navigator, quoted, 74–99.
Crane, Jonas, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
Cravens, Elijah, 6, 199.
Cravens, Jesse, 6, 198.
Crawford, Andrew, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
Crawford, Col. William, defeated, 6, 172–173.
Cresap, Col. Thomas: marks out Nemacolin's Path, 3, 96; mentioned adversely, 4, 76; eulogy of, 89; Gist visits, 5, 17.
Crisman, Jesse, owner of first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
Crock's, 4, 195.
Crockett, Joseph, 6, 197.
Croghan, George: Journal, cited, 1, 116, 121; 2, 47, 61; refers to Céloron, 9, 41; description of journey to Detroit, 2, 55–61; opening of Braddock's defeat described by, 4, 127; home near present site of Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania, 5, 19.
Crooked Creek, 6, 87.
Crossing-place, dangers of, 2, 24, 25.
"Cross Keys," 10, 158.
Crow's, 12, 141.
Crow's Station, 6, 122.
Crow, William, 6, 202.
Cumberland, Duke of, Kentucky River first named in honor of wife of, 6, 42.
Cumberland Gap: view of, 6, frontispiece; Dr. Walker describes, 62–63; Henderson passes, 112; James Lane Allen describes, 205–207.
Cumberland (Maryland): early name of, 4, 182; old taverns at, 10, 159; view of early houses at, 11, 191; Thomas Wallcutt at, 12, 51; see Wills Creek.
Cummings, William, 7, 155.
Cummingsville (Ohio), St. Clair's route through, 8, 129.
Curler, Arendt van, 7, 136.
Curran, Padtrick, 6, 202.
Custis, G. W. P., committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74.
Cutler, Ephraim, Life and Times of, quoted, 1, 62.
Cutler, Manasseh, efforts in behalf of Ordinance of 1787, 9, 61–63.
Cypress-tree, Bigelow describes, 12, 120.

DAKIN'S, 12, 52.
Dana, Description of the Bounty Lands in the State of Illinois, etc., 5, 21.
Danworth, Asa, salt works near present site of Syracuse, New York, 12, 99.
Dapt, Captain, in Forbes's campaign, 5, 146.
Darby, William, letter from Simeon De Witt to, 14, 45–46.
Darke, Lieutenant Colonel, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147, 154.
Darlington: Christopher Gist's Journals, cited, 2, 98; 5, 17; Fort Pitt, cited, 3, 95; 7, 46; 9, 29–43; note in Edes's Journal and Letters of Col. John May of Boston, cited, 5, 197.
Davies, James, 6, 198.
Davies, Virginia's Danger and Remedy, cited, 5, 38.
Davis, Phineas, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 13, 131.
Davis's, 12, 50.
Dawson's, 12, 50.
Day, Sherman, Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania, cited, 11, 78; 13, 207.
Dayton (Ohio), Harmar's route near, 8, 96.
De Bow's Review, quoted, 6, 94–100.
Defiance (Ohio): Indian council on present site of, 8, 179; Fort Defiance erected, 212.
"Defiance Fast Line Coaches," 10, 136.
De Forest, William, quoted, 9, 127–129.
Delawares: sketch of, 3, 59–62; with Braddock, 4, 98; loyal in Revolution, 6, 160; in Pontiac's Rebellion, 5, 174.
Demming, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 94, 99.
Denny, Maj. Ebenezer: aide-de-camp to St. Clair, 8, 134; Narrative, quoted, 134 et seq.
Denton, Thomas, 6, 118.
De Quindre, Lieutenant, in Hamilton's army, 7, 171.
De Soto (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 30.
Detroit: founded, 3, 54; Pontiac attacks, 5, 171–172; Americans plan to capture, 6, 163–164; strategic commercial position of, in Washington's plan, 13, 39–50.
Devol, Captain, builds ships on Muskingum River, 9, 135.
De Witt, Moses, 14, 26.
De Witt, Simeon: 14, 40; accords Morris honor of originating Erie Canal idea, 45, 52, 58, 150.
Dexter, George, editor of Journal of Thomas Wallcutt in 1790, 12, 43–63.
Dickens, Charles, American Notes, quoted, 12, 164–196.
Dillahunty, Lieut. John N., locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109, 110.
Dillon, History of Indiana, cited, 8, 89, 157.
Dinwiddie, Governor: attempts to stop French advance, 3, 85–119; letter to St. Pierre, 108–112; instructions to Washington (1754), 121–122; instructions to Col. Joshua Fry, 123–125; proclamation granting bounty lands, 126; promises to Braddock unfulfilled, 4, 66.
Dividing Ridge, philosophy of the, 12, 197–198.
Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78.
Dodge, Colonel, 1, 108.
Dodge, Hon. Martin: Director Office Public Road Inquiries, 15, 58; describes Brownlow Bill, 61–63; Government Coöperation in Object-lesson Road Work, 67–80.
Dodge, William E., Old New York, cited, 7, 40.
Doehurty's Station, 6, 126.
Doersh's, 12, 61.
Dogs, of great use to pioneers, 6, 60.
Donaldson, William, 12, 31.
Donnelly, Terence, 12, 150.
Dorsey, Green, 6, 202.
Dougherty, John, of Reliance Transportation Line, 13, 206.
Doughty, Maj. John, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
Douglas, History of Wayne County, Ohio, cited, 2, 107.
Douglass's, 4, 195.
Dowden's, 4, 76, 85.
Downer's, 10, 160.
Dox, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
"Dragging Canoe," Indians at the battle of Long Island Flats commanded by, 6, 150.
Drake, Dr. Daniel, quoted, 8, 91.
Drake, Philip, 6, 107, 113.
Drake's, 10, 161.
Drake, Thomas M., 10, 207.
Draper, Lyman C.: work referred to, 7, 193; Draper Mss. cited, 8, 24, et seq.; on Clark's crossing-place of the Little Wabash, 52–53; 225–230.
Draper's Meadows, 6, 30.
Driver, Dickens describes eccentric negro, 12, 166–171.
Driving, styles of stage coach, 10, 181.
Dudgeon, Captain, in Forbes's campaign, 5, 146.
Duels, common in Wayne's army, 8, 186.
Duer (contractor), shortsightedness of, 8, 121.
Duer, Col. William, leader in Scioto Company, 9, 62, 69.
Dugan, John S., 10, 162.
Dunbar, Col. Thomas, ordered to America, 4, 38; resentment of, at Little Crossings, 111; camp on Laurel Hill, 131; defended, 132.
Dunkan's John, on Wilderness Road, 6, 110.
Dunkard's Bottom, settled by Dr. Thomas Eckarly, 12, 26.
Dunmore's War: whites responsible for, 6, 84; sketched, 84–88; Lord Dunmore's campaign in, 85–87; General Lewis's battle at Point Pleasant, 86–87; result of, 9, 49.
Dunn, History of Indiana, 7, 66; 9, 46.
Dunnings, Forbes's guide, 5, 110.
Dupriest's, 6, 124.
Duquesne, Governor, boast of, 4, 115.
Durham boats, in Wisconsin, 7, 186.
Durning, S., accompanies Samuel Henderson, 6, 103.
"Dutch," Baily describes low Pennsylvania, 11, 130–132.
Dutton, Lieut. G., 10, 83.
Du Vernet, Lieutenant, 7, 171–175.
Dwight, President Timothy, journal quoted, 12, 150–158.
Dysart, Major, mill of, 6, 124.

EAGLE Coach line, 10, 135.
Earle, Alice Morse, quoted 2, 75–76.
Early History of Western Pennsylvania, cited, 9, 38.
Earth and macadam roads, view of, 15, 168.
Easton (Pennsylvania), treaty at, 5, 147.
Eaton, General, under Wayne, 8, 176.
Eaton (Ohio): St. Clair's route near, 8, 132; Fort St. Clair erected near, 169.
Eaton's Station, attack on, 6, 150.
Eddy, Thomas, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 52, 58, 60, 150.
Edes, Journal and Letters of Col. John May of Boston, cited, 5, 197.
Edmund's Swamp, 5, 20, 23, 110.
Edwards, Colonel, 6, 122.
Edwards, James, 6, 199.
Egg Nogg Hill, 10, 160.
Egle, History of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 187.
"Eight Million Dollar Bill," Maryland passes, 13, 122.
Eldridge, Hon. M. O.: assistant director Office of Public Road Inquiries, 15, 58; on good roads for farmers, 81–169.
Elgar, John, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 13, 131.
Eliot, President C. W., on Washington, 3, 25.
Elk Garden, 6, 109.
Elkhorn Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 45.
Elliott, Capt. Matthew, United States Commissioners quartered with, 8, 189.
Elliott, Col. Robert, murdered, 8, 194.
Elliott, Isaac, farm on St. Louis Trace Road, 8, 68.
Emerson, John, denies Harmar's right to uproot early settlements northwest of Ohio River, 9, 58.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Society and Solitude, quoted on the evolution of roads, 10, 165.
Endsley's, 10, 160.
England: explorers do not rank with the French, 6, 45; packhorse trails in, 11, 30–31.
English, William H., Conquest of the Northwest, cited, 8, 32, et seq.
English's Ferry, 6, 124.
Enock's, Henry, 4, 76, 88.
Entick: History of the Late War, cited, 4, 33 et seq.; tribute to Forbes, 5, 160.
Erie County (Pennsylvania), Sanford's History of, cited, 2, 110.
Erie (Pennsylvania), see Fort Presque Isle.
Etting, Solomon, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 110.
Evans, Estwick, A Pedestrious Tour, cited, 11, 34.
Evans and Stivers, History of Adams County, Ohio, cited, 11, 160.
Evans, History of Scioto County and Pioneer Record of Southern Ohio, map in, cited, 8, 74.
Evens, John, 4, 76, 87.
Everett, Edward: on character of Washington, 3, 21–22; eulogy of Colonel Washington, 5, 41; on Cumberland Road, 10, 185.
Everts, Atlas of Butler County, Ohio, cited, 8, 195.
Ewing, Baker, 6, 199.
Extracts of Letters from an officer in one of those Regiments to his friend in London, quoted, 4, 136–165.

FACTIONS, intercolonial, regarding Forbes's route, 5, 102.
Facts and Arguments in favor of adopting railways in preference to canals in the State of Pennsylvania, cited, 13, 179–181.
Fahnstock's, 12, 62.
Fairfax, Lord, humorous letter to Washington, 5, 42.
Fairmount (West Virginia), Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134.
Fallen Timber: common name in West, 8, 182, 214; Wayne wins battle of, 214–216.
Falling Springs (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), 11, 128.
Farmers: small per cent of government expenditures directly benefits, 15, 21, 25–28; heavily taxed for visible property, 28–29; accused of short-sightedness, 48; good roads for, 81–169.
Farrier, John, 6, 103, 104.
Farrington (Illinois): Clark's camp near, 8, 47; early name of, 47.
Farriss's, 6, 131.
Faulkner, George M., first cabin in Kentucky on farm of, 6, 64.
Faux, W., Memorable Days in America, cited, 5, 202.
Fawcett, Benjamin, 12, 31.
Fearnot Mill, St. Clair's camp near, 8, 132.
"Federal Arms," exorbitant charges at, 11, 118.
Federalist, The, cited, 15, 52, 58.
Fenniken's, 10, 154.
Fenwick, A., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Ferguson, Capt. William, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
Fergusson, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 110.
Fessenden, Lieutenant, surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
Field's, 12, 47.
Filson, John: itinerary to Kentucky, 6, 118–122; map of Kentucky by, 119.
Fink, Mike, anecdotes of, 9, 166–171.
Finley, Hugh, Journal, quoted, 7, 112–115.
Finley, John, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79.
First Explorations of Kentucky, 1, 111, et seq.; 6, 72–73.
Fiske, John, New France and New England, correct account of Braddock's defeat, 4, 127.
Fitzgerald, John, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 56.
Fitzhugh, William H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Flag, first American, unfurled in battle at Fort Stanwix, 7, 59.
Flatboat: history of, 9, 113–126; first to descend Ohio River, 123.
Flatboating, Civil War changes, 9, 123.
Flatboatmen, route of returning, 9, 125.
Flat Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
Fleming, Major-General, services in Erie Canal inauguration, 14, 149.
Flemming, Colonel, 6, 86, 130.
Fletcher, Calvin, describes pioneer roads, 11, 100–103.
Flinn's Station, see Bellville, West Virginia.
Florida Avenue, Washington, D. C., explanation of crookedness of, 11, 66.
Flower Gap, 6, 55.
Floyd, Col. John, on Kentucky's need of assistance (1782), 6, 183–185.
Fonda, John, 14, 27.
Fontaine, Maj. James, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 105–106.
Foos's, 10, 157.
Foot's, 12, 56.
Foote, E. T., 7, 154.
Forbes, Gen. John: early life, 5, 73–74; appointment, 74; dimensions of army of, 75; proposes Conococheague for rendezvous, 76; little respect for Sir John St. Clair, 76; army compared with Wolfe's at Quebec, 76; advised by St. Clair against Conococheague, 76; St. Clair urges Raystown as rendezvous, 76; makes Raystown base of campaign of 1758, 77; letter to Bouquet, May 20, 78; intention to march by Braddock's Road, 79, 82; chain of forts across Alleghenies planned by, 79–80; letter to Pitt, on chain of forts, 80; Turpin's essay Sur la Guerre studied by, 80; handicapped by delay, 80; Highlanders under, 80; correspondence with Bouquet preserved, 81; fairness of, 82; letter to Denny, 83; Braddock's defeat a lesson to, 83; letter to Bouquet, advising care in deciding road question, 88–89; letter to Bouquet, accusing St. Clair of indecision and prejudice, 91–92, 95; letter to Bouquet, favoring Pennsylvania road, 93–94; factions attempt to influence, 94; letter to Bouquet, asking for conference of guides, 100; letter to Bouquet, accusing Virginians of partisanship, 102–107; St. Clair upbraided by, 105–106; Colonel Byrd, ridiculed by, 106; compares routes to Fort Duquesne, 107–108; decision as to road question referred to Colonel Bouquet, 108; letter to Abercrombie, concerning routes to Ohio, 108; letter to Bouquet, ordering the beginning of Old Glade Road, 116–117; favors opening two routes westward, 117; reasons for building Old Glade Road, 124–125; St. Clair accused of partiality and treachery by, 128–129; reasons for moving slowly, 131, 134, 147–148; an "unguarded" letter of Washington's criticised by, 135–136; Washington misjudges, 137; letter to Bouquet, on new road, 143; St. Clair criticised by, 146–147; letter to William Pitt (September 6), criticising Pennsylvanians, 148–149; illness of, 149–150; French deceived by, 149; soubriquet of, "The Head of Iron," 150; letter to Bouquet, on Grant's defeat, 151–152; letter to Bouquet (September 23), 152–154; Washington's loyalty questioned by, 153; questions Byrd's loyalty, 153; French attack, at Fort Ligonier, 154; rain disheartens, 154–155; urges exploration of Braddock's Road, 155–156; Abercrombie does not write to, 156; reaches Fort Ligonier, 156; hears of low condition of Fort Duquesne, 157; advances upon Fort Duquesne, 157–158; Fort Duquesne occupied by, 158; Bouquet's tribute to, 159; Parkman's estimate of victory of, 159; death, 159; eulogy on, 160–162; tribute of Entick to, 162.
Forbes, Jonathan, 6, 199.
Forbes, Morgan, 6, 199.
Force, M. la, Half King's Indians scout for, 3, 138.
Ford, William, 14, 181.
Forman, Joshua, bill for making Erie Canal presented by, 14, 49.
Formation, marching: Forbes, 5, 144; Harmar, 8, 96; St. Clair, 131.
Forrest, B. S., toasts Clay at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823), 13, 74.

FORTS—
- Adams: Wayne builds, 8, 207; Wayne's feints at roadbuilding near, 208.
- Ancient, 1, 88.
- Anne (Schuyler), 7, 53.
- Bedford: early fortification at, 5, 64; erection of, 79.
- Bull: French destroy, 5, 69; importance of position occupied by, 7, 59.
- Chambers, 5, 59.
- Chambly, Jacques de Chambly erects, 7, 52.
- Chissel, 6, 25.
- Crèvocœur, 7, 36.
- Crown Point: failure of Johnson to capture, 4, 135; 7, 53.
- Cumberland: building of, 4, 24–26; view of (1755) 45; arrival of Braddock at, 90; description of, 90; life of Braddock's army at, 90–99; description of Indians at, 91–93, 94–95, 96; departure of Braddock's army from, 98–100; Braddock's army returning to, 134; Bouquet orders Washington to, 5, 85; St. Clair provides forage at, 95; road to Bedford from, 100.
- Defiance: Wayne erects, 8, 212; rich Indian fields around, 211–212.
- Deposit, Wayne builds, 8, 213.
- Detroit: Pontiac invests, 5, 171–174; defense of Fort Pitt compared with defense of, 175.
- Duquesne: erected, 3, 127; garrison alarmed over Jumonville's defeat, 154; report to Braddock of condition of, 4, 74; preparations to receive Braddock at, 115–117; Braddock approaches, 115–118; attempt to reinforce, 117; Franklin doubts Braddock's ability to capture, 119; scene before Braddock's defeat, 123; threatened from Pennsylvania, 5, 64; campaign of 1758 against, 73; difficulty of reaching, 75; question of Forbes's route to, 81–123; Forbes deceives French at, 149; Ligneris in command of, 157; Forbes receives from prisoners account of poor condition of, 157; Forbes occupies, 158.
- Edward, General Webb holds, 5, 70; 7, 53.
- Erie: Joseph Brant at, 8, 188; 13, 47.
- Finney: location of, 1, 59; built, 9, 60.
- Franklin, 5, 46.
- Frederick, route to Fort Cumberland by way of, 5, 77, 82, 90; 7, 53.
- Frontenac, Jesuits anticipate Frontenac's plan to build, 7, 58; built by Frontenac, 58.
- Greenville, Wayne builds, 8, 201; cost of provisions at, 201; Wayne's officers play fiver at, 201–202; treaty of, 217.
- Halifax, 7, 54.
- Hamilton: built, 8, 130; St. Clair's army at, 130; advance from, 131–133.
- Harmar: United States Commissioners hold to boundaries agreed upon in treaty of, 8, 189; Céloron on site of, 9, 43; built, 59–60; Ohio Company emigrants land at, 64.
- Hendrick, 14, 27.
- Hunter, 12, 119.
- Ingoldesby, 7, 53, 123.
- Jefferson: erected, 8, 138; St. Clair's army at, 139–142; St. Clair and Butler disagree at, 141.
- Laurens, 6, 164, 167.
- Le Bœuf, attack on (1763), 5, 173; 7, 63.
- Ligonier: French attack, 5, 154; General Forbes at, 156; attack on (1763), 173; Bouquet moving upon (1763), 177; origin of name of, 178.
- Long Island, 6, 25.
- Loramie, 7, 163; Wayne builds, 8, 208.
- Loudoun: 5, 46, 57–58; 6, 25.
- Lowther: 5, 45; repair of, 54; Bouquet at, 79.
- Lyttleton, 5, 55.
- Machault, see Fort Venango.
- Massac, strategic position of, 8, 15–17.
- Massachusetts, 7, 57.
- McDowell, 5, 57.
- McIntosh, treaty of, 9, 50.
- Miami: Pontiac's plot discovered at, 5, 170; attack on (1763), 172.
- Miamis, La Salle builds, 7, 35.
- Michilimackinac, treacherous attack on, 5, 172.
- Morris, 5, 56.
- Mount Braddock, Washington begins, 3, 154.
- Necessity: Washington's account of erecting, 3, 151; meaning of name of, 152; Washington compelled to occupy, 156; view of site of, 157; battle of, 159–167; remains of, 171–172; surveyed by Freeman Lewis, 173; shape of, 173–188; plans of, 175, 179; surveyed by Robert McCracken, 177; site owned by Lewis Fazenbaker, 177; Jared Sparks's description of, 183; importance of campaign of, 4, 23.
- Newport, 7, 59.
- Niagara: Braddock to conquer, 4, 43–51, 74; failure of Shirley to capture, 135; sketch of, 7, 60–61.
- Nicholson, 7, 53, 123.
- Number Four, 7, 118–119.
- Old Fort Schuyler, 12, 101.
- Oswego: built, 7, 58; Montcalm captures, 5, 68.
- Ouiatanon, correct site of, 7, 66.
- Pennsylvania forts: on frontier, 5, 48–64; west of Susquehanna, 63.
- Pitt: origin of name, 5, 158; heroic defense of (1763), 174–176.
- Presque Isle: built, 3, 74; attack on (1763), 5, 173; controls portage, 7, 63.
- Randolph, see Fort Adams.
- Recovery: Wayne builds, 8, 204; Indians attack, 205; Wayne passes, 206.
- Richelieu, 7, 53.
- Sackville, Clark approaches, 8, 57–59.
- Sainte Terese, 7, 53.
- Sandusky, attack on, 5, 171.
- Saratoga, 7, 57.
- Schuyler, 7, 53.
- Shirley, Kittanning expedition rendezvoused at, 5, 60.
- Stanwix: treaty of (1768), 6, 21–23; first American flag unfurled in battle at, 7, 59.
- St. Clair, erected, 8, 169.
- St. John, 7, 53.
- St. Joseph's, 7, 66.
- St. Louis, 7, 53.
- Stephens, 7, 121.
- Steuben, Pennsylvania militia ordered to rendezvous at (1790), 8, 84.
- Ticonderoga: Montcalm at, 5, 68; Abercrombie menaces, 73.
- Venango: built, 3, 78; Pontiac's hordes ruin, 5, 173; 7, 63.
- Washington: Harmar's army rendezvoused at, 8, 84–91; St. Clair's army at, 124–130; Wayne encamps at Hobson's Choice, 185–195.
- Watauga: trail from Fort Chissel to Cumberland Gap ran by, 6, 29; treaty of, 92; Sevier and Robertson command, 149; part in Revolution, 149–156.
- Wayne, Wayne erects, 8, 216.
- Western, 7, 54.
- William Henry: Montcalm moves upon, 5, 69; strategic position of, 7, 53.
- Williams, 7, 59.
- Winnebago, 7, 66, 186.
- Wood Creek, 7, 147–148.

Fort Recovery (Ohio): St. Clair's army reaches, 8, 146; battlefield near, described, 146–147; disposition of St. Clair's army, 147–148; St. Clair's defeat at, 152–156; Wayne's soldiers visit battleground at, 203; build Fort Recovery at, 204; Wayne's skirmish at, 205; Wayne's army passes, 206.
Four Mile House, near Columbus, 10, 159.
Fox, Arthur, 6, 198.
Fox, Charles James, his opinion of Washington, 3, 21.
Francis, Pres. David F., on good roads and increased land values, 15, 45–46.
Frankford Town, 4, 195.
Frankfort (Kentucky), early steamboat building at, 9, 138.
Franklin, Benjamin: Braddock's dependence on, 4, 68; doubts Braddock's ability to capture Fort Duquesne, 119; advice to sleep with open window followed by pioneers, 12, 86; letter regarding S. Rhoads, on American canal building, 13, 25–26; 14, 207.
Franklin House, 10, 159.
Frazer (guide), in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
Frazier, Washington visits, 3, 98.
Frederick the Great: in Seven Years' War, 5, 67; opinion concerning Pitt, 70.
Fredericksburg (Maryland), Francis Baily (1796) describes, 11, 121–122.
Freeman: acts as spy, 8, 170; murdered, 171.
Freeman, Journal, cited, 14, 165.
Freighters: how built, 10, 129–130; great loads carried by, 131–132.
Freight rate: on pack-horse routes, 11, 61; from Marietta, Ohio, to Philadelphia, 12, 54; Alexandria, Virginia, to Morgantown, Virginia, (1796), 66.
French Creek, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38, 45.
French and Indian War: cause of, 3, 68–71; Virginia's first appropriation for, 126; early stages of, 4, 31–36; England's first appropriation for, 36; pretenses of peace which preceded, 116; continuation of war (1755–1758), 5, 35–64; colonies trained for Revolution in, 37–38, 43–44; Revolutionary generals received their training in, 43–44; campaigns of 1756, 66; Pitt's plan of campaign, 72–73; details in early campaign of 1758, 74–90; last campaign in the West, 77–158.
French: familiarity with Indians, 3, 80–82; claim Ohio Valley, 101–102; colonial indifference to, 125.
Friend, Charles, consulted by Washington (1784) as to western routes, 12, 23.
Friend, John, 12, 23.
Friend, Tim: 12, 49; reputation as hunter, 80.
Froman, Jacob, 6, 198.
Frontenac, 7, 34.
Frontier forts and blockhouses in 1756, map of, 5, 51.
Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, cited, 2, 89.
Frostburg (Maryland): early tavern at, 10, 159; mile-stone on Braddock's Road near, 11, 105.
Frothingham, Lieutenant, 8, 106.
Fry, Col. John, 14, 27.
Fry, Col. Joshua: Dinwiddie's instructions to (1754), 3, 123–125; death of, 152; Dr. Walker at home of, 6, 50, 52.
Fulton, Robert, on Erie Canal committee, 14, 56, 150.
Fulton and Livingston, build steamboats on Ohio River, 9, 137.
Fulton House, 10, 158, 160.

GAFFE, Col. John, commands New Hampshire troops, 7, 120.
Gage, Lieutenant Colonel: advances from Little Crossings, 4, 111; in Braddock's defeat, 124, 125, 126, 127.
Gaither, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
Galinée, made first map of the upper lakes, 7, 33.
Gallatin, Albert, Pennsylvania home mentioned, 12, 86.
Galley boats on Ohio, 9, 129–131.
Gall's, 10, 160.
Gambling on Ohio River, 9, 182–187.
Gamelin, Anthony: sent to sound Northwestern Indians, 8, 82; report of, 82–83.
Gano, Capt. John S., builds Fort St. Clair, 8, 169.
Ganong, Dr. William F., A Monograph of Historic Sites in the Province of New Brunswick, quoted, 7, 94–109.
Gansen's, 12, 137.
Garneau, M., cited, 3, 82.
Garnet's Mill, William Brown at, 4, 194.
Garret, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
Gates, General: in Braddock's campaign, 4, 86; appointed on Virginia committee concerning Potomac improvement, 13, 50.
Geddes, James: estimates cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; esteems Morris as originator of Erie Canal idea, 14, 46, 51, 53, 55–56, 109, 115, 149, 180; honored at inauguration of Erie Canal, 149.
Gelston, G., 12, 145.
"Gen. Andrew Jackson," 10, 158.
Genesee Messenger, articles by Jesse Hawley in, 14, 48.
Genesee Street, origin of name, 12, 100.
Gentleman's Magazine, quoted, on treachery of sending Braddock to Virginia instead of to Pennsylvania, 4, 56.
George, Capt. (Indian), 1, 59.
George, King, speech at the opening of Parliament, 1754, 4, 35.
Georgetown (D. C.): Baily describes, 11, 117; prophesies (1796) that Washington will absorb, 117.
German Flats (New York), 12, 122.
Gerrard: acts as spy for Wayne, 8, 170; murdered, 171.
Gethrop, Thomas, 12, 31.
Gibault, Vincennes won over to Clark by, 8, 32.
Gibson, Colonel, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 151–152.
Gibson's, 10, 156.
Gilbert's, 10, 164.
Gillespie, on grade of roads, 15, 96.
Gillis, David, 6, 202.
Gilpin, George, elected director Potomac Company, 13, 56.
Gilpin, Joshua, 14, 93.
Girty, Simon: in Revolution, 6, 160, 173–174; at McKee's house during convention at Roche de Bout, 8, 191.
Gist, Christopher: Journal, cited, 2, 98, 108; guides Washington over Nemacolin's Path, 3, 96; in Fort Necessity campaign, 138; French ruin house of, 140; in Braddock's campaign, 4, 114; Old Trading Path followed by, 5, 17–19; Ohio Company engages, 6, 70; instructions of Ohio Company to, 70–72; sketch of, 72–73; West explored by, 73–76; secures mammoth bones, 74; route in Kentucky, 75–76; comparative success of explorations of, 76.
Gist, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Givens, Lieut. W., 6, 129.
Glades (Allegheny), described, 12, 79–80.
Gladwin, Major, Detroit defended by, 5, 171.
Gleaver's, 10, 161.
"Globe," 10, 163.
Globe Inn, 10, 155.
"Golden Lamb," 10, 163.
"Golden Swan," 10, 158.
"Good Intent Coach Line," 10, 135.

GOOD ROADS—
- Basic principles of movement, 15, 17, 49.
- Beginning of movement, 15, 75.
- Churches, as affected by, 15, 20.
- Country living, decline of, 15, 23, 35–37, 40–43.
- Corduroy roads, modern: defined, 15, 123; Gilmore on, 123–125; see Corduroy Roads.
- Crooked roads, not much longer than straight, 15, 92–93.
- Crops, 15, 30–31; as affected by, 46–47.
- Drainage: need of, 15, 96–97; first principles of, 98–100; fallacy of building "breaks," 102–103; side ditches, 103–104; ditches must not become gullies, 104; how effected, 104–105; dangerous action of water, how avoided, 105–106; under drainage, 106–107; subdrains, 107–108.
- Eldridge on principles of, 15, 85, et seq.
- Education, as related to, 15, 18–20, 31–33.
- Earth roads, construction, 15, 108–123.
- Grading: formerly ignored, 15, 88; a study in (illustration), 89; most important factor in road-building, 92; ill consequence of lack of proper, 94; heavy loads impossible where road-builders neglect proper, 94–95; regulation of heavy, 95.
- Gravel roads: principles of, 15, 126–140; view of, 127.
- Land, untilled, in relation to, 15, 44–46.
- Libraries and hospitals made available to rural residents, 15, 21.
- Macadam roads: view of, 15, 83; the ultimate American road, 86; principles of, 142–160; cost of, 164–165; Page on "Selection of Materials for," 170–189; ideal described, 174; best stone for, 174–176; costly experiments on, 177–178; considerations to be noted concerning, 178–181; statistics gathered in France, 181; trap rocks often useful, 184; trappa, derivation of, 184; testing rocks, 186–187; laboratories for testing, 188.
- Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, prosperity under, 15, 44–45.
- Moral question of, 15, 17–18.
- National Aid, Dodge on, 15, 51–64.
- New Jersey and state aid, 15, 51.
- New York plan of state aid, 15, 51.
- Ohio and state aid, 15, 51.
- Pennsylvania and state aid, 15, 51.
- "Pig-track surveys," fallacy of following, 15, 87.
- Railways favor, 15, 43–44, 46, 78.
- Sand clay road, view of, 15, 115.
- Schools: dependent on, 15, 18; President Jesse on consolidated buildings for, 19; comparative expense of country and city, 32–33.
- Section lines, cannot be built economically on, 15, 87.
- Social intercourse and, 15, 23.
- State-aid plan described, 15, 50–51.
- Steel track, view of, 15, 66.
- Stone roads, principles of building, 15, 190–211.
- Straightness must be sacrificed for proper grades, 15, 91–92.
- Supervisors, deficient in skill and means, 15, 71–72.
- Surfacing: general principles of proper, 15, 100–101; materials for, 141–142.
- Telford roads: preparation of foundation for, 15, 157; cost of building, in New Jersey, 164–165.
- Train, Southern Railway's good roads, view of, 15, 59.

"Good Roads for Farmers," by Hon. M. O. Eldridge, 15, 81–161.
Gordon, Captain, 5, 96.
Gordon, Capt. John, 6, 129.
Gordon, Harry: author of Morris Journal, 4, 80; begins Braddock's Road, 99; map of Ohio River, 9, 48.
Gordon, denies Proctor transportation to Maumee, 8, 112.
Goreville (Illinois), Clark's route, 8, 27.
Gorman, Senator A. P., president of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 13, 163.
Government Coöperation in Object-lesson Road Work, by Hon. Martin Dodge, quoted, 15, 67–80.
Graded Way, Pike County, Ohio, 1, 88.
Graham, History of Fairfield and Perry Counties, Ohio, cited, 11, 166.
Grahame, Kenneth, The Golden Age, quoted, 10, 175.
Grand Cote Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
Grand Point, see Richview, Illinois.
Grant, James, Forbes's messenger, 5, 93.
Grant, John, 6, 200.
Grant, defeated by Aubrey, 5, 151, 178.
Grant's Hill, battle of, 5, 151, 178.
Grantsville (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159.
Gray, Joseph, 6, 198.
Great Crossings (Smithfield, Pennsylvania), location of, 4, 186.
Great Falls, Potomac Company canal completed around, 13, 62.
Greathouse Crossing, Clark crosses Crab Orchard Creek at, 8, 29, 30.
Great Meadows: location of, 4, 186; Sampey's Tavern at, 10, 160.
Green, Andrew H., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
Green, George E., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
Greenaway's, 6, 131.
Green Bay, Michigan, 1, 49.
Greene, Francis V., Roosevelt addresses Erie Canal letter to, 14, 197.
Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, Fort Greenville named by Wayne in honor of, 8, 201.
Greenfield's, 10, 160.
Green's, 10, 156.
"Green Tree," 10, 158, 162, 164.
Greenville (Ohio): St. Clair's army reaches, 8, 142; desertions at, 143; Wayne's army at, 201–205.
Green, Willis, 6, 199.
Gregg's, 10, 155.
"Griffin," La Salle builds, 7, 35.
Groseilliers, discovers the Mississippi, 7, 182.
Gross's, 12, 60.
Groves's, 10, 156.
Grundy, Samuel, 6, 199.
Guion, Mr., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
Gunboat on Ohio, 9, 129.
Gwynn, Lieut. Walter, surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109, 110.
Gwyn's, on Braddock's road, 4, 195; 7, 78; 10, 32–34.

HABLITZELL'S, 10, 159.
Hagerstown (Maryland), described by Baily (1796), 11, 126.
Haldeman's Mills, 4, 195.
Half King: Washington's relations with, 3, 100–108; Joncaire's rebuke of, 101–102; letter of warning to Washington from, 134.
Halket, Maj. Francis, Washington forecasts failure of Forbes to, 5, 112–113.
Halket, Sir Peter: ordered to America, 4, 38; at Fort Cumberland, 90; departs from Fort Cumberland, 99; advances from Little Crossings, 111; death of, 130.
Hall, Capt. Basil, on corduroy roads, 11, 72–73.
Hall, Judge James, Legends of the West, quoted, 11, 175–201.
Hall, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 105.
Hall's, 12, 136.
Halsey, Francis Whiting: The Old New York Frontier, quoted, 12, 143–163; The Pioneers of Unadilla Village, cited, 144.
Halsey, Gains Leonard, M. D., Reminiscences of Village Life and of Panama and California from 1840 to 1850, cited, 12, 158.
Haltz's, 10, 156.
Hamilton, Lieut.-Gov. Henry: Vincennes recaptured by, 6, 164; Clark captures, 165–166; Vincennes campaign of, 7, 168–178; MS. Journal cited, 170–175.
Hamilton, Lieut. John, chaplain in Braddock's army, 4, 94.
Hamilton (Ohio), Wayne's road in, 8, 195.
Hamilton's, 12, 62.
Hammond, Political History of New York, cited, 14, 165, 166.
Hamtramck, Major, letter to St. Clair, on situation in Northwest, 8, 83.
Hancock (Maryland), condition of, in 1790, 12, 52.
Hand, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Hanks, Abraham, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 107, 109, 110, 111.
Hanna's, 12, 153.
Hannastown (Pennsylvania), 5, 186–188.
Han's Meadow, 6, 124.
Harbison's, 6, 122.
Hardin, Col. John: in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 102–106; goes as messenger to Indians, 170; murdered, 171; scalp identified by May, 182.
Hardy, Governor, 5, 65.
Harlan, Maj. Silas, 6, 129.
Harland's, 6, 122.
Harmar, Gen. Josiah: contracts for supplies, 8, 85; asked to interest influential Kentuckians, 85; campaign of 1790, 86–107; route of, 89–100; testifies in St. Clair court martial, 126–127; demands court martial, 129; ordered to prevent early immigration to northern shore of the Ohio, 9, 55; reports uprooting settlements north of the Ohio, 59.
Harmar Papers, cited, 9, 60.
Harmon's Journal, quoted, 7, 188.
Harness, John G., 12, 31.
Harness, Joseph, 12, 89.
Harper, Alexander, 12, 145.
Harris, George H., Aboriginal Occupation of the Lower Genesee Country, 2, 78–85.
Harris, John, describes Old Trading Path, 5, 23.
Harris, Pittsburgh Business Directory for the year 1837, cited, 9, 107, 134.
Harris's, 12, 131.
Harris, Thomas G., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 158.
Harris, Tour, cited, 9, 106, 127, 134; 12, 70.
Harrison, E. G., Stone Roads in New Jersey, 15, 190–211.
Harrison, Gov. Benjamin, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 197–198, 201.
Harrison, Mr., locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109.
Harrison, William Henry: at erection of Fort St. Clair, 8, 169; under Wayne, 176; nominated for president, 14, 170–171, 175.
Harrod, Capt. W., commanded a company in Clark's force, 8, 222.
Harrodsburg (Kentucky), settlement of, 6, 80.
Hart, David, 6, 91, 102, 113, 136.
Hart, Erie Canal Commissioner, 14, 149.
Hart, Nathaniel, 6, 200.
Hartley's, 11, 137.
Harvey's, 10, 156.
Harvey's Point, on Kaskaskia Trace, 8, 67.
Hastings's, 10, 160.
Hathaway, Judge, address at breaking ground for Erie Canal at Rome (New York), 14, 116.
Havre de Grace (Maryland), Baily describes, 11, 109–110.
Hawkins, John, 6, 198.
Hawley, Jesse: articles advocating Erie Canal, 14, 48; influence in originating Erie Canal, 48–49; address at opening of Erie Canal, 139.
Hawley, M. S., Origin of the Erie Canal, quoted, 14, 48, 110–112, 116, 119; cited, 51.
Hay, Major, 7, 173.
Hays, James, 6, 199.
Hazen, Brigadier General, letter to General Irvine, 5, 189.
Hazzard, Lieut. R. E., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109, 110.
Headley, Usal, 10, 162.
Heckewelder, John: Map of Northeastern Ohio, 1796, 2, 101; on derivation of name Ohio, 9, 17–19.
Heighway, Mr.: early pioneer in Ohio, 11, 116; route in Ohio, 146–150.
Helm, Captain: occupies Vincennes, 8, 32; captured by Hamilton, 33; Clark mentions, 222.
Henderson, Col. Richard: ancestry, 6, 88–89; early life, 89–91; anecdote illustrating self-confidence, 89–91; Transylvania Company formed by, 91–92; Boone negotiates Watauga treaty for, 92; departs for Kentucky, 101–102; diary while going to Kentucky, 101–107; joins Calk's party, 111; crosses Cumberland Gap, 112, 115; letter to Joseph Martin, 133–134; Boone writes to, 143; Watauga purchase repudiated by Virginia and North Carolina, 144; Virginia and North Carolina reimburse, 144.
Henderson, Major Pleasant, brother of Richard Henderson, 6, 88–89.
Henderson, Nathaniel, brother of Richard Henderson, 6, 88.
Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard Henderson, 6, 88, 102, 103, 104.
Hening, Statutes at Large, cited, 13, 58, et seq.
Hennepin, 7, 36.
"Hercules," signature of Jesse Hawley, q. v.
Herdman, William, farm on Wayne's Road, 8, 196.
Herrin's Prairie (Illinois), St. Louis–Shawneetown Trace in, 8, 28.
Hewett, D., American Traveller, 11, 56, 118.
Hides, brought from Illinois to Pittsburg in 1796, 12, 87.
Higginson, Henry, 12, 118.
Highland Hall, 10, 159.
Hildreth, Dr. S. P.: Pioneer History, cited, 1, 62; 2, 18, 109, 122; 9, 130; 12, 64; "Early Immigration," quoted, 5, 197; immigrants on Old Glade Road described by, 197–199.
Hill, Gen. A. P., Dr. Walker an ancestor of, 6, 51.
Hill's, 10, 155.
Hillsborough, efforts to limit the boundaries of Virginia, 6, 20–23.
Himberlin, Abraham, 6, 201.
Hinch's Spring, 13, 68.
Hind's House, 4, 194.
Hinman, Colonel, exhibit at Erie Canal inaugural ball, 14, 150.
Hinsdale, B. A., The Old Northwest, 7, 36, 73; 9, 68.
Historical Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania, quoted, 13, 30.
History of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, 8, 91.
Hite, Abraham, 6, 199; 12, 25.
Hite, Isaac, 6, 199.
"Hit or Miss," first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
Hobbs, Joshua, 6, 198.
"Hobson's Choice," Wayne's camp named, 8, 186.
Hodgdon, Quartermaster: shortsightedness of, 8, 121, 127; hastening provision trains, 139–140.
Hoffman, George, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Hogan, Richard, 6, 118.
Hogg, Captain, 5, 32.
Hogg, James, 6, 91.
Holgate, Col. Jacob, Pennsylvania Canal commissioner, 13, 177.
Holland, J. G., Bay Path, cited, 2, 75.
Holland Purchase line, 12, 138.
Holland, W. N., Life and Political Opinions of Van Buren, 14, 170.
Holley, Myron, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149, 180.
Hollidaysburg (Pennsylvania), Eastern terminus Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 198–199.
Holmes, Andrew, 6, 200.
Home, description of an interesting pioneer, 12, 79.
Hood's, 6, 123.
Hoolen's, 6, 123.
Hoover, Gen. C., large load hauled by horses of, 10, 131.
Hoover's, 10, 161.
Hosmer's, 12, 137.
Hotchkiss, Lemuel, 12, 150.
Houseboatman, typical Ohio River, 9, 178–182.
House, John, 12, 109.
Howard, William, locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109.
Howell's Map, Baily cites, 11, 124.
Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, cited, 2, 104, 107.
Hudgins, Daniel, 6, 199.
Hughes, James, 6, 200.
Hughes, Philip, chaplain in Braddock's army, 4, 94.
Hughs, John, 6, 50.
Hulbert, A. B., Colonel Washington, 3, 11; Red Men's Roads, cited, 7, 162; The Old National Road, cited, 10, 12.
Hulbert, Rochester (New York) committeeman on Erie Canal inaugural celebration, 14, 142.
Hulme's Journal in W. Cobbett, A Year's Residence in the United States, cited, 11, 55.
Humphreys, David, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 195–196.
Hunter, James, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 159.
Hunter, Harris and Company, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractors, 13, 159.
Hunter's, 10, 159.
Hunting Ground: Pyankeshaw's, 2, 57; Ottawas, 60.
Huntington, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Hunt, Menad, 12, 146.
Hursey's, 10, 162.
Hutchins, Thomas, map of Ohio and Pennsylvania based on map of, 2, 105; sketch of the Wabash, 8, 35.

ILLINOIS: archæological map of, 1, 55; map of, showing George Rogers Clark's routes, 8, 21.
Immigration to northern shore of Ohio: difficulty of restraining, 9, 53; forbidden, 55.
Incline planes: on Morris Canal, 13, 193–194; on Allegheny Portage Railway, 193–205.
"Indian Queen," 10, 158; 11, 127.
Indiana, archæological map of, 1, 55.
Indianapolis (Indiana): Cumberland Road at, 10, 81; taverns at, 164.
Indians: dexterous in steering courses in forests, 2, 32, 33; hunting grounds, 45, 46; number in West in 1775, 3, 63; treatment by French and English compared, 80–84; English officer's description of, 4, 91–93; dance described, 153–156; French retain affection of, 5, 165; never occupied Old Southwest, 6, 26; British agents goad to war, 149–155; attempt neutral policy, 157–160.
Indians, Mound-building: new conceptions of, 1, 37, et seq.; ancestors of later Indians, 38; distribution of mounds of, 43; population heavy where Indian population was heavy, 45; centers of population, 45; seats in Ohio, 46; interior location of mounds, 46–47; seats in Michigan, 49; located on small streams, 58; traveled by land, 60, 61; roads of, 90–92; migrations of, 95.
Indian Point, Clark's encampment at, 8, 26.
"Indian Side" of Ohio, significance of, 9, 50.
"Indian Stones," beside trails, 2, 28.
Indian War (1790–95): Indians' strategic position during, 8, 72–74; waged by same nations engaged in former wars, 80–81; renewed threats of in 1791, 109–113; United States attempts to avert, 112–114; St. Clair continues, 108–159; Wayne ends, 160–218.
Influence of the Erie Canal upon the population along its course, by Julius Winden, 14, 152–177.
Inglis Ferry, 6, 30.
Ink's, 10, 160.
Inland Lock Navigation Company, Reports of: cited, 14, 26; quoted, 27, 28–29, et seq.
Innes, Judge, on Indian atrocities preceding Indian War, 8, 79, 83–84.
Innis, Hon. Harry, 6, 201–202.
Innis, Henry, 6, 197.
Intemperance, Revolutionary generals given to, 8, 174.
Interior, Report of Department of, cited, 1, 128–131.
Interior, The, 3, 11.
Internal Improvements: Washington inaugurates, 3, 189–215; on Ohio River, 9, 189–220; Cumberland Road built, 10, 18–57; constitutionality questioned, 57–60; Harriet Martineau's version of the pros and cons, 60–64; Zane's Trace opened by National Government, 11, 156–166; Maysville Road bill passed by Congress, 167–168; Jackson vetoes, 169–173; Washington inaugurates Potomac Company, 13, 33–64; National Government surveys route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 77–78; takes stock in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to subscribe stock in Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113–114; proposal to aid Erie Canal by sale of western lands, 14, 58–59; see Good Roads.
Inter-Ocean, Chicago, quoted, 1, 109.
Iowa, roads heavier grade than mountain roads of Switzerland, 15, 88.
Iroquois: dominion of, 3, 47–51; at Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 6, 22; chiefs visit Washington, 8, 165–166.
Irvine, Gen. William: Washington addresses on internal improvements, 3, 200; Washington's private opinion of, 8, 173–174; on low social conditions in early days of Pittsburg, 9, 67; owns land in the West, 12, 77.
Irwin, Thomas, account of Harmar's and St. Clair's campaigns, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.; 231–237.
Israel's, 10, 156.
Ithaca (Ohio), Wayne's Road near, 8, 196.

JACK, Captain, Braddock ignores, 4, 113–114.
Jackman, Richard, 6, 199.
Jackson, Andrew, Maysville Road bill vetoed by, 11, 167–174.
Jacob's, 12, 52.
Jefferson, on internal improvements, 15, 56.
Jenkins, Political History of New York, cited, 14, 166, 168, 169.
Jesse, President Richard H., on good roads and consolidated school-houses, 15, 19.
Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, cited, 2, 19, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 43, 46, 62; 9, 26, 31, 32, 35, 46.
John Filson, 1, 126.
Johnson, E. F., promoter of improved Erie Canal, 14, 190.
Johnson, Guy: Map of the Country of the Six Nations, 2, 69; Sir William Johnson builds Pride's tavern for, 12, 119.
Johnson–Hatfield House, 10, 160.
Johnson, Joseph E., surveyor on Cumberland Road, 10, 77.
Johnson, J. S., First Explorations of Kentucky, cited, 6, 48, et seq.
Johnson, Mr., 14, 142.
Johnson's, 10, 156.
Johnson, Sir William: Virginia boundary extended by, 6, 22; Journal (1761), 7, 47; Pride's tavern built by, 12, 119; "first settlement" on the Mohawk, 14, 27.
Johnson, Thomas, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 55.
Johnson, William, 12, 31.
Johnstown (Pennsylvania), western terminus of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 200.
Joliet, explorer, 7, 33–34.
Joncaire: Washington visits, 3, 104–108; Céloron's agent, 9, 28, 35, 37, 44.
Jones, History of Juniata Valley, cited, 2, 17, 86–88.
Jones, John, 6, 201.
Jones, Talbot, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 110.
Jones, Walter: committeeman to memorialize Congress for aid for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 74.
Joplin's, Thomas, 6, 54.
Jouett, John, 6, 198.
Joy, Captain, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
Juchereau, Fort Massac site of trading station of, 8, 16.
Jumonville, Sieur de: advance from Fort Duquesne, 3, 140–142; Washington attacks, 142–150; view of ledge from which Washington fired upon, 145; claim concerning ambassadorship answered by Washington, 147–150; Washington tricked to acknowledge assassination of, 164.
"June Bug Coach Line," 10, 125.
Juniata Valley, Jones's History of, 2, 17, 86–88.

KACKANAPAULINS, 5, 20, 23.
Kaskaskia (Illinois), Clark occupies, 8, 31–32.
Keel-boat: history of, Ohio River, 9, 107–113; crews, described, 161–172.
Keen, Samuel G., 5, 202.
Kelley, Hugh, on Black Commission, 14, 197.
Kennedy, Lieut. John, killed at Battle of Blue Licks, 6, 129.
Kennedy, Thomas, 6, 200.
Kennedy, commissary sent by Clark to explore neighborhood of Vincennes, 8, 56.
Kent, Chancellor, Erie Canal bill saved by vote of, 14, 110–112.
Kent, Hon. Joseph, chairman of public meeting promoting Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 70.
Kenton, William, 6, 202.
Kent's, Mrs., 6, 130.
Kentucky: first hunters in, 6, 31–32; debt of Virginia to, 41; derivation of name, 41–42; early stations in, 44; pure English blood in, 45–46; Gist explores, 74–76; early hunters in, 78–80; settlements of 1774 in, 80; Filson's map of, 119; raid of Bird into, 168–169; debt of Old Northwest to, 190; important part in western history, 190–193.
Kentucky Gazette, cited, 6, 192.
Kentucky Inn, 10, 160.
Keppel, August, British American fleet commanded by, 4, 39.
Kerr, Joseph, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 26.
"Key of Keys," location near Washington, D. C., discussed, 4, 78.
Keys's, 10, 160.
Kickener Paulins, see Kackanapaulins.
Kincaid, Capt. Joseph, 6, 129.
King, Mr., trees at Braddock's grave planted by, 4, 211–212.
King, Rufus, Ohio, cited, 9, 64.
King, William, 6, 197.
King's, 11, 142.
Kingsford, W., History, Structure and Statistics of Plank Roads, cited, 11, 98, et seq.
Kirtland, Rev. Samuel, urged to pacify Iroquois, 8, 163–164.
Kittanning campaign, history of, 5, 60–62.
Klein, Theodore B., The Canals of Pennsylvania and the System of Internal Improvements, cited, 13, 192.
Knight, Jonathan: Cumberland Road in Ohio located by, 10, 77–78; on board of engineers, Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110; assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 131.
Knox, Col. James: Kentucky explored by, 6, 79–80; acts as commissioner of Wilderness Road, 201.
Knox, David, 6, 198.
Kortright, John, 12, 148.
Kortright (New York), early days at, 12, 158.
Kruder, "Arks" invented by, 9, 127.
Krudener, Baron, rides in sail-car, 13, 128.

LAFAYETTE Amphitheatre, Erie Canal inaugural ball held in, 14, 149–150.
Laird's: 12, 126; genteel conditions at, 127.
Lake Erie, early description of, 2, 61.
Lambing, Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 37.
Lancaster (Pennsylvania): terminus of first United States macadamized road, 11, 74; Wallcutt in, (1790), 12, 60–61.
Lancaster, Treaty of, 3, 84.
"Landlord's Coach Line," 10, 125.
Land Records of Allegheny County, Maryland, cited, 5, 33.
Lane, George S., 12, 30.
La Salle: explorations of, 7, 33–37; discovered Ohio, 9, 21.
Latrobe, Benjamin H., describes sail-car "Æolus," 13, 127.
Laurel-hanne, location of, 5, 18.
Laurence, David, 12, 145.
Lawless, Henry, in Dr. Walker's exploring party, 6, 50.
Lawrence, Lieutenant Colonel, commander at Nova Scotia, 4, 49.
Lawrence's, 11, 127.
Leavett, Mr., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
Lebanon (Ohio), Harmar's route near, 8, 91, 93.
Le Caron, on the Ottawa route, 7, 31.
Le Clercq, Établissement de la Foi, cited, 7, 106.
Lee, Arthur: route on Old Glade Road, 5, 199; 9, 63.
Lee, Henry, Washington writes on internal improvements to, 3, 196.
Lee, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Lee, Richard Henry, Washington consults on Potomac improvement, 13, 54.
Lee, Thomas Sim, elected director of Potomac Company, 13, 55.
"Legion of the United States," proposed by Knox, 8, 162.
Legionville, Wayne establishes, 8, 177.
Lehman's, 10, 159.
Lehu Town, 4, 195.
Lemon, Washington's guide in the Alleghenies, 12, 22.
Lenan (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 30.
Letter Relating to the Ohio Defeat (1755), cited, 4, 58, et seq.
Letters on Canals, by Schuyler and De Witt, cited, 14, 40.
Lewis, Gen. Andrew, Shawanese campaign of, 6, 85–88; 9, 49.
Lewis, Joseph, 6, 199.
Lewis, Morgan, quoted, 14, 43–44.
Lewis, Nicholas, 6, 198.
Lewis, Samuel, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 49.
Lewis, Thomas, 6, 198.
Lewis's, Widow, 4, 195.
Lewis's, 14, 25.
Lightall, Mr., 14, 26.
Ligneris, Fort Duquesne commanded by, 5, 157.
Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin: Washington's private opinion of, 8, 172–173; appointed to treat with Indians, 184.
"Lion and the Eagle," 10, 163.
Literature, pioneer, 12, 58, 86, 155.
Little Backbone Mountain, first American tunnel planned under, 13, 68.
Little Crossings, Braddock at, 4, 110.
Little Falls (New York): Bigelow describes (1805), 12, 121; old portage, 14, 18–19; early canal, 28–29; Erie Canal at, 132; view of Erie Canal at, 133; see Mohawk River.
Little Meadows, Braddock at, 4, 185, 186.
"Little Turtle": defeats Harmar, 8, 102–107; defeats St. Clair, 152–156.
Lively Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 43.
Live, William, 6, 200.
Livingston, John, 12, 148.
Livingston, Robert, appointed on Erie Canal committee, 14, 56, 150; see Fulton.
Load, heavy, drawn on plank road, 11, 99.
Locher's, 12, 62.
Lockhart, Josiah, 12, 30.
Locomotives, experimental, 13, 127–129.
Logan, Colonel, arrival in Kentucky, 6, 43–44, 201.
Logan, Hugh, 6, 199.
Logan, Indian chieftain, murder of relatives of, 6, 85.
Logston, Joseph, 12, 24.
Logston, Thomas, 12, 24.
Loland, M., 6, 124.
Lombard trees at Utica, New York, 12, 126.
London Evening Post (1755), cited, 4, 59.
London Public Advertiser, cited, 4, 127; 5, 38.
"Long Hunters," Kentucky explored by, 6, 80.
Longino, Hon. A. H., on good roads movement, 15, 78–80.
Long Island Flats, battle of, 6, 149–151.
Long, Lieut. Col. Stephen H.: locates Baltimore and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109, 110; surveys route for Allegheny Portage Railway, 197.
Long Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52.
Long's Ordinary, 6, 123.
Loramie's Store: strategic position of, 7, 162–164; George Rogers Clark raids, 8, 76; Harmar's army at, 99.
Lorman, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Losantiville, see Fort Washington.
Lossing, Empire State, cited, 14, 173.
Loudoun, Lord: Montcalm outwits, 5, 68; writes Denny on early condition of Old Glade Road, 78.
Loudoun (Pennsylvania), packhorse rendezvous at, 5, 58.
Louisbourg, Amherst attacks, 5, 73.
Lowdermilk, History of Cumberland, cited, 3, 173–188.
"Lower Prairie," Clark's route from, 8, 58.
Lowry, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 100.
Loyalhanna, Bouquet decides route of Old Glade road to, 5, 110.
Loyal Hanny, see Loyalhanna.
Loyal Land Company of London: Dr. Walker represents, 6, 49; legal improvement made by, 64.
Ludlow, Israel, St. Clair upbraids, 8, 135.
Ludlow's Station, St. Clair's army encamped at, 8, 129.
Luke's, 12, 139.
Luttrell, John, Kentucky pioneer, 6, 91, 102, 103, 104.
Lutz's, 12, 55.
Lyles, William, and Company, furnish liquor to Potomac Company workmen, 13, 60.
McAFEE, James, met by Henderson returning from Kentucky, 6, 106.
McArthur, Duncan, 9, 69.
Macauley, Patrick, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
McAuley, Rev. Mr., 12, 158.
Macbean, Colonel, Morris Journal owned by, 4, 79.
McBride, Capt. W., 6, 129.
McCartin's, 12, 78.
McCauley's, settlement on Little Wabash, 8, 52.
McClellan's, 10, 158.
McClung, Joseph, Harmar's army camps on farm of, 8, 92.
McCormack's, 10, 155.
McCracken's, 12, 53, 139.
M'Croskey, Doctor, in St. Clair's army, 8, 151.
McCullough's Gazetteer, quoted, 9, 149.
McDonald's, 10, 161.
M'Dowell, John, opens subscription books for Old Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31.
McDowell, Samuel, 6, 200.
McDowell, William, 6, 197.
McDowell's Mill (Pennsylvania), strategic position of, 5, 46; 11, 129.
McFarlain, etiquette in blockhouse tavern of, 12, 84–86.
McFarren's, 12, 52.
McGary, Col. Hugh, emigrates to Kentucky with Daniel Boone, 6, 118.
McGaw's, Widow, 5, 85.
McIntire, John: tavern, 10, 156; assists Zane in marking Zane's Trace, 11, 158.
McIntosh, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
McIntyre, A., comptroller of New York, 14, 184.
McKay, Captain, 3, 131–132.
McKee, Col. Alexander: turns renegade, 6, 160; influences Indians at Roche de Bout convention, 8, 191.
M'Kim, Isaac, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
McKinney, John, 6, 198.
McKinney's, 10, 161.
McLean, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
MacLean, John, Mound Builders, cited, 1, 65, 92.
M'Machen, Samuel, 12, 31.
McMahon, John, early mill near Old Portage Road, 7, 154.
McMahon's, 10, 160.
McMaster, Professor John B., History of the People of the United States: quoted, 5, 193–194; 12, 147, 165; cited, 14, 165.
"McMillin's Spring," Harmar's route near, 8, 91.
M'Mullen, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 105.
McMurran, Widow, view of Tavern of, 11, 134.
McMurtrey, Captain, 8, 106.
M'Murtrie, Sketches of Louisville, 1, 116.
McMurtry, Ensign John, 6, 129.
"McNair and Company's Mail Coach Line," 10, 137.
M'Neil, Daniel, 12, 31.
McNeill, Capt. William G., outlines route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78, 109, 110.
Mabey's, John, 14, 26.
"Mad Anthony Street," Cincinnati, 8, 129, 195.
Madison (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
Madison, President James, Erie Canal encouraged in message of, 14, 57–58.
Magazine of American History, cited, 8, 174; 9, 26, 41.
Magazine of Western History, cited, 7, 183.
Mail boats, first Ohio River, 9, 130.
Mail coaches, on Cumberland Road, 10, 142–151.
Mail, hauled in crates through Indiana mud to Chicago, 11, 103.
"Mail Pilot Coach Line," 10, 135.
Mail service: efficiency between New England and Ohio Valley (1796), 12, 65, 66; schedules on Cumberland Road, 10, 144–148.
Manlius (New York), in 1805, 12, 129.
Manning's Mill, Harmar crosses Miami near, 8, 98.
Margry, Découvertes des français dans L'Amérique Septentrionale, quoted, 7, 167.
Marietta, Ohio, founded by Ohio Company, 9, 64.
Marin, expedition of, 7, 156–160.
Marquette, reaches the Mississippi, 7, 34–35.
Marshall, O. H., "Céloron's Expedition," cited, 9, 26, 41.
Marshall's Shoals, Clark crosses Big Muddy River at, 8, 29.
Marshall's, 10, 157, 160.
Martin, Capt. Joseph, 6, 102, 103, 111, 124, 131, 132–137; letters of Henderson to, 133–134, 137–139.
Martin, Solomon, 12, 146, 148.
Martineau, Harriet: quoted on internal improvements, 10, 61–64; on corduroy roads, 11, 69–70.
Maryland Archives, cited, 4, 76.
Maryland, Atlas of, cited, 12, 23.
Mason, John: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74; committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 74.
Massac Creek, Clark's men land at mouth of, 8, 17–19.
Massachusetts, opening early road in, 11, 34–35; Bay Path in, see Bay Path.
Massie, Life of Nathaniel, cited, 6, 182; 9, 69.
Matrimony, President Winston on poor roads and, 15, 24.
Matthews, General, 14, 142.
Maumee City (Ohio), first settlement of whites in Ohio at, 7, 65.
May, Col. John, Journal, 5, 197.
May, William: acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences of, 182–183; put to death, 213.
Mayer, Charles F., effects compromise between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 116.
May's Lick, 6, 179.
Maysville (Illinois), near present Clay City, 8, 53.
Maysville (Kentucky), 9, 70, 89, 128; 11, 156–157.
Meadow-in-the-Hole, see Oakdale, Illinois.
Meason's, Col. Isaac, 10, 35.
Mellar, William, 6, 133.
Memorial of the Citizens of Cincinnati to Congress, quoted, 9, 144, 204.
Mentgetz, Colonel, testifies in St. Clair court martial, 8, 126.
Menzons, Jonas, convention for new state north of the Ohio called for at house of, 9, 58.
Mercer, C. F.: toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 13, 73; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 74; oration at inauguration of canal, 104–105; said to have blocked a government appropriation for Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 114.
"Merino Lamb," 10, 162.
Mermet, mission on site of Fort Massac, 8, 16.
Metropolis (Illinois), site of Fort Massac, 8, 15.
Miamis: ancient boundaries left undisturbed by Iroquois, 3, 47; ringleaders of last Indian confederacy, 8, 79.
Michigan Pioneer Collections, cited, 7, 180, et seq.
Military Tract, given by New York to Revolutionary veterans, 12, 129.
Miller, Abraham, 12, 30.
Miller, Christopher: captured from Indians, 8, 202; comes with message to Wayne from White Eyes, 212.
Mills, Captain, 12, 43.
Miner's, 4, 77.
Missouri: need of good roads, 15, 19; David R. Francis on value of good roads to, 45–46.
Moccasin Gap (Illinois), 8, 19, 27.
"Monks Mound," Dickens describes, 12, 194–195.
Monongahela House, 10, 160.
Monroe House, 10, 160.
Monroe, President, Cumberland Road bill vetoed by, 10, 57–60.
Montcalm and Wolfe, see Parkman.
Montcalm: arrives in America, 5, 68; Fort William Henry conquered by, 69–70.
Montgomery, Capt. John, commands company in Clark's Illinois campaign, 8, 221.
Montgomery, Thomas, 6, 199.
Montgomery, William, Jr., 6, 197.
Montgomery, William, Sr., 6, 199.
Montour's, 5, 19.
Moody, Mr., 12, 43.
Moore's, 10, 156; 12, 57.
Moore, Sir Henry, suggests Mohawk River improvement, 14, 19.
Moore, Thomas, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 26.
Moore, Thomas, verses on Virginia roads, 11, 70–71.
Mohawk Valley: Indian names of points in, 7, 136–138; Bigelow on morality of (1805), 12, 125.
Moran House, 10, 158.
Morgan, Gen. Daniel: Washington's private opinion of, 8, 174; consulted by Washington (1784) as to westward routes, 12, 17.
Morgan County, Ohio, History of, cited, 2, 109.
Morgantown (West Virginia), in 1796, described, 12, 71–72.
Morris, Col. Staats Long, journeys on Catskill turnpike, 12, 144.
Morris, David H., Narrative, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.
Morris, Gen. Jacob, letter to Governor Clinton, 12, 145.
Morris, Gouverneur: Erie Canal proposed by, 14, 43–45, 52, 150; Life of, by Sparks, cited, 44.
Morris, Governor R., Road for Braddock opened by, 5, 25–34.
Morris, John B., Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Morris, Rev. Francis-Orpen, editor of Morris Journal, 4, 79.
Morris, Robert, president of the "Society for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," 13, 28.
Morris Journal: editions of, compared, 4, 80–83; quoted, 83–107.
Morris Map of 1749, cited, 7, 55.
Morrow, Josiah: an authority on Harmar's campaign, 8, 75; corrects Armstrong's Journal, 92, 94.
Mosby, Robert, 6, 198.
Moultrie, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Mountain Spring Tavern, 10, 159.
Mountain Tavern, 4, 195.
Mount Braddock: Washington expected to fortify, 3, 154; Braddock's Road near, 4, 187.
Mount Erie (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50.
Mount Pleasant (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
Moylan, John, 6, 200.
Murdering Town, attempt to assassinate Washington at, 3, 114.
Murphy's, 11, 141.
Murray, Charles Augustus: Travels in North America, quoted, 11, 56–59; description of western tour of, 12, 197–202.
Murray, W. H. H.: quoted, 3, 40; 15, 23.
Muter, George, 6, 200.
Myer, Michael, 12, 100.
Myers, Jacob, operates first mail boats on Ohio River, 9, 130.
Myers, Widow, 5, 186.
Mynderse, Colonel, 14, 48.

NAMES, strange derivation of, in western history, 9, 19.
Nashville (Illinois): Clark's route near, 8, 45; Prairie, 45.
National Aid: Good Roads and, 15, 51–64; in road-building, Martin Dodge sketches history of, 67–70.
National House, 10, 158.
National Intelligencer, cited, 13, 74, et seq.
"National Stage Coach Company," 10, 124.
Navigator, quoted, 9, 73–99, 125, 136, 139.
Naylor, William, 12, 31.
Neal, James H., 12, 32.
Neal's, 10, 164.
Neil House, 10, 163.
Neil, Moore and Company, coach line, 10, 135.
Neill, Stephen, 12, 31.
Nellis's, 14, 27.
Nelms, Sandy Alexander, on St. Louis Trace Road, 8, 68–69.
Nelson's, Widow, 4, 194.
Nesbit, John Maxwell, aids Potomac improvements, 13, 59.
Neville, Col. Joseph, Washington quotes, 13, 37.
New Carlisle (Ohio), Harmar's camp near, 8, 96.
Newcastle, Duke of: incapability, 4, 34–35; First Lord of the Treasury, 5, 70.
New England Historical and Genealogical Register, cited, 2, 67, 74.
New France, early French in, 3, 64–66.
New Jersey: and State Aid, 15, 51; road improvement in, 165–166; Harrison on stone roads in, 190–211.
New York: social life in 1796 described by Francis Baily, 11, 114–116; map of western (1809), 12, 123.
Nicholas, George, 6, 197.
Nicollet, 7, 32.
Niles Register, quoted, 13, 71, et seq.
Nixon's, 10, 164.
Nolin, Carte du Canada, cited, 7, 50.
Norris's, 10, 160.
North, William, of early Erie Canal commission, 14, 52.
North Bend (Indiana), founded, 9, 65.
Northern Ohio Historical Society Publications, cited, 2, 99.
Northwest Territory: defense shifted from colonies to United States, 8, 78; Arthur St. Clair inaugurated governor of, 9, 64.

OAKDALE (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 44–45
Object-lesson roads, 15, 76–80.
O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78.
Office of Public Road Inquiries: Government establishes, 15, 58–61; laboratory established, 76.
O'Hara, James, quartermaster to Wayne, 8, 194.
Ohins (guide), 5, 100.
Ohio, by Rufus King, cited, 9, 64.
Ohio: archæological map of, 1, 52; first settlement of whites in, 7, 65; first turnpike in, 11, 104; cutting pioneer road in southwestern, 148–150; State aid in, 15, 51.
Ohio Company: buildings erected at Wills Creek by, 3, 95; Christopher Gist engaged by, 6, 70; officers of, 69–70.
Ohio Company of Associates: formed, 9, 60–61; interdependence of Ordinance of 1787 on, 61, 62; pioneers of, en route to Ohio, 63, 64.
Ohio National Stage Company, 10, 125–126.
Ohio State Archæological and Historical Quarterly, cited, 3, 11; 4, 89.
Olden, J. G., Historical Sketches and Early Reminiscences of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, on Harmar's route from Fort Washington, 8, 89–90.
Olden Time, The, cited, 1, 121; 2, 72; 9, 132.
Oldham, Colonel, urges Slough to report to St. Clair, 8, 151.
Old Northwest, debt to Kentucky, 6, 190.
Old Portage Road, see H. C. Taylor.
Old Southwest, sketch of Virginia's occupation of, 6, 23–47.
"Old State Ford" (Illinois), see Welge Station.
Old Town (Maryland), 12, 52.
Oliver, Robert, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Olney (Illinois), Clark crosses Fox River near, 8, 55, 64.
"Ombra Creek," see Embarras River.
Oneida Lake, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47.
Oneida (New York), first cleared lands (1805) west of Utica, 12, 128, 135.
Onondaga Hollow, early settlement of, 12, 128–129.
Opie, H. L., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
"Orange Tree," 10, 161.
Orchards, cut down in General Sullivan's campaign, 12, 134–135.
Ord, Captain, 4, 43.
Ordinance of 1787: cited, 2, 54; 9, 51; interdependence of Ohio Company on, 62.
Orendorff's rapid, 14, 28.
Oriskany (New York), local names for, 12, 127.
Orr, Alexander D., 6, 200.
Osgood, Samuel, 9, 63.
Ottawas: origin of name, 1, 47; Pontiac a chief of, 5, 168.
Ouicatanon (Ouiatenon) Croghan at, in 1765, 2, 58.
Overhill Cherokee towns, 2, 65.
Overton, Capt. Clough, 6, 129.
Owen's ordinary, 4, 76.
Oyster-shell object-lesson road, view of, 15, 137.
PACKHORSE days: 11, 26–28; loads carried by, 29.
Page, Judge, 12, 162.
Page, Professor L. W.: Office of Public Road Inquiries laboratory in charge of, 15, 58–61; on materials for macadam roads, 170–189.
Paille Coupée, Céloron at, 9, 29–32.
Paine, Edward, 12, 145.
Painted Post (New York), General Pickering holds convention at, 8, 112.
Painted Stone, village by name of, 2, 29.
Palmer House, 10, 164.
Parberry, James, 6, 200.
Parish, Mr., 14, 45.
Parker, Alexander, 6, 200.
Parker, Hugh, erects buildings for Ohio Company at Wills Creek, 3, 95.
Parker, Lieut. Robert, Journal of, in Pennsylvania Magazine, quoted, 11, 25.
Parker's, 12, 25.
Parkman, Francis, works, cited, 5, 71, 74, 151, 159; 9, 37.
Partridge, Colonel, on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
"Passed meeting," Quaker phrase used in connection with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 73.
Paterson's on Roanoke, 6, 121.
Patterson, Captain: guide in Forbes's army, 5, 99; sent to explore Old Glade Road, 110.
Patterson, Major, in St. Clair's defeat, 8, 147.
Patterson, Robert, 6, 198.
Patterson, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Pawling, Henry, 6, 197.
Peach, Captain, 7, 106.
Peachy, Major, Braddock's Road opened by (1758), 5, 96.
Peacock, Engineer William, builds western section Erie Canal, 14, 106.
Peden's, Colonel, 12, 60.
Pendleton, P. C., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Pendleton's Ford, 4, 194.
Pentland's Journal, 1, 61.
Pennsylvania: and State Aid, 15, 51; suffering after Braddock's defeat, 5, 48.
Pennsylvania Archives, cited, 2, 103, 110; 5, 22, 23.
Pennsylvania Gazette, General Forbes eulogized by, 5, 160–162.
Pennsylvania, History of Western, 1, 61.
Pennsylvania House, 10, 159.
Perrett, William, 6, 200.
Peters, Richard, quoted, 5, 188.
Petersburg (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159.
Petty, William, 6, 2O2.
Phelps Prairie, Clark's route in, 8, 24, 25, 27, 28.
Philadelphia House, 10, 160.
Philadelphia Press, cited, 11, 74.
Philippe, Louis, anecdote of, 9, 171.
"Phoenix Coach Line," 10, 135.
Pickell, John, A New Chapter in the Early Life of Washington, 13, 51, et seq.
Pickering, Gen. Timothy: holds convention at Painted Post, 8, 112; invites Indian chiefs to Washington, 164; on treaty commission, 184.
Pierce, Capt. Joseph, tribute to Jacob Yoder, 9, 124.
Pierpont, surveyor consulted by Washington (1784) as to Western routes, 12, 21.
Pigman, Bene S., effects compromise between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 116.
"Pig-track" surveys, 15, 87.
Pike's, 10, 163.
Pilot Knob (Kentucky), Blue Grass region seen by Gist from, 6, 75.
Pinckney, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 174.
"Pioneer Coach Line," 10, 125.
Pioneers: character of Kentucky, 5, 34–36; Roosevelt excuses brutality of, 36; types of, 36–38; kindness of, 56–57; rough life of, 9, 66; instance of unkindness of, 12, 66–69.
Pirates on Ohio River, 9, 187–188.
Piroque, see Canoe.
Pitt, William: dismissed, 5, 69; recalled, 70; motto given to England by (1758), 72; letter (July 10) of Forbes to, 92–93.
Pittsburg: Washington first notes strategic site of, 3, 99; early development, 205; early Indian village at, 5, 21; General Forbes names, 158; site not mentioned by Céloron, 9, 39; early conditions at, 67; early shipbuilding at, 134; Brighthelmstein compared with, 12, 87; Ballman's description of (1796), 87–88; see Fort Duquesne.
Pittsburg Business Directory for the year 1837, cited, 9, 107.
Plates, Céloron's leaden, 9, 27.
Platt, General, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 60, 110–111.
Plessis, Bishop, quoted, 7, 100–101.
Plumer's, 10, 159.
Pogue, William, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 117.
Point Pleasant (West Virginia), Battle of, 6, 86–87.
"Point of Rocks," conflict between Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on right of way at, 13, 115–119.
Pollan, Henry, 5, 84.
Polls, George, 4, 76, 88.
Pond, Capt. Peter, spy among northwestern Indians, 8, 164.
Pond, Major, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
Pontiac: religious convictions of, 5, 168; arouses Indians, 169; conspiracy of, 170–182.
Pope, Ensign, testimony of, 8, 126.

PORTAGE PATHS—
In General: buffalo traces at, 1, 139; classification of, 2, 53; 7, 23; missionaries traverse, 22; typical experiences of missionaries on, 25–31; explorer's use of, 21, 31–37; New France and Louisiana joined by, 37; meeting-places on, 37–42; circumstances determined routes of, 38–40; camping grounds on, 41–42; alternations of, 42–43; burying grounds near, 43; altars erected on, 43–44; difficulties of, 43–46; as boundary lines, 48–49; suggestive names of, 49–50; military usage of, 51–72; hostile Indians lurked near, 54–57; Céloron's use of, 60–62; forests traversed by, 62; military importance of northwestern Ohio, 68–73; villages grow up on, 73–74; treaties made at forts on, 74; roadways built on, 75–80; routes of canals on, 80–82; 14, 19; ordinance of 1787 on, 7, 81; routes of railways on, 81–82; Dr. Wm. F. Ganong on New Brunswick, 94–105; still in use, 96; present-day appearance of, 96–98; naming of, 100–101; preservation of name, 101; early mail route on, 103; Albany to Quebec, itinerary (1720), 123–124, 125–133; boundary lines, 161; blazed trees on Kankakee–St. Joseph, 178; plea for marking historic sites on, 188–194.
Names and Data:
- Black River–Ouelle, 7, 108.
- Chautauqua, 7, 91, 152–157; Céloron on, 9, 25.
- Chicago–Des Plaines, 7, 180–181.
- Conemaugh, 13, 171; landing called "Canoe-Place," 171.
- Connecticut–Lake Champlain, 7, 89, 119, 120.
- Connecticut–St. Francis, 7, 88, 118–119.
- Cuyahoga–Beaver, 13, 38.
- Cuyahoga–Tuscarawas, 7, 160–162; 13, 38, 42.
- Fox–Wisconsin, 7, 182–186.
- Grand, 7, 187–188.
- Grand River–Wagan, 7, 102–104.
- Hudson–Lake Champlain, 7, 89–90, 122–135.
- Hudson–Lake George, 7, 122–127.
- Hudson–Lake Ontario, 7, 90, 135–150.
- Hudson–Mohawk, 13, 47.
- Illinois–Lake Michigan, 7, 92.
- James–Greenbrier, 13, 44.
- Juniata–Conemaugh, see Conemaugh.
- Kankakee–St. Joseph, 7, 176–180.
- Kennebec–Chaudière: 7, 110–118; Prof. Smith describes Arnold's campaign to Quebec on, 115–118.
- Kennebec–St. Lawrence, 7, 88, 109–118.
- Lake Erie–Allegheny, 7, 91, 157–160.
- Lake Superior–Hudson Bay, 7, 93.
- Little Kanawha–Monongahela, 13, 41.
- Maumee–Wabash, 7, 164–175.
- Miami–Auglaize, 7, 162–164.
- Miami–Sandusky, 13, 39.
- Mississippi–Lake Michigan, 7, 93.
- Mohawk–Susquehanna, 7, 90.
- New England and Canada, 7, 94–121.
- New York, 7, 122–150.
- Niagara: 7, 60–61, 91, 153; 13, 47; canal planned on, 14, 19.
- North-West Branch–Rivière du Sud, 7, 108–109.
- Ohio River–Lake Erie, 7, 91–92, 160–175.
- Oneida: military history of, 7, 59; map of (1756), 142; 13, 47; see Rome (New York).
- Potomac–Cheat, 13, 37, 41, 43.
- Potomac–Youghiogheny: 13, 43; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal first planned across, 68.
- Presque Isle, Washington describes, 13, 38.
- St. Francis–Rivière du Loup, 7, 106–108.
- St. John Lake–Etchemin, 7, 109.
- St. Johns–St. Lawrence, 7, 86–87, 101–109.
- St. Joseph–Wabash, 7, 175.
- St. Lawrence–Lake Champlain, 7, 90, 127–133.
- Susquehanna–Mohawk, early railway projected on, 12, 162.
- Susquehanna–Toby's Creek, 13, 45.
- Temiscouta–Rivière du Loup, 7, 105–106.
- Touladi–Trois Pistoles, 7, 104–105.
- Wabash–Lake Erie, 7, 92.
- Wabash–Lake Michigan, 7, 92.
- Wabash–Maumee, La Salle's acquaintance with, 7, 167–168.
- Youghiogheny–Potomac, Casselman's route proposed for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 80.
Porter, Peter B., on early Erie Canal committee, 14, 52, 150.
Porter's, 4, 194.
Posey, Gen. Thomas: MSS. cited, 8, 159, 177; appointed brigadier-general under Wayne, 175.
Post, Frederick: Journal, cited, 2, 89, 110; route to the West in 1758, 89; Forbes relies on, 5, 147–148; French Indians alienated by, 157.
Post roads, constitutionality of national appropriations for, 15, 55–57.
Potomac Company: formation authorized by Virginia and Maryland, 13, 51–52; subscription books opened, 55; Washington elected president of, 55; Rumsey manager of, 56; improvements made by, 56–62; financial difficulties, 57–63; State commission reports adversely on, 63–64; merged with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 77; Mohawk improvement influenced by, 14, 41.
Potter, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
Potter, Isaac B.: quoted on side ditches, 15, 103–104; on under drainage, 106–107; on macadam roads, 142–147, 155.
Powell, Ambrose, Kentucky explorer, 6, 50.
Powell, A. H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Powell's, 12, 132.
Pownall, Thomas: Map of British Middle Colonies, quoted, 2, 33; cited, 71, 97, 108; Map of the Grand Pass from New York to Montreal, cited, 12, 113.
Prairie: pioneers easily lost in Illinois, 8, 27–28, 65; description of a Kentucky, 11, 189–193; pronunciations of, 12, 186; Charles Dickens visits Lookinglass, 185–196.
Preble County (Ohio), History of, cited, 8, 133, 199.
Prentice, Jonathan, 12, 72.
Pressey, Edward P., in New England Magazine, quoted, 10, 171.
Price, William, 12, 31.
Pride's tavern, in Amsterdam (New York), Sir William Johnson built, 12, 119.
Prince, Captain, 12, 43.
Proclamation of 1763, 6, 20, 30.
Proctor, Col. Thomas, ambassador to Senecas, 8, 111.
Proctor's, 5, 186.
Pulley's Mill (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 27.
Putnam, Gen. Rufus: begs Washington to aid Western settlements, 8, 113; treats with Wabash Indians, 166, 172, 178; Washington's private opinion of, 174; Ohio Company of Associates led by, 9, 61–63; Ohio River map by, 71; favors immigrants, 12, 93–94.
Pyankeshaw's Hunting Ground, 2, 57.
Pyatt's, Jacob, 5, 19.

RACCOON Ford, 4, 194.
Radisson, Mississippi discovered by, 7, 182.
Rae (Ray), Forbes states that Raystown was founded by, 5, 92.
Rafts of logs on Ohio, 9, 127–129.
Ragan's, 11, 127.

RAILROADS—
In General: Influence of buffaloes on routes of, 1, 79; portage paths as routes of, 7, 81–82; headwaters of Susquehanna reached by, 12, 162; average American farm ten miles distant from, 15, 16; reached limit of growth in America, 16.
Names and Data:
- Allegheny Portage: width of right of way for, 11, 42; significance of, 13, 194–196; Stevenson on, 196; Canvass White proposed, 196; Moncure Robinson plans, 196–197; board of engineers surveys route for, 197; act creating, 197–198; Sylvester Welch engineer of, 198; final surveys made, 199; William Bender Wilson's monograph on, cited, 199; description of, 199–204; view of First American Tunnel on, 201; second track laid, 204; description of road-bed, 205; first boat carried over, 206; superseded by Pennsylvania Railway, 215.
- Baltimore and Ohio: effected by Jackson's veto of Maysville Road bill, 11, 173–174; exigency which gave rise to, 13, 94–95; Thomas promotes, 95–98; obstructed by Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 100–102; inaugurated, 107–108; Charles Carroll lays foundation stone of, 108; contents of scroll placed within foundation-stone of, 108–110; bids advertised for, 111; stock rapidly subscribed for, 112–113; government aid refused, 113–114; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal refuses right of way, 115–116; compromise, 116–119; aided by "Eight Million Dollar Bill," 122; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal compelled to give right of way to, 123; early struggles, 124–126; horse cars used on, 126; sail-car tried, 127; horse-power engine tried, 129; first steam locomotive on, 129–131; histories of, 98, 114; offers prize for best locomotive, 132; completion of, 132–135; banquet at Wheeling on completion of, 134–135; History and Description of, quoted, 5, 203.
- Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, parallels Vincennes Trace at Lawrenceville, Illinois, 8, 63.
- Erie: highway travel affected by, 12, 159; opening of, 162–163.
- Pennsylvania: Old Glade Road succeeded by, 5, 205; Lancaster Turnpike purchased by, 11, 92–94; incorporated, 13, 213; contracts let for, 213; completed across Alleghenies, 214; purchased Pennsylvania Canal, 215; abandons Allegheny Portage Railway, 215; abandons Pennsylvania Canal, 215.
- West Virginia Central, attempts to buy Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 164.

Ramsay's, 12, 48.
Ranck, History of Louisville, Kentucky, 1, 125.
Randolph, Beverly, appointed to treat with Indians, 8, 184.
Rankin's, 10, 160.
Ransom's, 12, 141.
Rate of fare, Baltimore to Philadelphia and New York (1796), 11, 112–114.
Rattlesnakes: Bonnécamps describes, 9, 32–33; pioneers encounter, 12, 82–83.
Rawles, Hardy, 6, 201.
Raymond, Geo. H., promoter Erie barge canal, 14, 196.
Ray's Hill, 5, 20.
Raystown (Pennsylvania): fortified, 5, 20, 64; St. Clair advises Forbes to make rendezvous at, 76; see Rae.
Record, Spencer, quotation from Diary, 6, 179–181.
Red Jacket, at treaty on the Maumee, 8, 179.
Reed, Joseph, 6, 200.
Reeder, Mr., 12, 84.
Reedy Creek, Dr. Walker on, 6, 60.
Reedyun, John, 6, 2O2.
Rees, Mr., 12, 132.
Reizenstein, "The Economic History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad," cited, 13, 114, et seq.
"Reliance Coach Line," 10, 138.
Religion, and good roads, interdependence of, 15, 20, 34–35, 38–39.
Renick, Felix, letter describing tour from Potomac to Marietta, Ohio (1798), 12, 88–94.
Reside and Company, Coach Line, 10, 136.
Review of the Military Operations in North America, cited, 4, 57, et seq.
Revolution: the West at opening of, 6, 145–148; Kentucky in, 145–174.
Reyburn's, 5, 186.
Reynold's, 4, 195.
Reynolds, 14, 142.
Reynolds, Cornelius, 12, 31.
Reynolds, Governor, description of Kaskaskia Trace, 8, 20.
Reynolds, Reuben: acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences of, 182–183.
Rhea, Narrative, cited, 2, 103.
Rhoads, S., Benjamin Franklin writes on American canals to, 13, 25–26.
Rhode's, 10, 160.
Rhor, guide in Forbes's army, 5, 109.
Rice, David, 6, 202.
Richardson, Judge, as first contractor on Erie Canal breaks the ground at Rome, New York, 14, 116.
Richardson: Messages and Papers of the Presidents, quoted, 10, 58–60; 11, 167–170.
Richmond (Indiana), early taverns at, 10, 164.
Richview (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 45.
Rider, Arthur, vaneman, 10, 29.
Ringland's, 10, 160.
Rinker's, Gaspar, 4, 195.
Ripley, T. M., 14, 12.
Riquet, builder of Languedoc Canal, 13, 19.
"Rising Sun," 10, 161.
Rochester, Mr., 14, 142.

RIVERS—
In General: canalization of, by ancients, 13, 17–18; Spaniard's scruples against, 18; Pennsylvania forward in plans for canalization of, 30–32.
Names and Data:
- Aboite, 7, 173.
- Allegheny: Cramer's description of, 9, 78–82; earliest improvement of navigation of, 13, 32; formerly called Ohio, see Ohio River.
- Rivière Blanche, 9, 45.
- Cache, Clark on, 8, 19, 26–27.
- Catawba, derivation of name of, 6, 42.
- Cheat, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 43, 44.
- Conemaugh: early improvement of navigation of, 13, 32; route on, 171.
- Cumberland, Dr. Walker crossed, 6, 63.
- Cuyahoga, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38, 42, 43.
- Delaware, early navigation improvement of, 13, 30, 32.
- Dick's, early settlement on, 6, 80.
- Eel: 2, 58; error in name of, 7, 174.
- Elk, improvement of, 15, 54.
- Embarras: Clark reaches, 8, 55–56; called "Ombra," 66.
- Great Kanawha: Céloron at mouth of, 9, 44; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 41, 43, 44, 45.
- Greenbrier, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 44.
- Hudson, strategic geographical position of, 14, 69–72.
- Jackson's, see James.
- James, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 44, 45.
- Juniata: view showing four routes to the West, 13, frontispiece; early route on, 171.
- Kentucky: derivation of name of, 6, 42; early improvement of, 9, 213.
- Kiskiminitas, trail along, 5, 23.
- Lehigh, early plan for improvement of, 13, 32.
- Licking, early voyage up, 6, 179–180.
- Little Kanawha, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40, 41, 43, 44.
- Little Wabash: discussion as to George Rogers Clark's crossing-place on, 8, 51–53, 225–230; Clark's men crossing, 51–55.
- Miame (Maumee): navigation of, 2, 59.
- Miami: Hamilton's expedition up, 7, 169–170; Fish-pot Ford on, 8, 94; Céloron on, 9, 46–47.
- Mississippi: Joliet reaches, 7, 34; significance of route of discoverer of, 37; Radisson and Groseilliers discover, 182.
- Mohawk: effect of water of on rocks at Little Falls, 12, 120–121; Little Falls described, 120–121; early navigation of, 120, 122–123; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47; overland routes up, 14, 15–16; primeval condition, 18–19, 27–28; early improvements of, 20–21; Western Inland Lock Navigation Company on, 22–42; canal at Little Falls of, 28–29; canal at Rome, 29–30; objections to improvement of, 40; influence of Potomac Company on improvement of, 41.
- Monongahela: Braddock's Road near, 4, 189; and Youghiogheny, map of, 5, 29; Céloron's failure to mention, 9, 39–40; Cramer's description of, 74–77; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40–50; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned along, 85; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches Fairmount on, 134.
- Muskingum: devoid of Indian villages in lower portions, 2, 62; Céloron at mouth of, 9, 43; early shipbuilding on, 135; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 38–43.
- New: road to, 6, 55; Walker traverses, 55.
- Ohio: difficult early navigation of, 1, 62; French occupation of, 3, 63–84; Céloron on, 71–73; Captain Trent commissioned to build a fort on, 115; French troops on (1755), 4, 116–117; Virginia secures all land south of, 6, 23; Wilderness road compared with, 80–81; territory south of secured by Dunmore's War, 87; first gunboat on, 171; difficulty of early travel on, 179–181; area drained by, 9, 15; position explains importance in pioneer period, 16; name derivations, 17–21; discovery of, 7, 34; 9, 21; early description of, 9, 21; Céloron de Bienville starts for, 22; Bonnécamps's map of, 24; Céloron burying first plate on, 26; French claim attested by leaden plates, 27; Céloron's expedition, 28–47; Gordon's map of, 48; Céloron's relations to Indians on, 29–39; junction with Monongahela unmentioned by Céloron, 39–40; English traders warned by Céloron, 41; Logstown on, 41; victory of Gen. Andrew Lewis on, 49; as boundary line, 50; "Indian Side" of, 50; a projection of Mason and Dixon's line, 52; two shores differently settled, 52; illegal settlements on northern shore of, 53–58; northern shore conquered by Virginians, 53, 54; difficulty in restraining illegal settlements on northern shores of, 53; early settlements on northern shore of, 54; early settlements on northern shore forbidden, 55; Professor Turner on rights of early settlers on northern shore, 58; state convention of early settlers north of, called for, 57; Fort Harmar built on, 59; Fort Finney built on, 60; territory northwest of, erected, 60; Marietta founded on, 64; first legal settlement on northern shore of, 64; Cincinnati founded, 65; both shores settled in 1790, 70; Putnam's map of, 71; Cramer's description of early navigation of, 73–99; exports on, 87; "planters" in, 95; "sawyers" in, 96; "Wooden-Islands," 98; dangers of early navigation of, 93–99; craft on, 100–150; Audubon's description of flatboating on, 113–118; navigation over the falls of, 122; in Civil War, 123; first flatboat to descend, 123; rafting logs on, 127–129; galleys on, 129–131; gunboat on, 129; "Adventure Galley" on, 130; mail-boats on, 130; sailing craft on, 132–136; shipbuilding on, 133–136; Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, shipbuilding firm on, 107, 133; decline of shipbuilding, 136; steamboat building on, 137–140; comparative steamboat tonnage on, 144–149; rivermen on, 151–188; houseboatmen on, 178–182; gambling on, anecdotes of, 182–187; pirates on, 187–188; history of improvements of, 191–220; prehistoric condition of, 190; money spent on improvements, as compared with Cumberland Road, 189; obstruction in navigation, 193–201; history of Louisville and Portland Canal around falls of, 203–207; growth of coal shipping on, 211; appropriations for improvement of, 215–220; journey down Virginia shore of (1796), 12, 73–75; description of busy scenes on (1796), 74–75; typical conditions in pioneer town on (1796), 74–77; boatmen described, 87; Washington calls Allegheny, 13, 38; link in Washington's plan of communication, 38–50; Washington on early navigation of, 38–42; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 134.
- Onondaga, in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 47.
- Potomac: compared to Po at Cremona, 5, 86; Washington urges improvement of, 13, 35–50; Washington's study of navigation of, 36–50; Virginia committee appointed to confer with Maryland legislature concerning, 50; report of committee, 51; Virginia and Maryland unite in improvement of, 51; Potomac Company improves, 52–64; Potomac Canal in valley of, 67–68; route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in valley of, 79; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal inaugural pageant on, 103–104; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal finished to Holman's Dam on, 123; act for opening and extending navigation of, 219–224.
- Powell's, Dr. Walker names, 6, 65.
- Red, Walker and Gist on, 6, 75.
- Rockfish, 6, 54.
- Rocky ("rivière à la Roche) Céloron on, 9, 36, 46–47.
- Salt, early settlement on, 6, 80.
- Schuylkill, floating bridge over, 12, 63; early improvement of navigation of, 13, 32.
- Shenandoah, early navigation of, 13, 36–37.
- St. Lawrence: portages on, 7, 24–28; navigation of, 58.
- Susquehanna: early duck-hunting on, 11, 110; failure to secure slackwater navigation for, attributed to opposition of railways, 12, 162; Dickens describes long bridge across, 177; early navigation improvement of, 13, 31, 32; route from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 171.
- Tennessee, made Virginia boundary, 6, 22.
- Wabash: Croghan on, in 1765, 2, 56; early navigation of (1765), 59; early acquaintance of explorers with, 7, 165–168; Clark's crossing-place on, 8, 57–58.
- Youghiogheny: Virginia regiment reaches, 3, 133; Washington explores, 133–134; 7, 63; Braddock arrives at, 4, 115; Braddock crosses, 187; in Washington's plan of communication, 13, 40–50; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned along, 85.

Rivermen, Ohio, described, 9, 151–188.

ROADS—
In General: primitive, on watersheds, 1, 66, 79; near ancient mounds, 83–85; remains of, 90–92; made by Indians, 98; military, built on Indian trails, 2, 144–148; modern, an evolution from Indian trails, 149–152; first in the West, 3, 75–77; early French and English westward, compared, 4, 15–29; pioneer, wagons steadied on, 5, 197–198; naming of, 6, 11–13; portage paths as routes of, 7, 75–80; first vehicles to traverse early, 9, 43–44; steps in evolution of Indian trail into, 11, 21–105; commerce on packhorse, 27–30; westward packhorse, 28–29; early English, 30–31; history of postal service indicates development of American, 38; number of American post (1790), 38; labor of clearing early, 39–43; excessive heat on pioneer, 40; falling trees endangered early, 41–43; width of early, 45; bridle-paths join pioneer, 47; first, to seek lower levels, 48; many-tracked pioneer, 51–53; mud-holes on pioneer, 53–63; crooked streets explained by crooked, 66; corduroy: Harriet Martineau on, 69–70; Thomas Moore on, 70; Weld on, 71; Stevenson on, 71–72; Capt. Basil Hall on, 72–73; history of first macadamized, 74–98; plank: first, in America, 98; in New York, 98; methods of building, 98–99; comparative cost of, 99; loads drawn on, 99–100; Calvin Fletcher describes pioneer, 100–103; Ohio's first turnpike, 104; narrowness of early, 136; instance of crooked being shorter than a straight, 12, 90; early lack in central New York explained, 96; mania for incorporating turnpike companies, 109; macadamized, from Albany to Schenectady, 117; greatly needed in early New York, 147; chartered turnpikes, great need of roads gave rise to, 147–148; turnpike leading from Albany, New York, 148; early companies sacrifice grade to greed, 149.
Names and Data:
- Alexandria (Virginia): to Cumberland, Maryland, taverns on (1755), 4, 76; to Winchester, taverns on (1755), 77; to Fort Frederick, 5, 82; to Marietta, Ohio, 12, 66–67.
- Baltimore, to Washington (1796) described, 11, 116–117.
- Bird's, Colonel, 6, 180–181.
- Boone's, see Wilderness.
- Braddock's: early importance of, 3, 206; map of (1759), 4, 69; Braddock orders Morris to cut, 75; beginning the building of, 98–99; takes new route around Wills Mountain, 99; follows Indian trail, 109–110; delays in building, 109–116; view of, near Frostburg, Maryland, 148; route described by Jared Sparks, 168–172; Middleton's map of (1847), 174; T. C. Atkinson describes route of, 175–190; errors concerning route east of Cumberland, 179; route about Wills Mountain, 183–184; route through Alleghenies, 183–190; route between Laurel Hill and Braddock's Fields, 187–190; later history of, 191–213; parallel with Cumberland Road, 191; General Forbes did not follow, 192; itinerary of immigrants on, 194–196; Clark's store on, 195; travelers itinerary on (1790), 197–198; early freight rates on, 199; view of, near Farmington, Pennsylvania, 200; portions never deserted, 200; change of name, 200; easily identified today, 203–204; appearance of, in forests, 205; East and West bound by, 207–209; historic points along, 209–210; is Braddock's monument, 212; Forbes intended to march by, 5, 79; Forbes's description of (1758), 93; Bouquet improves, 95; Washington improves (1758), 96, 101; Washington compares Pennsylvania Road with, 101–102; Forbes compares Old Glade Road with, 107; Bouquet emphasizes usefulness of, 111; Washington describes conditions of (1758), 118–123; Forbes urges use of, 144; Forbes urges exploration of, 155–156; Ohio Company of Associates did not pursue, 197; freight rates on, 10, 132; early taverns on, 153–155; mile stone on, view of, 11, frontispiece; quickly overgrown, 25; mile stone on, described, 105; Samuel Allen's journey over (1796), 12, 65–77; described by General Craighill, see Craighill; also Nemacolin's Trail.
- Burd's: overseers appointed to open, 5, 25; opened for Braddock, 25–34; St. Clair urges Forbes to take, 76–77; Forbes's need of, 79; not completed, 97.
- Carlisle: to Raystown, itinerary on (1758), 5, 121–122; to Fort Cumberland, itinerary on (1758), 122.
- Catskill Turnpike: Francis Whiting Halsey's sketch of, 12, 143–163; terminus of, 144; early history of, 144–147; laid out to make land accessible and marketable irrespective of grades, 149; tollgates on, 149–150; stage coach monopoly on, 150; Pres. Timothy Dwight's account of journey on, 150–158; described in heyday by Gains Leonard Halsey, M. D., 158; Erie Canal affects, 159.
- Chambersburg and Pittsburg, 5, 60.
- Cincinnati: to Hamilton (1791), 8, 130–132; to Columbus, Dickens on, 12, 178–180; see Harmar's, St. Clair's, and Wayne's Roads.
- Clarksburg (West Virginia): to Cumberland, Maryland (1790), 12, 46–51; to Marietta, 89–94.
- Columbus, Ohio, to Sandusky, Dickens on, 12, 180–185.
- Connecticut River: to Otter Creek, 7, 120–121; to Crown Point, 120–121.
- Cumberland, Maryland: to Philadelphia, 12, 51–63; see Braddock's Road; also Fort Cumberland.
- Cumberland: described, 2, 139–142; early history of, 3, 207–215; parallel with Braddock's Road, 4, 191; portage path nature of, 7, 75–80; importance of, 10, 16–17; creation of, 18–19; Senate Committee report of, 19–20; Act creating, 20–25; Jefferson appoints commissioners for, 26; commissioners first report on, 26–45; route chosen, 30–40; planned on shortest line, 38; early public interest in, 45; Henry Clay promotes, 46; second report of commissioners on, 46–53; table of elevation of, 48–49; cost of, 54; States grant permission to build, 54; first contracts let for, 54; map in Pennsylvania and Maryland, 55; Monroe vetoes bill for, 57–61; constitutional questions concerning, 57–60; rush of early travel on, 57; President Monroe rescues, 64; roadbed structure of, 67–70; Cincinnati planned as original destination of, 71; history of westward extension of, 71–90; in Ohio, 74–80; ground broken for, in Ohio, 76; dissatisfaction over route in Ohio, 77–78; route in Columbus, 78–79; map in the West, 79; typical contract on, 81–83; in Indiana and Illinois, 83–88; railway proposed as substitute for, 86–88; men who were prominent in building, 91; government unable to collect toll on, 91–92; surrendered to individual states, 92; Pennsylvania tollgates on, 93; laws for preservation of, 96–99; Pennsylvania toll rates (1831) on, 100–101; toll system on, 102; Ohio toll rates on, 103–104; exemptions from paying toll on, 106–107; comparison of tolls received east and west of Ohio River, 109–113; amount of toll paid in Ohio, 114; Ohio leases, 115; legal width in Ohio, 115; given to counties, 115; tolls in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1899, 117; never self-sustaining, 118; stage coach days on, 119–128; stage coach lines operating on, 124–125, 134–138; monopolies on stage line, 125; description of stages on, 126–128; first Troy coach on, 128; freight traffic on, 128–132; freight rates on, 132; rivalry of coach lines on, 133; mail lines on, 142–151; rapid time made by mail coaches on, 143–145; old time tables of mails on, 146–147; mails delayed on, 148–149; division of mail and passenger service on (1837), 149; robberies on, 151; early taverns on, 154–157; best known taverns on, 158–164; wagon houses on, 164–165; tavern keepers objected to building, 169; bred its own landlords, 171; present-day appearance of, 174–187; bridges on, 175–176; mile-stones on, 176–179; view of culvert on, 177; property owners encroaching on, 179–180; styles of driving on, 181; presidential pageants on, 182–183; Edward Everett on, 185; list of Congressional appropriations for, 191–202; specimen advertisement for bid for repairing, 203–205; specimen advertisement for bids for building bridge over, 206–207; specimen advertisement for building toll-houses on, 206–207.
- Eaton (1791), 8, 132–133; see Wayne's Road.
- Forbes's, see Old Glade Road.
- Fort Cumberland to Fort Bedford, 5, 100.
- Fort Massac (Metropolis, Illinois) to Kaskaskia, 8, 17–25.
- Fort Pendleton to Morgantown, 12, 78–83.
- Genesee: beginning of civilization along future route of, 12, 99; sketch of, 95–116; authorized, 100; legal name, 100; legislative enactments creating, 100–106; benefited by lotteries, 107; extended, 108; incorporated, 109; tolls charged on, 111; later history of, 112–116; dangerous spot on, in Onondaga Hollow, 130; ended (1805) at Canandaigua, New York, 135; stages on, stop at Canandaigua (1805), 135; project to extend to Niagara, 135–136; traveling on, improves after leaving turnpike, 137; made through open country when possible, 137; activity of pioneers along, 140; see Iroquois Trail.
- Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149.
- Hamilton, Ohio, to Eaton, followed by Wayne, 8, 195.
- Harmar's Trace, 8, 91, et seq.
- Illinois, clung to the prairie-land, 8, 23–24.
- Indianapolis to Chicago (1848), difficult travel on, 11, 103; see Cumberland Road.
- Kaskaskia–Shawneetown, "the hunter's trace," 8, 25.
- Kaskaskia Trace: 8, 17–25; highland location, 38–40; more fertile soil indicates old course of, 69.
- Kenebec, 7, 112.
- Kentucky pioneer, 11, 178–181.
- Lancaster Turnpike: charter granted, 11, 74; built, 74; subscriptions opened, 75; Witmer's description of, 75–85; tolls collected on, 79; Line Wagon Company on, 82–83; professional wagon loaders on, 82; wagoners clannish, 84; taverns on, 85–89; liquors served along, 88–89; later history of, 90–98.
- McCullough's Path, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29.
- Marietta, Ohio, to Clarksburg, West Virginia (1790), 12, 45–46.
- Massachusetts, opening early, 11, 34.
- Maysville Pike: route of, 11, 164; Jackson's veto of bill for, 167–174; see Zane's Trace.
- Mayville (Pennsylvania), 7, 155.
- Morgantown, West Virginia, to Wheeling (1796), 12, 72–73; see Fort Pendleton.
- New York, opening early, 11, 36.
- "Northwestern Road Company:" incorporated, 12, 30–33; failure of, 34.
- Northwestern Turnpike: early history of region traversed by, 12, 14–30; creation of, 30–34; Virginia builds, 34–38; importance of, 38–42.
- Ohio Company's: to Redstone, 3, 92–96; marked out by Cresap, 96.
- Old Glade: highland location, 5, 16; route of, 17–19; early work on, 24–33; retreat of workmen on, at Braddock's defeat, 32; use in early war, 44–64; estimate of service of, 47; forts held, 63; early condition of, between Philadelphia and Bedford, 78; Bouquet's itinerary on, 78; defended by means of a chain of forts, 79–80; Virginia's influence against, 84–141, 153–154; Indian trail followed, 92; Armstrong marks out, 97; map of, 103; Forbes compares Braddock's Road with, 107; Bouquet writes Forbes in favor of, 109–110; route determined to Loyalhanna, 110; Washington describes condition of (1758), 118–123; Pennsylvania's need of, 138; boon to Pennsylvania that was deserved by Virginia, 139–141; itinerary from Bedford to Edmunds Swamp, 142; building of, 142–162; details of building, from Raystown to Ligonier, 144–149; Bouquet uses, in Pontiac's Rebellion, 176–182; use in Revolutionary War, 186–189; General Irvine on condition of, 188; Ohio Valley dependent on, 192; western forts dependent on, 192; importance in last days of eighteenth century, 192; Professor McMaster describes, 193–194; Cumberland Road unable to displace, 195; a popular pioneer route, 195–196; Ohio Company of Associates journeyed on, 196–197; New England linked to Middle West by, 196–199; description of pioneers journeying on, 197–199; "Glade Road" branch, 199; "Pittsburg Road" branch, 199; forks near Bedford, 199; celebrated tourists on, 199–202; Pennsylvania Canal eclipsed, 202; railways rival, 202–205; successors of, 202–205; Forbes's choice of route vindicated today, 204–205.
- Old Massac: 8, 23, 24, 25; joined Kaskaskia–Shawneetown Trace, 25.
- Pennsylvania pioneer, 11, 36, 37.
- Pennsylvania, route of, 5, 15; see Old Glade Road.
- Phelps Prairie (Illinois), to Kaskaskia, two routes, 8, 28–29.
- Potomac to Ohio and Lake Erie (1753): map of, 3, 109; described, 4, 21.
- Potomac River to Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dickens describes, 12, 164–171.
- Presque Isle to Fort Le Boeuf, 3, 75–77.
- Rutherford's Trace, North Carolinians open, 6, 153.
- Schenectady to Utica (1805), 12, 118–126.
- Seneca Road Company, 12, 100, 110.
- St. Clair's: main thoroughfare northward, 8, 159, 167–172; called "The Bloody Way," 171.
- St. Louis to Shawneetown, 8, 28–29, 46.
- St. Louis to Vincennes, Indiana, 8, 37–40.
- St. Louis Trace: old, 8, 34; later, 37; view of near Lawrenceville, Illinois, 62; as it appears today, 62–65; Kaskaskia Trace junction, 68.
- "Turkey Foot," 5, 33, 191.
- Utica, New York, to Batavia, New York (1805), 12, 126–140.
- Vincennes Trace: route of, 8, 34–40; Volney's itinerary on, 66–68; blue grass indicated old camping grounds on, 69.
- Virginia: routes from Potomac and James rivers to New River, 6, 29; Fort Chissel meeting place of two branches of, 29; Dickens's description of, 12, 166–171.
- Washington, D. C., to Pittsburg, Hewett's itinerary of, 11, 118.
- Washington to Baltimore, severe grades on, 15, 88.
- Washington: on Laurel Hill, view of, 3, frontispiece; meaning of, 15, 16; map of, 93; completed to Great Meadows, 152; building to Mount Braddock, 153; development of, 205–215.
- Wayne's: cut northward, 8, 193; Indian object to, 193–194; route of, 194–199; in Cincinnati, 195; in Hamilton, 195; in Preble County, 196; near Eaton, 196; near Ithaca, Ohio, 196; John Woodington settled beside, 196; pioneers traced, 196–197.
- Wheeling to Bellville (1796), 12, 72–73.
- Wilderness: view of, near Cumberland Gap, 6, frontispiece; origin of name, 13–14; James Lane Allen's tribute to, 18; Fort Chissel starting point of, 29; Boone marks out, 43; early settlements on, 44; Indian trail followed by, 58, 62, 65; Ohio River route compared to, 81–82; white men first traverse, 82; Boone's early acquaintance with route of, 83; Boone engaged to open, 93; route of, 93, 94; Felix Walker's description of, 94–100; experiences of first travelers on, 94–100; Daniel Boone, kindness of, 100; Henderson meets pioneers returning from Kentucky on, 105; experiences of William Calk's party on, 107–117; Filson's itinerary on, 118–122; Brown's itinerary on, 123–130; traversable by wagons to Martin's Station in 1775, 133; Capt. Joseph Martin's Indian Agency on, 138–139; early dangers of traveling on, 139–144; announcements of parties formed to go over, 140–143; Indians attack pioneers on, 142–143; forts guarding, 149; Revolutionary struggle along, 149–159; bravery of Watauga frontiersmen kept open the, 155; Roosevelt on value of keeping open the, 155; James Lane Allen on importance of, 177–178; strategic value of, 182–192; influenced question of Mississippi navigation, 186–187; Kentucky's growth influenced by, 188–190; old Northwest benefited by, 190; improvement of, 194–205; description of typical travelers on, 195–196; proposal to make thirty feet wide, 203; Daniel Boone asserts claim to having first blazed, 203; Kentucky guards and improves, 203; Daniel Boone writes Governor Shelby for contract to improve, 203–204; tollgates on, 204; present-day condition of, 204; James Lane Allen on present condition of, 204–205; James Lane Allen's description of Cumberland Gap, 205–207.
- York, Pennsylvania, to Harrisburg, Dickens's experiences on, 12, 172–178.
- Zane's Trace: taverns on, 10, 156–157; Act of Congress authorizing, 11, 156; blazed, 158–159; description of (1797), 159; bridge on, 162; ferriage on, 164; mail route established on, 164; Maysville turnpike veto affects, 165–174.

Road working days, pioneer, described, 11, 101–102; verses on, 104.
Roberts, Nathan S., estimates cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; report on Erie Canal, 14, 191.
Robertson, Chief-justice, immigration to Kentucky described by, 6, 195–197.
Robinson, John, 6, 200.
Robinson, Moncure, in charge of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 196.
Robinson's, Major, 12, 46.
Roche de Bout: Indian convention at, 8, 189; United States Commissioners not allowed to approach, 189; spy reports proceedings at Indian convention at, 190–192.
Rochester, inaugural ceremonies of Erie Canal at, 14, 141–142.
Rochester, John, 6, 202.
Rock Creek, Braddock's troops at, 4, 76, 78.
Rockford, Ohio, Fort Adams erected near, 8, 207.
Rogers, Capt. John, commands "The Willing," 8, 33.
Rogers, John, 6, 202.
Rogers, Lieutenant, 8, 106.
Rogers's, 10, 162.
Rollin's, 10, 154.
Romaine Prairie, 8, 50.
Rome (New York): map of portage at, 7, 142; strategic position historically considered, 143–148; canal at, 14, 29–30, 36; celebration of opening of Erie Canal at, 116–119.
Roosevelt, Theodore: brutality of pioneers excused by, 6, 36; Watauga settlers eulogized by, 155; appoints "Roosevelt Erie Canal Committee," 14, 198.
Rosewalt [Roosevelt] first steamboat on Ohio commanded by, 9, 137.
Row, Mr., 12, 119.
Ruddle's Station, Bird attacks, 6, 168–169.
Rumsey, James: elected manager Potomac Company, 13, 56; resigned, 58.
Rupp, Early History of Western Pennsylvania, cited, 9, 38.
Rural delivery, early opposition of country residents to, 15, 22.
Rush's, 10, 160.
Russell Place, 6, 131.
Russell's, 12, 138.
Ryan's, 11, 139.
SALEM (Illinois), Clark's route near, 8, 43.
Salt Springs: explanation of, 1, 106; near Clay City, Illinois, on route of Clark's march to Vincennes, 8, 66; at Onondaga, 12, 129.
Sampey's, 10, 160.
Sample, George, itinerary of trip over Zane's Trace (1797), 11, 159–163.
Sampson's Mill, Braddock's Road near, 4, 189.
Samuels, Abraham, 12, 32.
Sanford, Laura G., History of Erie County, Pennsylvania, cited, 2, 110.
Sanger, Jedediah, 12, 110.
Sargent, History of Braddock's Expedition, cited, 4, 62, et seq.
Sargent, Maj. Winthrop, 9, 63.
Sargent's, 12, 44.
Sanders, Mrs., 6, 123.
Saunders, John: Clark's guide, 8, 27; Clark threatens with death, 223–224.
Scatcherd, John N., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
Scharf, History of Western Maryland, cited, 12, 23; 13, 66, et seq.
Schenectady (New York): early forms of name, 12, 118; discontent occasioned by Erie Canal at, 14, 144–145.
Schieren, Charles A., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
Schriver, James: An Account of Surveys and Examinations with remarks and Documents relative to the projected Chesapeake and Ohio, and Ohio and Lake Erie Canals, cited, 13, 66–67, et seq.; toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet, 73.
Schuyler, Philip: efforts in behalf of Mohawk improvement, 14, 21, 26, 40, et seq.; Letters on Canals, 40.
Scioto Company, formation of, 9, 62.
Scotland, early traveling in, 11, 30–31.
Scott, Brigadier-General: ordered to attack Wabash Indians, 8, 115, 120; ordered suddenly to Fort Jefferson, 192; describes Daniel Boone, 202; reaches Fort Greenville with fifteen hundred troops, 204.
Scott, Captain, 8, 106; killed, 233.
Scott, Hugh, Narrative, quoted, 8, 89.
Scott's Station, 6, 131.
Searight's, 10, 160.
Searight, Thomas B., The Old Pike, cited, 10, 11, 110–113.
Seaton House, 10, 158.
Section-lines, error of making roads on, 15, 87.
Sehon, John L., 12, 31.
Semple's, 12, 54.
"Seneca Chief," part in opening Erie Canal, 14, 139.
Seneca Lake, Bigelow describes, 12, 134.
Serpent mound, 1, 88.
Seven Ranges, survey of, 9, 63.
Seven Years' War, opening of, 5, 67.
Severance, Frank H., Old Trails of the Niagara Frontier, 7, 47.
Seviers, John, hero of Fort Watauga, 6, 101.
Sewickley, Great, Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
Sewickly, 5, 186.
Sganzin, on curved roads, 15, 92.
"Shades of Death," Braddock's Road in, 4, 184, 195.
Shaler, N. S.: Man and Nature in America, 1, 102; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, 104; Kentucky's debt to Virginia noted by, 6, 41.
Shane's Crossing, Harmar crossed St. Mary at, 8, 99, 207; see Rockford, Ohio.
Shanoppin's Town, 5, 21.
Sharpe, Governor, activity of, 4, 34.
Shattuck, Samuel, Narrative, 7, 158–160.
Shawana Cabbins, see Shawonese Cabbin.
Shawanese: sketch of, 3, 56–59; English possession of West objected to by, 5, 166; Fort Pitt to be captured by (1763), 174; Draper's Meadow raided by, 6, 82; Dunmore's War against, 85–87; Céloron among, 9, 45; Treaty with (1786), 59.
Shawonese Cabbin, on Forbes's Road, 5, 20.
Shayne, C. C., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
Shelbeys, John, 6, 101.
Shelby, Gov. Isaac: 6, 197; Daniel Boone writes to, asking for contract to improve Wilderness Road, 203–204.
Shepard's, 12, 120.
Shepherd, Antiquities of the State of Ohio, cited, 1, 92.
Sherrard, Robert, 12, 31.
Shethar's, 12, 127.
Shiloh Hill (Illinois), Clark's route on, 8, 30.
Shingiss, Washington visits, 3, 99.
Ship-building on the Ohio, history of, 9, 133–136.
Shipley's, 10, 160.
Shippen, "Draught of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny Rivers," 5, 29.
Shippensburg (Pennsylvania): Fort Franklin erected at, 5, 46; people fleeing from, 53.
Shirley, Governor: Washington criticises, 5, 41–42; Braddock succeeded by, 65; council of war called by (1756), 65.
Shirleysburg (Pennsylvania), old name of, 5, 19.
Shoop's, 12, 60.
Short, Peyton, 6, 200.
Shulty's, 10, 159.
Shulze, Governor, approves Pennsylvania Canal bill, 13, 182.
Shuter's, shares in Potomac Company offered at, 13, 61.
Sidebottom, Peter, 6, 201.
Sideling Hill (Pennsylvania), explanation of name of, 11, 135.
Sigler, William, 12, 31.
Silvy, Lieutenant, at McKee's house during convention at Roche de Bout, 8, 191.
Simcoe, Governor, entertains United States commissioners at Niagara, 8, 188.
Simpkins's, 12, 69–70.
Simpson's, 4, 196.
Simpson's, Widow, 6, 123.
Six Mile House, 10, 159.
Skinner, Mr., 12, 43.
Skinner's, 11, 135.
Slane, Thomas, 12, 31.
Sleighing, chief amusement of New Yorkers in 1796, 11, 115.
Sloan's, 10, 164.
Slough, Captain: leads scouting party, 8, 149–150; reports to Butler, 151; excused from reporting to St. Clair, 151.
Smeaton, John, the days of, 13, 21.
Smith, Abraham, 12, 31.
Smith, Alexander R., on Black Commission, 14, 197.
Smith, Col. James, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79.
Smith, Daniel, 6, 109.
Smith, Edward, 10, 162.
Smith, Enoch, 6, 107, 116.
Smithfield (Big Crossings) Pennsylvania, early taverns at, 10, 160.
Smith, History of Kentucky, 1, 118.
Smith, Prof. Justin H., Arnold's Quebec campaign described by, 7, 115–118.
Smith's 10, 155.
Smith's, 10, 160.
Smith, S. H., committeeman to memorialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 74.
Smith, William Henry: The St. Clair Papers, cited, 8, 134, et seq.; on effect of early settlement north of Ohio River, 9, 57.
Smith, W. P., A History and Description of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 13, 98, et seq.
Snyder's, 10, 160.
"Society for promoting the improvement of roads and inland navigation," memorial to Pennsylvania Assembly (1791), 13, 29–30, 171–173.
Sommerville, John, 12, 31.
Spafford, on the Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149.
Spalding, on macadamized roads, 15, 158–160.
Sparks, Jared: Braddock's route described by, 4, 168–172; Braddock's defeat described by, 171–172; Writings of Washington, cited, 2, 72, et seq.; 14, 124; Life of Gouverneur Morris, cited, 14, 44; quoted, 45.
Speed, Col. T. W., Wilderness Road, cited, 2, 73; 6, 16, 123, 178.
Spendelow, Lieutenant, discovers new route for Braddock around Wills Mountain, 4, 99.
Spofford, A. R., 14, 12.
"Spread Eagle," 10, 155.
Springs: old-time importance of, 2, 50–51; Indians refuse to inform pioneers of location of, 12, 133.
Sprout's, 7, 123.
Spurgeon, James, 12, 22.
Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, 1, 91–92.
Stackpole's, 12, 49.
Stage Coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse Earle, cited, 2, 75, 76.
Stage coaches: sold to Wild West shows, 10, 126; postmaster-general offers premiums for, 126–127; description of, 126–128; cost of, 128; record runs of, 133–134; schedule of Ohio lines (1835), 134–138; Ohio laws for protection of passengers, 139–141; form of tickets used on Cumberland Road, 140–141; Dickens mentions, 12, 165–166; dissatisfaction marks advent of coaches, 11, 62; in England, 63–64; said to be injurious to breed of horses, 63; the converse, 10, 122; remarkable argument against, advanced in England, 11, 63–64; new age of road-building introduced by, 67; ride from Philadelphia to Baltimore (1796) in, 68; described (1796) by Francis Baily, 108–109; monopoly of, 12, 150; rivalries of drivers, 10, 133–134; exclamation to horses in America and England typical of the two nationalities, 12, 167; Dickens hires private coach, 180.
Stagg, Doctor, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
Standing Stone, villages by name of, 2, 29.
Starr's, 10, 164.
State-aid plan in good roads movement, 15, 50–51; see Good Roads.
St. Clair, Arthur: empowered by President Washington (1789) to call out militia, 8, 82; to Secretary of War on hostility of northwestern Indians, 83; calls on militia, 84; directs Harmar's preparations, 85–86; plans campaign of 1791, 116–125; Gen. Richard Butler appointed second in command under, 119; Secretary of War's instructions to, 119; building of fort at Miami Village suggested, 119; created commander-in-chief, 119; army raised slowly, 120–121; proceeds to Fort Washington, 121; army sails for Fort Washington, 122; Knox writes to, urging haste, 122; finds army in wretched condition, 124–128; Narrative of, cited, 124, et seq.; moves camp to Ludlow's Station, 129; plans chain of forts, 129; orders Butler to advance in three columns, 131; reaches Fort Hamilton, 134; finds desertion common, 133–134; Major Denny aid-de-camp to, 134; upbraids Ludlow, 135; Butler apologizes to, 136; explains Butler's disaffection, 137; urges Hodgdon to hasten provision trains, 139–140; denies Butler's request to lead a flying column, 141; embitters Butler, 141–142; hampered by desertions, 143; illness of, 144; talks with officers around camp fire, 144–145; misjudges Indian movements, 145; Butler excused Slough from reporting to, 151; ignorant of danger, 152; in battle, 153–156; defeat of, 156, 159; battle-ground visited, 168–169; inauguration as Governor of Northwest Territory, 9, 64; travels eastward from Cincinnati by land, 12, 76–77; Narrative of the Campaign against the Indians, cited, 8, 124, et seq.
St. Clair, Sir John: prepares for Braddock's campaign, 4, 54; appointed Forbes's quartermaster, 5, 76; Forbes has little respect for, 76; urges Forbes to change rendezvous, 76; Braddock's defeat a lesson to, 83; Governor Sharpe's influence over, 84; letter to Bouquet, concerning change of route, 84; indecision as to roads, 84; argues in favor of Virginia road, 86, 87, 90; letter to Bouquet opposing Pennsylvania route, 90; fails to provide forage, 95; vacillating course of, 127–128; accused by Forbes of misapplying utensils, 128, 129; accused by Forbes of treachery, 129; Old Glade Road built by, 144–149; criticised by Forbes, 146–147.
St. Clair Papers, cited, 8, 134, et seq., 9, 54.
St. Clairsville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 156.
St. Cosme, Lieutenant, with Governor Hamilton, 7, 171.
Stealy, Jacob, 12, 31.
Steamboating, early history of western, 9, 137–150.
Steamboat tonnage, comparative tables of, 9, 144–149.
Steedman, William, spy among northwestern Indians, 8, 164.
Steele, William, 6, 198.
Stephen, Captain: arrival at Wills Creek, 3, 126; on Old Glade Road, 5, 153.
Steuben, Baron, Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Steuwart, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway director, 13, 110.
Stevensburg, 4, 195.
Stevenson, David, 6, 199.
Stevenson, David: on Pennsylvania corduroy roads, 11, 71–72; Sketch of the Civil Engineering of North America, quoted on roads, 71–72; on Morris Canal inclined planes, 13, 193–194.
Stewart and Plunket, Philadelphia merchant firm, 13, 59.
Stewart, Richardson: appointed assistant superintendent of Potomac Company, 13, 58; reprimanded, 58.
Stewart's Crossing, Braddock's Road at 4, 175.
Stewartsville (Pennsylvania), Braddock's Road near, 4, 189.
Stimson, Rodney Metcalf, 1, 34.
Stitcher's, Herman, 12, 51.
St. Louis, tax of poor roads on inhabitants of, 15, 49–50.
Stockton and Stokes's horse-car races with Cooper's "Tom Thumb," 13, 130.
Stockton, Lucius W., owner of the Stockton Line, 10, 124.
Stoddard, Colonel, 7, 119.
Stoddard's, 10, 159.
Stone, Gen. Roy, portrait of, 15, frontispiece.
Stone, Miss Elizabeth, 7, 154.
Stone, W. L., Narrative of the Festivities observed in honor of the completion of the Grand Erie Canal, cited, 14, 137.
Stone Tavern, 10, 160.
Strong, A., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
Strong, E. B., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142.
Stone-house Tavern, 6, 121.
Stone-mill, 6, 131.
Stoner, Michael, Richard Henderson assisted by, 6, 106.
Storms, early travelers annoyed by, 6, 68.
Stove poker, kept under lock and key, 10, 167.
St. Pierre, Legardeur de: Dinwiddie's letter to, 3, 108–112; letter to Governor Dinwiddie, 115–117.
Stroad, Captain, consulted by Washington (1784) as to western routes, 12, 18–19.
Stuart, Otis Kendall, on Washington, 3, 24.
Stump, Leonard, 12, 89.
Stumps, Dickens fancifully describes, 12, 184–185.
St. Yotoc, 9, 44.
Sullivan, James, The History of the District of Maine, 7, 110.
Sullivan, John L., outlines route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
Summit House, 10, 160.
Sumner, Charles, on good roads, 15, 82.
Sumner (Illinois), St. Louis Trace at, 8, 63.
Surveyors, incident illustrating accuracy of early, 14, 114–115.
Sutton, James, 6, 199.
Swann, Thomas: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74; toasted as President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 135.
Swart's, Jacob, 14, 27.
Swartwout, agitator for Erie Canal, 14, 60.
Sweet, S. H., Public Documents relating to New York canals, 14, 11, et seq.
Swiney's, 6, 123.
Sycamore, Washington found large, 6, 61.
Sylvester, Northern New York, 7, 46, 73.
Symmes, John Cleves, purchases Symmes' grant, 9, 65.
Symonds, Maj. T. W., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.

TAGGART, Hugh T., 4, 78.
Tanner, H. S., A Brief Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States, quoted, 13, 208–211; cited, 14, 173.
Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, early navigation firm, 9, 107, 133.
Taverns: character of early western, 10, 157; legislatures meet in, 161; fire-places, 165–166; interiors, 165–167; sign posts on, 167; kitchens, 168; typical landlord, 169–171; liquors kept at, 170; advertised for sale, 208; views of early, 11, 87, 134; exorbitant charges at, 118, 143; common name for inn, 119; typical mountain, 120; pioneer Kentucky, 194–201; barbarous behavior of landlord, 12, 68; blockhouses as, 83–84; experiences in rude western, 91–93; unpleasant scene at, 138; "clean" sheets at, 139; interior of, 139; "inns" legal name in New York, 153; merely drinking places, 153–154; President Dwight on pioneer, 153–154; kept by literary landlord, 155; Dickens describes typical Ohio, 178–180; menus at, 9, 120, 123, 143–144, 199–200; 12, 137, 190–191; mentioned, 4, 76, 77, 85, 87, 88, 194, 195; 5, 85; 6, 54, 55, 56, 57, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110, 121, 122, 123, 124, 130, 131; 10, 32, 33, 34, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164; 11, 118, 119–121, 127, 129, 130–132, 135, 137, 138–141, 143; 12, 24, 25, 32, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52–53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 119, 120, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130–132, 136–141, 153–155.
Tax, Dodge on general road, 15, 73–74.
Tayler, Lieut. Gov. John, 14, 110.
Taylor. A. M., in later history of Lancaster Turnpike, 11, 95–97.
Taylor, Dr. H. C., Old Portage Road, quoted, 7, 154–155.
Taylor, Gen. James, autobiography, 1, 116.
Taylor, Hubbard, 6, 198.
Taylor, Othniel, Genesee Road Commissioner, 12, 100.
Taylor, Richard, subscriber to Wilderness Road fund, 6, 198.
Taylor, Robert, early tavern keeper at Zanesville (Ohio), 10, 161.
Taylor's, 10, 161.
Taylor, Samuel, subscriber to Wilderness Road fund, 6, 198.
Taylor's, Edmund, 4, 194.
Teacup Knob, Clark's route near, 8, 30, 31.
Teagarden, George, 6, 200.
Tea Spring, Harmar names, 8, 97.
"Telegraph Coach Line," 10, 135.
"Temple of Juno" (tavern), 10, 159.
Ten Mile House, 10, 161.
Territory northwest of the River Ohio, erected, 9, 60.
Thackeray, The Newcomes, quoted, 10, 121–123.
They's, Ferry of, 4, 77.
Thistle Tavern, 10, 159.
Thomas, Dr. Cyrus, Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, quoted, 1, 43, et seq.
Thomas, Edward S., 6, 197.
Thomas, Erie Canal engineer honored at inauguration, 14, 132, 149.
Thomas, Evan, experimental locomotive of, 13, 127.
Thomas, Mrs. Elizabeth, journey to Kentucky, 6, 117–118.
Thomas, Nathaniel, 6, 91.
Thomas, Philip E.: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal commissioner, 13, 95; promotes Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 95–98; elected president, 110.
Thompson, Chief Justice, 14, 110.
Thompson, George, 6, 199.
Thompson, Josias, surveyor of Cumberland Road, 10, 27.
Thompson, Lieutenant, surveyed Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 109.
Thompson's, 6, 124.
Thompson's, 10, 156.
Thompson's, 12, 53.
Thompson's, Joseph, 6, 123.
Thompson, William B., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal contractor, 13, 159.
Thompson, ye Quaker, 4, 77.
Thorp, Captain, killed at Harmar's defeat, 8, 106.
Three Springs, 5, 19.
Thruston, Buckner, 6, 200.
Thwaites, R. G.: quoted on Fort Miami, 7, 179; editor of Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 9, 118; Withers's Chronicles of Border Warfare, 12, 26; The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 2, 19–62; 9, 26–46.
Tilghman, Frisby, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central committeeman, 13, 74.
Tilley's Hotel, 13, 103.
Toby's Creek, in Washington's plan of communications, 13, 45–46.
Todd, Col. John, 6, 129.
Todd, Col. Levi, 6, 201.
Todd, Robert, 6, 198.
Todd's, Parson, 4, 194.
Todd, Thomas, 6, 198.
Tolls charged on Seneca Turnpike, New York, 12, 111.
Tomlinson, Joseph, 12, 31.
Tomlinson's, 10, 153; 12, 67–68.
Tomlinson, William, 6, 50.
"Tom Thumb," races with Stockton and Stokes's horse-cars, 13, 130.
Toner, Journal of Colonel George Washington, 3, 122, et seq.; 9, 40.
Tongue, Hon. Thomas H., quoted, on sociological effect of good roads, 14, 38–43.
Tontine Coffee House, 14, 60.
Tonty, 7, 36.
Topographical Description of the Middle British Colonies, Pownall, quoted, 2, 32, 33.
Totten, Lieutenant Colonel, outlines route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78.
Towns, classic name of New York, 7, 145.
Trace (buffalo): used by travelers, 1, 111; Walker explores Kentucky on, 112, 113; buffaloes dispute right of way with travelers on, 114, 115; identical with Indian trails, 114; described, 115–119; route of pioneer army, 118, 121, 126; as transcontinental routes, 131; from seaboard to Middle West, 133; ran north and south, 135; influenced Indian migrations, 136; followed by railways, 138; at portages, 139; Limestone Creek to Bryant's Station, 6, 179; across Illinois from Ohio River, 8, 16; across Illinois on watersheds, 34.

TRAILS (INDIAN)—
In General: more easily traversed than rivers, 2, 14; impeded, 22; 11, 22–23; not blazed by aborigines, 2, 29; blazed, 6, 62; laid out on buffalo traces, 2, 15; high location of, 15; 12, 197; circuitous in low ground, 2, 20–21; 12, 200–202; description of, 2, 16–19; easily found today, 18–19; lore of, 22; crossed streams on bars, 23; unimproved, 26–27; "Indian Stones" beside, 28; as boundary lines, 44; classification of, 45; for hunting, 45; hunting, distinguished from war paths, 12, 199; for war, 2, 47–53; used by missionaries, 93; by explorers, 93; in military campaigns, 94–95, 144–148; 5, 92; 8, 25, 138; routes of pioneers, 2, 95–96; how the author found his first, 117–118; appearance of a primeval, 11, 16–17; narrowness of, 17–18; steps in evolution of, 21–105; packhorse, 27–30.
Names and Data:
- Alleghenies, the best trail across, 5, 15.
- Canadian, Father Buteux on, 2, 35–43.
- Cuyahoga–Muskingum, described, 2, 111.
- Fort Miami, described, 2, 115.
- Great: 1, 67; described, 2, 107; followed by Bouquet, 125; Gist on, 6, 74.
- Great Warrior, 5, 17.
- Iroquois: described, 2, 68, 76–85; no early road built upon, 12, 96; see Genesee Road.
- Kiskiminitas River, 5, 23.
- Kittanning, described, 2, 17, 18, 71, 85–89.
- Lake Shore, described, 2, 103.
- Ligonier to Pittsburg, 5, 18–19.
- McCulloch's Path, 11, 26.
- Mahoning, described, 2, 104.
- Miami, described, 2, 114.
- Mingo, 11, 154–155.
- Monongahela: described, 2, 18; explorations on, 122–124.
- Muskingum: on Wallace Ridge, view of, 2, 118; described, 118; exploration of, 121–122, 126–129; view of, 126.
- Nations, War trail of, 2, 92.
- Nemacolin's (Path): described, 2, 72, 89–91; historically considered, 133–135; explorations on, 134–135; followed by Braddock, 135–136; route of Cumberland Road, 137–138; see Washington's and Braddock's Roads.
- Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, map of, 2, 105.
- Old Connecticut (Path), described, 2, 67, 74, 75.
- Old Trading: route of, 5, 17–19; Croghan describes, 22; itinerary of John Harris on, 23; road for Braddock opened along, 25–34; see Old Glade Road.
- Scioto–Beaver, described, 2, 108.
- Scioto, described, 2, 112.
- Scioto–Monongahela, described, 2, 109.
- Venango, described, 2, 110.
- Vincennes, near Xenia (Illinois), view of, 8, frontispiece.
- Virginia Warrior's (Path), described, 2, 73, 91–92.

Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, see Atwater.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, cited, 9, 19.
Transylvania Company, history of, 6, 91–144, 161.
Transylvania University, partners in, 6, 91.
Trappa, derivation of, 15, 184.
Trapp's Hill, 12, 119.
Travail, Indian, view of, 11, 19.
Travel, early, in West by land, 1, 61.
Trees: soil judged by size of, 6, 61–62, 67; big, 12, 157.
Tremont Hotel, 10, 164.
Trent, Captain: commissioned to build fort on Ohio, 3, 115; report from, 126; on Fort Lowther, 5, 53; Cherokees punished by, 85.
Treziyulney, Charles, Pennsylvania Canal commissioner, 13, 177.
Trigg, Col. Stephen, 6, 129.
Trimble, Lieut. Isaac, located Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 109, 110.
Trotter, James, 6, 198.
Trotter, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 87, 101–102.
Troutman, Peter, 6, 199.
Trowbridge's, 12, 121.
Troy (Ohio), Harmar camps near, 8, 97.
Trubley, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88.
Trueman, Capt. Alexander: messenger to Indians, 8, 170; murdered, 171; found by May, 182.
Tumblestone's, see Tomlinson's.
Tunnel: first American planned by Schriver, 13, 68; early English, 68; view of first, 201.
"Turkey Foot" (Confluence, Pennsylvania), strategic position of, 3, 134.
Turner, John, 12, 72.
Turner, Professor Frederick J.: Indian Trade of Wisconsin, cited, 7, 185; rights of first settlers north of the Ohio discussed by, 9, 58.
Turpin, Sur la Guerre, cited by General Forbes, 5, 80.
Turtle Creek: arrival of Braddock at, 4, 117; fortification at, 5, 186.
Twelve Mile Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52.
Tyler, John, nominated for vice-president, 14, 170.
Tyler's, 12, 128.
UNADILLA (New York): President Dwight describes, 12, 155–160; Erie Canal stops growth of, 61.
Union College Guards, celebrate opening of Erie Canal, 14, 145.
Uniontown (Pennsylvania): Pennsylvania compels United States government to lay Cumberland Road through, 10, 54; early taverns at, 158.
United States Hotel, 10, 160.
United States: improves navigation of Ohio River, 9, 189–220; subscribes for stock in Portland Canal, 203–205; builds Cumberland Road, 10, 18–90; opens Zane's Trace through Ohio, 11, 156–158; surveys a route for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 77–78; subscribes stock in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to take stock in Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113–114; proposed to aid Erie Canal with funds accruing from sale of Michigan lands, 14, 58–59.
Upland House, 10, 160.
Utica (New York): strategic position of, 12, 99; Bigelow describes, 121–126; inaugural celebration at completion of Erie Canal, 14, 143–144.
VAN CLEVE, Benjamin, Narrative of St. Clair's defeat, 8, 155–156.
Vandevener's, 12, 140.
Vane, on early meeting house steeple, 12, 136.
Van Horne, Gen. Isaac, 10, 162.
Van Meter, Isaac, 12, 31.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, pioneer Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 52, 145, 150, 180, 213.
Vauhn, John, 6, 199.
Veech, James, The Monongahela of Old: cited, 3, 173–188; quoted, 10, 14.
Venango, Céloron at, 9, 34.
Vieau, Andrew J., Sr., quoted, 11, 32.
Villiers, "Le Grand:" advances upon Washington, 3, 155; wins battle of Fort Necessity, 159–166.
Vincennes (Indiana): Helm occupies, 8, 32; Hamilton retakes, 33; Clark captures, 60.
Virginia: debt of Kentucky to, 6, 41; attempts to hold West by means of Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 39–41; good roads and untilled lands in, 15, 46.
Virginia Military District, description of, 9, 67.
Virginians: British officer compares Pennsylvanians and, 4, 157–158; daring enterprise of, 6, 27–28.
Virginia Regiment; history of campaign of 1754, 3, 126–188; reasons for advancing from Wills Creek, 128–129; religious service held, 152; retires from Mount Braddock, 155–156; in battle of Fort Necessity, 159–163; retreat from Fort Necessity, 167–170.
Volney, A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America, cited, 8, 47; quoted, 65–68.

WABLE'S, 10, 159.
Wagons, professional loaders of, 11, 82; see Conestogas.
Wagoners: clannish nature of, 11, 84; resented slights, 84–85.
Walker, Benjamin, 12, 110.
Walker, Dr. Thomas: Journal, 1, 111, et seq.; Kentucky explored by, 6, 48–69; sketch of life of, 50–52; details of the exploration of, 53–69; Sabbath honored by, 55; Daniel Bryan outlines route of, 58–59; fruitlessness of exploration of, 59; accidents to party of, 64–65.
Walker, Felix: blazing of Wilderness Road described by, 6, 94–100; kindness of Daniel Boone to, 100.
Walker, guide, 5, 100.
Walker, John (woodsman), recommended by St. Clair, 5, 86.
Walker's, 4, 87; 10, 158.
Walkin's, 10, 160.
Wall, William, 10, 207.
Wallace Ridge, trail on, described, 2, 118.
Wallcutt, Thomas, Journal, quoted, 12, 43–63.
Walnut Hill (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 46; St. Louis–Shawneetown Road near, 46.
Walpole, Horace: quoted, 3, 83; 5, 65; Memoirs of George II, quoted, 4, 59, et seq.
Walton, Matthew, 6, 198.
War Atlas, 1861–65, cited, 12, 23.
Ward, Captain: Journal, cited, 5, 94, 96; as guide, 99.
Ward, Mr., 14, 142.
"Warren, Admiral" the, 12, 62.
Warren County, Ohio, History of, cited, 8, 91.
Warren, John, 6, 201.
Warren, Moses, Jr., 7, 161.
"Warrior's Island," Clark's men on, 8, 59.
Washington, George: early military training, 3, 18–19; Prof. McMaster's estimate of, 20; Charles James Fox's opinion of, 21; Edward Everett on, 21–22; popular opinion of, 24; Otis Kendall Stuart on, 24; President Eliot on, 25; early western experiences, 26–30; western possessions, 30; plans for internal improvement, 31–35; influence in making of the West, 37–39; mission to French forts, 85–119; Governor Dinwiddie employs, 89–91; Journal of 1753, cited, 91–119; first western trip, 96–119; visit to Logstown (1753), 99–104; visit to Fort Presque Isle, 108–114; attempted assassination, 114; influence of Journal of, 120; Dinwiddie's instructions to (1754), 121–122; Journal of 1754, cited, 122–172; arrives with Virginia Regiment at Wills Creek, 126–128; services through campaign of 1754, 126–188; history of Journal of 1754, 128; advances from Wills Creek to Great Meadows, 130–134; explores Youghiogheny River, 133–134; advances on Jumonville, 141–147; attack on Jumonville, 142–150; Jumonville's claim of ambassadorship denounced by, 147–150; King George's early opinion of, 150; letter published in London Magazine, 150; retreats from Mount Braddock to Fort Necessity, 155–156; attack of Villiers on Fort Necessity, 159–167; tricked to acknowledge assassination of Jumonville, 164; capitulation signed at Fort Necessity, 164–166; thanked by Virginia House of Burgesses for conduct in campaign of 1754, 168; early plans to unite east and west, 189; internal improvement plans, 191–204; to Henry Lee on internal improvements, 198; importance of campaign of 1754, 4, 23; Braddock's march described by, 110, 114–115; illness during Braddock's march, 110, 117–118, 124; great desire to be at Braddock's battle, 111; Braddock buried by, 133; services on Virginia frontier, 1755–58, 5, 35–44; discipline of militia urged by, 39–40; Everett's eulogy, 41; humorous letter of Lord Fairfax to, 42; severe training in French and Indian War, 43–44; regiment ordered to Fort Cumberland, 85; arrival at Fort Cumberland, 95; to Bouquet, on improving Braddock's Road, 95–96; condition of Braddock's Road according to, 96; letter to Bouquet, concerning routes, 100; compares Braddock's and Pennsylvania Roads, 101–102; offers to advise General Forbes, 102; Bouquet commends attitude of, 111; Bouquet proposes a meeting between Forbes and, 111; letter to Maj. Francis Halket, prophesying Forbes's failure, 112–113; denial of partisanship in road question, 113; Bouquet criticises lack of knowledge, 114; letter to Bouquet, in favor of Braddock's Road, 117–123; dark prophecies justified by results, 129; lack of knowledge, 130–134; part in the Virginia "plot" against Pennsylvania Road, 135–136; "unguarded" letter of, 135–136; Forbes misjudged by, 137; early jealousy over Pennsylvania routes, 141; objections to Dunbar's route (1755), 141; letter to Major Carlisle, 141; ordered to open Braddock's Road, 144; faithfulness of, 151; Forbes questions loyalty of, 153; enterprising spirit typical, 6, 28; pioneers influenced by explorations of, 38–39; big tree on Ohio found by, 61; Youghiogheny River explored by, 7, 63; MS. Diary of 1784, cited, 7, 169; 11, 24; 12, 16–28; 13, 35–50; to Gov. Arthur St. Clair on disposition of Wabash and Illinois Indians, 8, 81; orders St. Clair to examine waterways of northwest, 82; trials during first term as president, 86–87; memorandum on officers to succeed St. Clair, 172–174; experiences on western trails, 11, 23–24; later route of Northwestern Turnpike explored by, 12, 16–28; plan of forming a continental trade route by uniting the Great Lakes, Ohio and Potomac, 13, 35–52; scheme of communication "from Detroit to Alexandria," 42–43; "avoiding Pennsylvania," 43–44; Detroit to Richmond, 44–45; Detroit to Philadelphia, 45–46; Detroit to Albany, 47; Detroit to Montreal, 48; appointed on Virginia delegation concerning Potomac improvement, 50; confidence in value of Potomac Company stock, 54; to Richard Henry Lee, on Potomac improvement, 54; resigned presidency of Potomac Company to take presidency of United States, 62; plan of communications followed by later surveyors, 67.
Washington Hall, 10, 164.
Washington (Pennsylvania): Pennsylvania compels government to lay Cumberland Road through, 10, 54; early taverns in, 155.
Washington Star, cited, 4, 78.
Watauga: pioneer settlement of, 6, 30; Boone negotiates treaty of, 92.
Waterfall, annual on American roads, 15, 97.
Watersheds: early roads on, 1, 66; archæological remains on, 69, et seq.; as sites of first habitation, 10, 171–172.
Watertown (Pennsylvania), see Fort Le Bœuf.
Watkins, John, 6, 198.
Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, quoted, 11, 53–54.
Watson, Elkanah: pioneer improvement efforts of, 14, 20–21, 25–26, 47; History of the . . . Western Canals in the State of New York: cited, 13, 54; 14, 21, 42; quoted, 25–26, 41, 47–48.
Watson, James, 14, 25.
Wattles Ferry (New York), President Dwight at, 12, 152.
Wattles, Nathaniel, 12, 146.
Wattles, Sluman, 12, 146, 148.
Wayne, Gen. Anthony: anecdote on Wyandots, 3, 54; to Secretary of War on Miami portages, 7, 69–73; Washington's private opinion of, 8, 173; given command of Legion, 175; difficulty in choosing officers, 175–176; good men chosen, 176; moves Legion to Legionville, 177; entertains Iroquois chiefs, 183; moves Legion to Fort Washington, 184; camps at "Hobson's Choice," 186; receives spy's report, 192; receives secret code message to begin war, 192; anticipates road question, 193–194; road called "Mad Anthony Street" in Cincinnati, 195; route to Hamilton, 195; Indian nicknames for, 200; road to Greenville, 201; erects Fort Greenville, 201; sends detachment to St. Clair's battlefield, 203; builds Fort Recovery, 204; advances from Greenville, 205; reaches St. Mary River, 207; erects Fort Adams, 207; reaches the Auglaize, 208; feints at road-building, 208; deceives Indians by cunning tactics, 209–210; impresses Indians, 210; extremely cautious, 211; criticised by Clark, 211; refuses Wilkinson command of a flying column, 211; erects Fort Defiance, 212; advances up the Maumee, 213; wins the battle of Fallen Timber, 214–216; erects Fort Wayne, 216; erects Fort Loramie; 216; concludes Treaty at Greenville, 217.
Weaver, Casper Willis, superintendent of construction Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, 110.
Webb's Mill (West Virginia), 12, 46.
Webster, John, 12, 31.
Webster's (Stoystown, Pennsylvania), 11, 140.
Weedon, General. Washington's opinion of, 8, 173.
Weiser, Lt. Col. Conrad: commander of First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment, 1, 50; Journal, quoted, 2, 29.
Welchhanse's Mill, Braddock's Road near, 4, 188.
Welch's, Nicholas, 6, 57.
Welch, Sylvester, superintends building of Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 198.
Weld, Isaac, on corduroy roads, 11, 71.
Welge Station (Illinois), Clark's camp near, 8, 31.
Wentling's, 10, 159.
Wentworth's Ferry, 7, 120.
Werden's, 10, 164.
West: Americans and not Englishmen explored the Middle, 6, 44–45; primeval condition of the, 3, 41–46.
Western Inland Lock Navigation Company: sketch of, 14, 22–42; Report of the Directors, 35; New York purchases works of, 130–131.
Westmoreland, County of, Pennsylvania, History of the, cited, 5, 191.
Weston, William, engineer, 14, 38, 40, 87–88, 92–93.
West Port, 12, 78.
West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25.
West Virginia Historical Magazine, cited, 4, 78.
Wheeling Creek, Céloron at mouth of, 9, 42.
Wheeling (West Virginia): Cumberland Road completed to, 10, 54–57, 71–74; taverns at, 160; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134; origin of name of, 14, 16.
Whilley, William, 6, 200.
White, Canvass: favors Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 196; builds Erie Canal in Mohawk Valley, 14, 132; honored at Erie Canal inaugural celebration, 149.
White, Cross, 6, 124.
"White Goose," 10, 155.
White, Historical Collections of Georgia, 1, 90.
"White Horse," 10, 163.
White Oak Springs, 4, 195.
White, West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25.
Whitledge, Robert, 6, 107, 116.
Whitman, Marcus, as pioneer road maker, 11, 48.
Whyle's, 11, 135.
Wickliffe's House, 4, 195.
Wickware's, 12, 47.
Wilkins, John, 6, 200.
Wilkinson, General: ordered to attack Wabash Indians, 8, 115, 120; builds Fort St. Clair, 169; Washington's private opinion of, 173; appointed brigadier-general under Wayne, 175; proposes to advance with a flying column, 210; refused by Wayne, 211.
Wilkinson, Judge, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139.
Willey, John, 6, 201.
Williams, Eli, 10, 26.
Williams, Elizabeth, mother of Col. Richard Henderson, 6, 88.
Williams, General, Washington's opinion of, 8, 174.
Williams, John: 6, 91, 102, 136; to Captain Martin, 136–137.
Williams, Major C., commander of first boat to cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206.
Williams, Ralph, 6, 133.
Williams's, 12, 50.
Williamson, Charles, 12, 110.
Williamstown (West Virginia), 12, 44.
"Willing," The, assists in Clark's Vincennes campaign, 8, 33, 57.
Wills Creek: Ohio Company's buildings at, 3, 95; view of same, 4, 27; reasons for Virginia Regiment's advance from (1754), 3, 128–129.
Wilson, Francis E., 8, 12.
Wilson, John, 6, 198.
Wilson, Maj. John, surveys route for Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 197.
Wilson, President Woodrow, George Washington, cited, 10, 161.
Wilson's, 10, 161.
Wilson's "Catfish Camp," 10, 155.
Wilson, William Bender, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, cited, 13, 199; quoted, 204–205.
Winans, Ross: invents friction wheels, 13, 128; called to Russia, 128–129; invents cast-iron wheels, 131.
Winden, Julius, The Influence of the Erie Canal upon the population along its course, quoted, 14, 152–177.
Winegamer's, 10, 162.
Wine Hill, Clark's route on, 8, 30, 31.
Winslow, Beauséjour captured by, 5, 68.
Winston, President George T., on poor roads and matrimony, 15, 24.
Winter, early traveling preferable in, 11, 33.
Wisconsin: archæological map of, 1, 48; remains in, 49; archæological remains in Crawford County, 54; early path in, 11, 32.
Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 9, 118, 132; 11, 32.
Witherbee, Frank S., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 198.
Wolfe, James, bravery at Louisbourg, 5, 73.
Wolf, Governor, approves bill authorizing Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 197.
Wolf's Rapid, 14, 28.
Wolves, pioneers invade dens of, 6, 67–68.
Wood, Col. Abraham, New River discovered by, 6, 55.
Wood Creek, in Washington's plan of communications, 13, 47.
Woodington, John, early settler on Wayne's Road, 8, 196.
Wood, William, 12, 30.
Woodruff, Henry S., 12, 160.
Wood's Gap, see Flower Gap.
Wood's, Samuel, 6, 198.
Workman House, 10, 155.
Wright, Benjamin, Erie Canal engineer, 14, 109, 115, 180.
Wyandots, sketch of, 3, 53–56.
Wyllys, Maj. John P., in Harmar's campaign, 8, 88, 105–106.

XENIA (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50.

YANKEES, early macadamized road in New York built by, 12, 118.
Yearley's, 6, 124.
Yeiser, Philip, 6, 202.
Yellow Bark, see Farrington, Illinois.
Yellow Creek, Logan's relatives murdered on, 6, 85.
Yoder, Jacob, first flatboat to descend Ohio and Mississippi steered by, 9, 124.
Young, James, 6, 201.
Young, Richard, 6, 198.
Young, Samuel, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 116, 150, 180.

ZANE, Ebenezer, appointed to blaze road through Ohio, 11, 156.
Zane, Jonathan, assists Ebenezer Zane in marking out Zane's Trace, 11, 158.
Zanesville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 157, 161–162.
Zeigler, Major, testifies in St. Clair court-martial, 8, 126.
Zeisberger, Rev. David: opinion on derivation of "Ohio," 9, 20; on location of Moravian town in Ohio, 64; Diary, cited, 2, 103, 104.
Zinn's blockhouse tavern, 12, 83.

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