History of South Africa from 1795 to 1872/Volume 1
History of South Africa
from 1795 to 1872
by
GEORGE McCALL THEAL, Litt.D., LL.D.
Foreign member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, corresponding member of the Royal Historical Sociaty, London, etc., etc., etc., formerly Keeper of the Archives of the Cape Colony
With Fifteen maps and charts
In five volumes
Vol. I
The Cape Colony from 1795 to 1828, the Zulu wars of devastation, and the formation of new Bantu communities
Fourth edition, carefully revised and enlarged
London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Ruskin House40 Museum Street, W.C.
| First Edition | … | June 1892 | |
| Second | 〃 | … | April 1904 |
| Third | 〃 | … | Oct. 1908 |
| Fourth | 〃 | … | Nov. 1915 |
(All rights reserved)
Preface.
The preparation of a history of South Africa has occupied my almost undivided attention during the last fifty years. I kept it constantly in view while connected in different capacities with Bantu tribes, and while keeper of the archives of the Cape Colony and subsequently I have made the closest possible research among official documents of all kinds. Of printed books upon the country I have one of the best collections in existence, and though I have not made many extracts from them, they have often served me as guides. To the utmost of human ability I have striven to write without fear, favour, or prejudice, to do equal justice to all with whom I had to deal. I can, therefore, without laying myself open to the accusation of vanity, place my work confidently before the public as not alone the only detailed history of South Africa yet prepared, but as a true and absolutely unbiassed narrative.
George M. Theal.
Wynberg, August 1915.
Contents.
Admiral Sir George Keith Elphinstone and Generals Alured Clarke and James Henry Craig, conjointly, commanders of the British forces, 16th September to 15th November 1795.
Major-General James Henry Craig, commandant of the town and settlement of the Cape of Good Hope, 15th November 1795 to 5th May 1797.
Conciliatory measures adopted by the English commanders.—Submission of the burghers of the districts of Stellenbosch and Swellendam.—Appointment of Major-General Craig as "commandant of the town and settlement of the Cape of Good Hope."—Military and naval force left for the protection of the Cape.—Refusal of the burghers of the district of Graaff-Reinet to submit to the new government.—Employment of Hottentots as soldiers.—Capture of a Dutch fleet of war in Saldanha Bay.—Entrance of most of the prisoners into the British service.—Submission of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet.—Aspirations of the national party.—Efforts of Jan Pieter Woyer to obtain assistance for the republican party.—The luckless voyage of the Haasje.—Events at Delagoa Bay in 1796–7.—Character of General Craig's administration.—Construction of new fortifications.—Exportation of wheat and subsequent scarcity of food.—Creation of more paper money.—Military and naval force at the Cape in 1797.—Restriction of the whaling industry to British and colonial vessels.—Expedition for the purpose of obtaining possession of harbours on the western coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 | |
George, Earl Macartney, Governor, installed 5th May 1797; retired 20th November 1798.
Appointment of the earl of Macartney as governor.—His arrival in South Africa.—Character of the administration of Lord Macartney.—Banishment of Commandant Petrus Jacobus Delport.—Regulations concerning commerce.—Alterations in the courts of justice.—Improvement in the mode of payment of civil servants.—Treatment of Bushmen and Xosas.—Assumption of duty by Mr. Frans Reinhard Bresler as landdrost of Graaff-Reinet.—Tour of Messrs. Bresler and Barrow among the Xosas in the Zuurveld.—Account of the Xosa chief Gaika.—Visit of Messrs. Bresler and Barrow to Gaika.—Establishment of the first post-office in the colony.—Proclamation defining the eastern and northern boundaries.—Prices of bread and meat.—Statistics of trade, revenue, and shipping.—Establishment of a church at Swellendam.—Mutiny in the fleet of war on the Cape station, and its suppression.—Reduction of the military and naval force at the Cape.—Return to England of Lord Macartney on account of ill health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
26 | |
Major-General Dundas, acting governor, 21st November 1798 to 9th December 1799.
Assumption of duty by Major-General Dundas as acting governor.—Great fire in Capetown.—Insurrection of a party of farmers in Graaff-Reinet.—Its suppression by General Vandeleur.—Invasion of the colony by a horde of Xosas under the chief Ndlambe.—Attack on British troops by the people of Cungwa.—Massacre of a party of soldiers.—Insurrection of Hottentots in the district of Graaff-Reinet.—Progress of the war with the Xosas and Hottentots.—Establishment of a kind of truce by Mr. H. Maynier.—Erection of Fort Frederick at Algoa Bay.—Appointment of Mr. Maynier as commissioner for the districts of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet.—Capture of the French frigate Prudente with volunteers to aid the insurgents of Graaff-Reinet.—Defeat of the French frigate Preneuse in Algoa Bay.—Account of the Namaqua captain Afrikaner.—Dealings with Bushmen on the northern frontier.—Establishment of missions by the London society.—Shipwrecks in Table Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 | |
Sir George Yonge, Governor, installed 10th December 1799, received letter of dismissal 20th April 1801.
Major-General Francis Dundas, acting governor, 20th April 1801 to 20th February 1803.
Arrival of Governor Sir George Yonge.—Trial of the leading European insurgents of Graaff-Reinet.—Creation of an agricultural department of the Cape government.—Bad seasons and consequent scarcity of grain.—Commencement of the publication of a Government Gazette.—Unpopularity of Sir George Yonge.—His recall.—Assumption of duty as acting governor by Major-General Dundas.—Inquiry into Sir George Yonge's conduct.—Scandalous disclosures regarding his administration.—Condition of the district of Graaff-Reinet.—Armed opposition to the commissioner Maynier.—Recall of Maynier.—Resumption of open hostilities with the Xosas and Hottentots.—Alarm caused by the appearance of Hottentot soldiers at Roodezand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 | |
Lieutenant-General Francis Dundas, acting governor, (continued).
Distress of the frontier farmers.—Rejection by the Hottentot captains of terms of peace.—Devastation of the colony as far west as the present village of George.—Conclusion of peace with the Xosas and Hottentots.—Expedition to the Betshuana country.—Fall of rock from Table Mountain.—Ecclesiastical matters.—Treaty of Amiens, providing among other matters for the restoration of the Cape Colony to the Batavian Republic.—Form of government of the colony decided upon by the states-general.—Appointment of Mr. J. A. de Mist as high commissioner, and of General J. W. Janssens as governor.—Troops destined for the garrison of the colony.—Arrival of the Batavian officials.—Arrangements for the transfer of the colony.—Delay caused by orders from England.—Completion of the transfer.—Opinions of the colonists at the time.—Want of a South African literature.—Introduction of printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
94 | |
Jacob Abraham de Mist, Commissioner-General, 21st February 1803 to 25th September 1804.
Lieutenant-General Jan Willem Janssens, Governor, installed 1st March 1803, capitulated to an English army 18th January 1806.
Installation by Commissioner-General De Mist of officials of the new government.—Grant of an amnesty to political offenders.—Release of the Graaff-Reinet prisoners.—Factions in Capetown.—Tour of General Janssens through the colony.—Foundation of the London mission station Bethelsdorp.—Arrangements with the recently hostile Hottentots.—Conferences with Xosa chiefs.—Transactions at Graaff-Reinet.—Cause of the reduction of the garrison.—Renewal of war between Great Britain on one side and France and the Batavian Republic on the other.—Condition of matters in the Zuurveld.—Confiscation of British property in Capetown.—Unsuccessful attempt of Mr. Gysbert Karel van Hogendorp to form a settlement near Plettenberg's Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
118 | |
Commissioner-General De Mist and Governor J. W. Janssens, (continued).
Tour of Commissioner-General De Mist through the colony.—Result of mission work at Genadendal and Bethelsdorp.—Establishment of order in Graaff-Reinet.—Creation of the new district of Uitenhage out of those portions of Graaff-Reinet and Swellendam which are occupied by the most turbulent farmers.—Appointment of a military officer in command of a body of troops as landdrost of Uitenhage.—Foundation of the village of Uitenhage.—Creation of the new district of Tulbagh out of part of Stellenbosch.—Publication of an ordinance giving equal rights to members of all religious bodies, but retaining the Dutch reformed as the state church.—Particulars concerning this church.—First public worship by Roman catholics in the Cape Colony since 1652 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
138 | |
Commissioner-General De Mist and Governor J. W. Janssens, (continued).
Efforts to produce sheep's wool in the colony.—Tour of a committee of the members of the commission to carry out improvements in agriculture and stock-breeding and particularly for the conversion of Cape sheep into merinos.—Description of the northern districts and of their inhabitants.—Efforts to improve the quality of Cape wine and to grow olives.—Failure of an attempt to establish schools not connected with the church.—Issue of a marriage ordinance by Mr. De Mist.—Adoption of a coat of arms by the city of Capetown.—Dedication of the masonic lodge De Goede Hoop.—Increase of the paper currency.—Destruction by fire of a great part of the village of Stellenbosch.—Jealousy of French influence.—Resignation of Mr. De Mist.—Military condition of the colony.—Return of Mr. De Mist to Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 | |
Lieutenant-General Jan Willem Janssens, Governor, (continued).
Establishment of posts between Capetown and the various drostdies.—Resolution regarding a new northern boundary of the colony.—Duties and powers of district officers.—Expedition to the Batlapin country.—Report upon the London missionary society's stations at the Zak river and north of the Orange.—Shipwrecks in Table Bay.—Census returns.—Condition of the colony at the close of 1805.—Expedition sent from England against the Cape Colony.—Landing of the English army under Major-General Baird on the Blueberg beach.—Composition of the army under General Janssens.—Battle of Blueberg.—Defeat of the Batavian forces.—Retirement of General Janssens with the remnant of his army to the mountains of Hottentots-Holland.—Capitulation of Capetown.—Scarcity of flour and wheat.—Measures adopted by General Baird.—Negotiations with General Janssens.—Capitulation of the Dutch army.—Departure of General Janssens for Holland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
180 | |
Major-General David Baird, acting governor, 10th January 1806 to 17th January 1807.
Lieutenant-General Henry George Grey, acting governor, 17th January to 21st May 1807.
Du Pré Alexander, Earl of Caledon, Governor, installed 22nd May 1807, retired 4th July 1811.
Disposition of the colonists.—Property regarded as spoil of war.—Confiscation of the effects of the South African chartered fishing company.—Changes in the civil service.—Capture of a French frigate in Table Bay.—Scarcity of grain.—Repeal of the marriage ordinance of Mr. De Mist.—Customs regulations.—Importation of slaves.—Expedition to Rio de la Plata.—Form of government.—Staff of officials sent from England.—Arrival of the earl of Caledon as governor.—Formation of a court of appeal in criminal cases.—Matters relating to slaves.—Appointment of a deputy landdrost of Tulbagh to reside at Jan-Dissel's-Vlei.—Appointment of a landdrost and heemraden for the Cape district.—Creation of the district of George.—Appointment of a deputy landdrost of Swellendam to reside at the Zwartberg baths.—Unfortunate exploring expedition of Doctor Cowan and Lieutenant Donovan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
209 | |
Du Pré Alexander, Earl of Caledon, Governor, (continued).
Lieutenant-General Henry George Grey, acting governor, 4th July to 5th September 1811.
Establishment of the Moravian mission station Mamre.—Opinions concerning the London society's station Bethelsdorp.—Tour of inspection of Lieutenant-Colonel Collins.—Matters relating to the Hottentots.—Erratic conduct of the reverend Dr. Halloran.—Conquest of the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius.—Strength of the squadron at the Cape.—Establishment of a bank of discount and deposit.—Extensive public improvements by means of an issue of paper money.—Shocks of earthquake in Capetown.—Unsuccessful effort of the governor to change the breed of sheep.—Differences between the governor and Lieutenant-General Grey.—Retirement of the earl of Caledon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
229 | |
Lieutenant-General Sir John Francis Cradock, Governor, installed 6th September 1811, retired 6th April 1814.
Arrival of Governor Sir John Cradock.—Particulars concerning the Xosas in the Zuurveld.—Forces called into the field to expel them from the colony.—Massacre of Landdrost Stockenstrom and a party of farmers.—Expulsion of the Xosas from the Zuurveld.—Foundation of Cradock and Grahamstown.—Establishment of deputy landdrosts at these places.—Outbreak of small-pox in Capetown.—Establishment of a circuit court.—Particulars concerning the second circuit.—Introduction of the perpetual quitrent system of land tenure.—Tour of the governor.—Schemes for the introduction of European settlers.—Increase of public schools.—Enactment concerning slaves.—Ecclesiastical matters.—Particulars concerning new mission stations.—Changes in the civil departments.—Information concerning the Batlapin and the Griquas.—Customs regulations.—Particulars concerning the squadron on the Cape station.—Use of Simon's Bay alone as the naval headquarters.—Strength of the Cape garrison in 1814.—Last acts of Sir John Cradock as governor.—Appointment of Lord Charles Somerset as governor.—Return of Sir John Cradock to England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
249 | |
Lieutenant-General Lord Charles Henry Somerset, Governor, installed 6th April 1814; embarked for England on leave of absence 18th January 1820.
Particulars concerning Lord Charles Somerset.—Events that led to the treaty of Paris.—Negotiations that led to the convention of August 1814 between Great Britain and the sovereign prince of Orange.—Death of Lady Somerset.—Formation of an agricultural establishment at the Boschberg.—Improvement of the breed of horses.—Establishment of a mail packet service between England and the Cape.—Wreck of the transport Arniston and of the Dutch ship-of-war Amsterdam.—Foundation of an orphan asylum in Capetown by Mrs. Moller.—Donations of the earl of Caledon and Mr. Henry Murray to this institution.—Salaries of the principal civil servants.—Particulars concerning the Hottentot regiment.—Causes of discontent on the frontier.—Condition of the farmers on the Kaffir border.—Account of Frederik Cornelis Bezuidenhout.—Persistent refusal of Bezuidenhout to appear before a court of justice when summoned to do so.—Resistance offered by him to a party of Hottentot soldiers sent to arrest him.—His death while resisting.—Scene at his funeral.—Particulars of the Slachter's Nek insurrection.—Death of Jan Bezuidenhout.—Trial of the insurgents.—Execution of five of their leaders and banishment of others.—Result of this punishment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
275 | |
Lord Charles Henry Somerset (continued).
Effect upon the Cape of the imprisonment of Napoleon on Saint Helena.—Particulars concerning the islands of Tristan da Cunha.—Occupation of the principal island by a British garrison.—Withdrawal of the garrison.—Formation of the district of Simonstown.—Condition of the northern border.—Formation of the sub-district of Beaufort.—Foundation of the town of Beaufort West.—Establishment of a fair for the Griquas.—Foundation of the town of Worcester.—Opening of Port Beaufort to coasting trade.—Particulars concerning the Knysna.—Foundation of the village of Melville.—Establishment of a leper asylum at Hemel en Aarde.—Increase in the number of churches.—Formation of the Moravian station Enon.—Establishment of a government mission in the Tyumie valley by the reverend John Brownlee.—Commencement of mission work in South Africa by the Wesleyan society.—The census of 1819.—Changes in the method of administering justice.—Return of Lord Charles Somerset to England on leave of absence.—Assumption of duty as acting governor by Sir Rufane Shawe Donkin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 | |
Dealings with the Xosas from 1813 to the close of the War of 1819.
Cattle-stealing by the Xosas.—Instructions by Sir John Cradock to Lieutenant-Colonel Vicars.—Expedition under Captain Fraser.—Efforts of Sir John Cradock and Lord Charles Somerset to settle a farming population in the Zuurveld.—Arrangements with Gaika made by Lord Charles Somerset in 1817.—Formation of new lines of military posts.—Expedition under Lieutenant Vereker.—Reduction of the military force in the colony.—Continuation of the feud between Gaika and Ndlambe.—Particulars concerning the chief Dushane and the leader Makana.—Description of Gaika's residence.—Particulars concerning the counsellor Ntsikana.—Battle of Amalinde.—Crushing defeat of Gaika.—Expedition under Lieutenant-Colonel Brereton.—Invasion of the colony by the Amandlambe.—Attack on Grahamstown by Makana.—Repulse of the assailants with heavy loss.—Invasion of Kaffirland by British and colonial forces.—Destruction of Ndlambe's power.—Surrender and subsequent fate of Makana.—Conference between Lord Charles Somerset and the Rarabe chiefs.—Substitution of the Tyumie and the Keiskama for the Fish river as the Kaffir border.—Construction of Fort Willshire.—Prohibition of all residents except soldiers in the territory between the old and the new border. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
321 | |
Major-General Sir Rufane Shawe Donkin, acting governor 12th January 1820 to 30th November 1821.
European inhabitants of the Cape Colony before 1820.—Introduction of Scotch artisans by Mr. Benjamin Moodie, of destitute English boys by Mr. James Gosling, and of Scotch labourers by Mr. Peter Tait.—Disbandment of soldiers in Capetown.—Condition of the working classes in Great Britain after the close of the Napoleonic wars.—Scheme of emigration to the Cape Colony.—Conditions offered to emigrants.—Selection of heads of parties.—Composition of the parties.—Arrival of the immigrants in the colony.—Location of the various parties.—Occupation of ground at Clanwilliam by the Irish parties.—Conduct of Mr. William Parker.—Abandonment of Clanwilliam by most of the settlers.—Location of four parties in the valley of the river Zonderend.—Abandonment of this place by the settlers.—Location of the great body of the immigrants in Albany.—Causes of their dissatisfaction.—Foundation of the village of Bathurst.—Naming of Port Elizabeth.—Loss by fire of the Abeona and most of the emigrants on board her.—Arrival of other immigrants than those sent out by the imperial government.—Appointment of special heemraden in Albany.—Establishment of Albany as a separate district.—Entire failure of the wheat crops in 1820.—Condition of the British settlers in June 1821.—Disbandment of the Royal African corps.—Formation of the village of Fredericksburg on the right bank of the Beka river.—Conduct of the Xosas.—Establishment of fairs at Fort Wiltshire.—Establishment of an astronomical observatory at the Cape.—Foundation of the old Somerset hospital in Capetown.—Establishment of a commercial exchange.—Establishment of a Roman catholic church in Capetown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
346 | |
General Lord Charles Henry Somerset, Governor, resumed duty 1st December 1821; embarked for England on leave of absence 5th March 1826.
Resumption of duty by Lord Charles Somerset.—Causes of ill feeling between Lord Charles Somerset and Sir Rufane Donkin.—Report upon Fort Willshire.—Engagement by Dr. George Thom of Scotch clergymen for the colonial church and of teachers for schools of a high class at the principal villages.—Depression of the colony in 1821.—Failure of the wheat crop of 1821 in Albany.—Stoppage of rations to the British settlers at the end of 1821.—Dispersion of many of the settlers.—Prohibition of slave labour by the settlers.—Removal of the seat of magistracy of Albany from Bathurst to Grahamstown.—Total abandonment of Fredericksburg.—Prohibition of public meetings.—Proclamation concerning the law of inheritance.—Announcement of the substitution of English instead of Dutch as the official language of the colony.—Establishment of the South African public library.—Attempt to form a museum in Capetown.—Destructive storm in July 1822.—Removal of the magistracy from Tulbagh to Worcester.—Abolition of the sub-drostdy of Caledon.—Dealings with the Xosas.—Marks of progress in the colony.—Erection of the first lighthouse on the coast.—Construction of a good road through the French Hoek pass.—Introduction of a party of Irish labourers by Mr. John Ingram.—Condition of the British settlers in May 1823.—Release of the settlers from debt to government.—Terrific floods in Albany in October 1823.—Progress thereafter made in Albany.—Extension of the northern border of the colony.—Abolition of the sub-drostdy of Cradock.—Creation of the district of Somerset.—Arrival of the first steamship in Table Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
368 | |
Lord Charles Henry Somerset (continued).
Appointment of commissioners of inquiry.—Arrival of the commissioners in the colony.—Creation of a council of advice.—Scheme to divide the colony into two independent provinces.—Ordinance fixing the value of the paper rixdollar at one shilling and six pence sterling.—Quantity of paper money in circulation.—Effects of the ordinance.—Meeting of the first synod of the Dutch reformed church.—Formation of new congregations at Colesberg, Somerset East, Durbanville, and Clanwilliam.—Meeting of the second synod.—Extension of the English episcopal church.—Extension of the Wesleyan church.—Great extension of mission work beyond and in the colony.—Erection of Mohamedan mosques in Capetown.—Causes of Lord Charles Somerset's unpopularity.—Pecuniary difficulties of the colony.—Cases of Lieutenant-Colonel Bird and Mr. Bishop Burnett.—Events connected with the establishment and suppression of an independent newspaper.—Case of Messrs. Thomas Pringle and John Fairbairn.—Case of William Edwards.—Case of Captain Carnall.—Abusive placards.—Case of Mr. Launcelot Cooke.—Case of the reverend William Geary.—Return to England of Lord Charles Somerset on leave of absence.—Assumption of duty as acting governor by Major-General Richard Bourke.—Resignation of his office by Lord Charles Somerset.—Proceedings in the house of commons in reference to the complaints against him. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
397 | |
Terrible destruction of Bantu tribes during the early years of the nineteenth century.
Principal Bantu tribes in South Africa at the beginning of the nineteenth century.—Condition of the Zulu tribe.—Descent and early adventures of Tshaka.—Account of the chief Dingiswayo.—Method of conducting war by the southern Bantu tribes.—Career of Tshaka in Dingiswayo's army.—Death of Dingiswayo.—Elevation of Tshaka to supreme power.—Military organisation of the new Zulu tribe.—Cruelty of Tshaka.—Aggressive movement against the tribes on his northern border.—Flight of Sotshangana.—Career of the Angoni.—Career of Sotshangana.—Flight of the Amangwane.—Account of the Amahlubi.—Abandonment of their homes by the whole of the tribes between the Caledon and the Vaal.—Career of the Mantati horde.—Defeat of the horde in June 1823 by the Griquas.—Subsequent career of the sections into which it broke up.—Devastation of the territory now termed Basutoland.—Fate of the Bushmen in the Maluti mountains.—Depopulation of the territory between the Tugela and the Umzimvubu.—Valour of the chieftainess Gubela.—Account of the Tembu tribe.—Defeat of the horde under Madikane by the Tembus and Xosas.—Origin of the people now termed Fingos.—Career of the Amakwabi.—Invasion of Tembuland by the Amangwane.—Flight of a section of the Tembus into the Cape Colony.—Invasion of Pondoland and Tembuland by a Zulu army.—Defeat of the Amangwane by a British force.—Flight of Moselekatse from Zululand.—Destructive career of the Matabele.—Estimate of the loss of life in these wars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
428 | |
Formation of new Bantu communities with which the Cape colonists had afterwards to deal.
Probable early history of the Bantu.—General character of the Bantu.—Mode of formation of the tribes.—Genealogy and early days of Moshesh.—Occupation of Thaba Bosigo by Moshesh.—Growth of his power.—Settlement of the Batlokua under Sikonyela on the upper Caledon.—Account of the Baputi.—Their submission to Moshesh.—Unsuccessful siege of Thaba Bosigo by a Matabele army.—Ravages by Griqua and Korana marauders.—Belief of the Basuto concerning missionaries.—Arrival in South Africa of missionaries of the Paris evangelical society.—Foundation of the station Motito.—Arrival of French missionaries in the Lesuto.—Foundation of the station Morija.—Condition of the country at that time.—Foundation of the station Bethulie.—Growth of the Basuto tribe.—Account of the Barolong tribe.—Foundation by the London society of the mission station Kuruman.—Residence of the reverend Robert Moffat at Kuruman.—Dispersion of the Barolong.—Guidance by Wesleyan missionaries of a Barolong clan to Thaba Ntshu.—Account of the Bangwaketse tribe.—First visit of Mr. A. G. Bain to Betshuanaland.—Arrival of the Matabele under Moselekatse.—Destruction of the Betshuana.—Settlement of Moselekatse at Mosega.—Visit of Messrs. Bain and Sauer to Betshuanaland.—Guidance of various clans by Wesleyan missionaries to the banks of the Caledon.—Transactions of the Wesleyan missionaries with Moshesh and Sikonyela.—Description of the mission settlements.—First visits of Europeans to the country along the Caledon.—Settlement of a party of Europeans at Zevenfontein.—Account of the emigrant Tembus.—Condition of that portion of South Africa occupied by Bantu.—Enlargement of the territory occupied by Bantu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
457 | |
Major-General Richard Bourke, acting governor, 5th March 1826 to 9th September 1828
Successive English ministries.—Establishment of a supreme court in place of the former high court, the vice admiralty court, and the court of appeals.—Abolition of the courts of landdrost and heemraden, and substitution in their stead of civil commissioners and resident magistrates.—Division of the colony into two provinces.—Appointment of a commissioner general for the eastern province.—Power of the resident magistrates.—Abolition of the burgher senate.—Transfer of the district and town revenues to the colonial treasury.—Alterations in the council of advice.—Appointment of justices of the peace.—Dissatisfaction of the old colonists at the exclusive rights given to the English language.—Reduction of the salaries of the governor and several of the heads of departments.—Disposal of the estates Groote Post, Camp's Bay, and Newlands.—Condition of the Bushmen and Hottentots.—Ordinance placing these people on a political equality with Europeans.—Account of the reverend Dr. Philip.—Publication of the book Researches in South Africa.—Effect of the fiftieth ordinance upon the Hottentots and other free coloured people.—The libel case Mackay versus Philip.—Arrival of Sir Lowry Cole as governor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
489 | |
Charts.
| I. | Showing the extent and divisions of the colony in the year 1805. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
facing page 154 |
| II. | Illustrating the Battle of Blueberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
〃198 |
| III. | Showing the extent and divisions of the colony in the year 1814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
〃280 |
| IV. | Showing the territory ceded by Gaika on 15th October 1819. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
〃344 |
| V. | Showing the extent and divisions of the colony in the year 1826. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
〃394 |