History of Woman Suffrage/Volume 6/Chapter 27

 

CHAPTER XXVII.

NEVADA.^[1]

Towards the close of the last century, through the efforts of Miss Susan B. Anthony and Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, president and vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a Nevada association had been formed with Mrs. Frances A. Williamson president and later Mrs. Elda A. Orr was elected. Mrs. Mary A. Boyd was an officer. It held three or four successful conventions and had bills before the Legislature but no record exists of any activities after 1899. In November, 1909, Mrs. Clarence Mackay, who had organized an Equal Franchise Society in New York City, of which she was president, wrote to Miss Jeanne Elizabeth Wier, professor of history in the University of Nevada, asking if a branch society could not be organized in that State. Later Professor Wier conferred with Mrs. Mackay in New York. In the autumn of 1910 an agreement to assist in such an organization was signed by a large number of prominent men and women in Reno and finally in January, 1911, Professor Wier issued a call for a meeting to be held in her home to form a society. Mrs. O. H. Mack, president of the Federation of Women's Clubs, sent an invitation to each club to be represented at this meeting. It was soon evident that it would be too large for a private house and on January 24 a conference was held in the law office of Counsellor C. R. Reeves to arrange for a Saturday evening mass meeting. There were present Mr. Reeves, who was made temporary chairman; Professor Wier, Mrs. Mack, Mrs. Henry Stanislawsky, Professor Romanzo Adams, Judge William P. Seeds, Assemblyman Alceus F. Price, J. A. Buchanan, Mrs. Frank Page, Mrs. Frank R. Nicholas, who was made secretary, and J. Holman Buck, who was elected permanent chairman. A telegram of greeting was read from Mrs. Mackay. NEVADA 385 A general meeting for organization was held the evening of February 4 in Odd Fellows' Hall, which was far too small for the audience. The name State Equal Franchise Society was adopted. Mrs. Stanislawsky was elected president; Colonel Reeves, Mr. Price, Mrs. Mack and Miss Felice Cohn, vice- presidents ; Mrs. Nicholas, Mrs. Grace E. Bridges and Mrs. Alice Chism, recording and corresponding secretary and treasurer. A membership of 177 was reported. The board of twenty-one directors included most of those who have been named and in addition Dr. J. E. Stubbs, president of the university; Mrs. A. B. McKinley, Dr. Morris Pritchard, W. D. Trout, Mrs. Nettie P. Hershiser, Mrs. George Armstrong, Mrs. Florence H. Church, Mrs. G. Taylor, Mrs. Frank Stickney. 1 Plans were made for a legislative lobby. A report of the organization was sent to Mrs. Mackay, who consented that her name should be used as hon- orary president but took no further interest in it or in the amend- ment campaign which soon followed and made no contribution. Between the above meetings Assemblymen Arnold and Byrne of Esmeralda county had introduced a joint resolution on Janu- ary 30 to submit to the voters an amendment to the State consti- tution to give full suffrage to women. It was referred to the Committee on Elections, which on February 7 reported it un- favorably. Assemblyman J. A. Denton of Lincoln county secured a hearing before the Committee of the Whole on Feb- ruary 20 and a large lobby from the society was present. Mrs. Stanislawsky and Miss Cohn addressed the committee, empha- sizing the fact that each of the political parties had declared in tate platform for this referendum and all the women asked was to have the question sent to the voters. The resolution was put on file but at the bottom and every attempt to advance it failed but on March 6 it appeared in regular order. Speaker pro tem. Booth wanted it indefinitely postponed but was over- 1. After numerous parliamentary tactics it was at length <"d by 31 ayes, 13 noes, four absent and the Speaker not ig. The resolution was first read in the Senate on March 7 1 Charter members betides those already > were Mrs. J. E. Stubbs, J. D. Flyman, C. A. Jacobson, Mrs. ' I '.ivl.,r, Mrs. Julia F. Bender, J. E. Church, Miw Laura de Laguna, Grant Miller, Mis* Kate Bardenwerper. Mra. W. H. Hood. Mrs. Orr, Mrs. Boyd. Mra. George McKenzte. Mra. May Gill. HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE and referred to the Committee on Education. Three days later it was reported without recommendation. It came before the Senate March 13 and after considerable "fencing" it passed by 1 6 ayes, 2 noes, one absent. Mrs. Stanislawsky, Mrs. Mack, Professor Wier, Mrs. Chism, Miss Cohn and Mrs. Nicholas had worked strenuously in the two Houses. The constitution requires that a resolution for an amendment must pass two successive Legislatures and the new association saw the task before it of getting the approval of another session in 1913. It received national and international attention about this time through a banner six feet high and four wide, pre- sented by Mrs. Arthur Hodges of New York, with the words, Nevada, Votes for Women, brought out in sage brush green letters on a field of vivid orange. This was shipped to New York and carried by Miss Anne Martin of Reno in a big parade in that city and then taken to London and carried by her and Miss Vida Milholland of New York at the head of the American group in the great procession of the Social and Political Union. Headquarters were opened in the Cheney Building in Reno, Mrs. Hodges assuming the rent, where visitors were made wel- come and literature given out. A series of lectures until No- vember were arranged, the first one in the Congregational church, where Mrs. Stanislawsky gave an address to a crowded meeting. Later she moved to California and in February, 1912, Mrs. Mack called a meeting and Miss Anne Martin was unanimously elected president. Mrs. Bridges, Mrs. Chism and Mrs. Mack were re-elected. The other members of the board chosen were: Vice-presidents, Mrs. F. O. Norton, Mrs. J. E. Church, Mrs. Jennie Logan, Mrs. Charles Gulling, Mrs. J. E. Bray, Miss B. M. Wilson; recording secretary, Mrs. Burroughs Edsall. An active executive committee was appointed and plans were made for a vigorous campaign. Mrs. Hodges continued to pay the rent of headquarters and a substantial bank account was built up by dues, subscriptions and collections at meetings. Miss Martin attended the national suffrage convention at Phil- adelphia in November, where she told of the need of funds to fur- ther the campaign and secured many pledges and donations. Dr. Shaw, the president, promised $1,000 from the association after NEVADA 387 the amendment was submitted. Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont and Mrs. Joseph Pels had become honorary presidents and the former gave $100; the latter made her contribution of $500 later. The Massachusetts association, through Mrs. Maud Wood Park, $100; the National Association, $100 in cash and $100 in litera- ture; the Woman's Journal $45. California and Arizona gave funds and literature. A pamphlet entitled Woman Under Ne- vada Laws, by Miss B. M. Wilson, an attorney, had been pub- lished in a special edition of 20,000 and proved effective in rousing the women to a sense of their rights and wrongs. The rapid organization had its effect on legislators and poli- ticians. The resolution for submitting an amendment was pre- sented in both Houses in 1913 and reported favorably by the Judiciary Committees. It passed in the House on January 24 by 49 ayes, 3 noes, one absent; in the Senate on January 30 by 19 ayes, 3 noes. On March 3 it was signed by the Governor. The educational work was done through the press, the plat- form and entertainments. Speakers of national note were se- cured, among them Dr. Shaw, Mr. and Mrs. James Lees Laid- law, and Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, of New York; Dr. Charles F. Aked, of San Francisco; Miss Jane Addams of Chi- cago, and Miss Mabel Vernon of Washington. The meetings were attended by about three men to one woman. Mr. Laidlaw assisted in organizing a Men's Suffrage League, among whose members were Supreme Court Justice Frank Norcross, Dr. Stubbs, Superintendent of Public Instruction John Edwards Bray, S. W. Belford, Charles Gulling, A. A. Hibbard, Professor J. I-:. ( hurch, Captain Applewhite, the Rev. Mr. Adams, the Rev. Mr. Sheldon, George Taylor and John Wright. At the annual meeting Feb. 25, 1913, it was announced that there were nearly 1,000 paid up members, with most of the counties organized and many town societies. "Nevada, the black spot on the map! To make it white, give women the suffrage," was the constant slogan. Miss Martin, Mrs. Church, Mrs. Bray, Miss Wilson and Mrs. Bridges were re-elected. Other members chosen were: Vice-presidents, Mrs. Hugh Brown, Mrs. Alexander Orr, Mrs. George West, Mrs. Lyman D. Clark, Jr., Mrs. E. E. Caine, Mrs. Harry Warren; recording HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE secretary, Mrs. J. B. Menardi ; treasurer, Mrs. Mabel Redman; auditors, Mrs. P. B. Kennedy, Mrs. W. T. Jenkins. In the little span of days that lay between the election of the State Executive Committee in 1912 and the legislative session of 1913 the sixteen counties were organized, each under a chair- man. Mrs. M. S. Bonni field as chairman of Humboldt county, with her helpers, Mrs. A. W. Card, Mrs. Mark Walser of Love- lock and Dr. Nellie Hascall of Fallon, led their branches into the mining fields. It is not easy to realize the difficulties under which these women labored. Mrs. H. C. Taylor, chairman of Churchill county, had to drive many miles from her ranch to attend every meeting. Some of the chairmen were Mrs. A. J. McCarty, Mineral county; Mrs. Rudolph Zadow, Eureka; Mrs. Sadie D. Hurst, Washoe ; Mrs. Bray, Ormsby ; Mrs. F. P. Lang- don, Storey ; Mrs. Caine, Elko ; Mrs. Minnie Comins MacDonald, White Pine. Mrs. Church, Miss Mary Henry, Mrs. Hurst, Mrs. Bel ford, and Mrs. Maud Gassoway were an active force in organizing societies at Sparks, Verdi and Wadsworth in Washoe county, the largest in the State. Mrs. W. H. Bray organized study classes in Sparks and gave prizes for the best suffrage essays. Mrs. Hurst addressed large street crowds in Reno every Saturday night. An important feature of the campaign was the complete circularization of the voters with suffrage literature by the county organizations and from State headquarters by Mrs. Bessie Eichelberger, State treasurer for two years, assisted by Miss Alexandrine La Tourette of the State University; Mrs. Belford, Mrs. P. L. Flannigan, Mrs. Alf. Doten, Miss Minnie Flannigan, Mrs. Charles E. Bosnell and Mrs. John Franzman. Mrs. Hood, the second vice-president, and chairman of civics in the State Federation of Women's Clubs, was the leading factor in getting its endorsement at its meeting in Reno, Oct. 30, 1913. Nevada's population of only 80,000 is scattered over an area of 110,000 square miles, a territory larger than the whole of New England. Of these, 40,000 are men over twenty-one years of age, of whom only 20,000 remained in the State long enough to vote at the last general election an average of one voter to every five square miles. Nevada has the smallest urban and NEVADA 389 the most scattered rural population in the United States. Reach- ing and winning this vote was done mostly by press work and literature. The new voters on the registration lists were circular- ized. The personal contact with the voter was accomplished by street meetings in the cities and towns; in the rural communities by train, automobile, stage and even on horseback. All the political parties but the Republican endorsed the amendment in their platforms and it was supported by labor unions representing 6,000 members. Prestige and assistance were given by an Advisory Board consisting of U. S. Senators Francis G. Newlands and Key Pittman, Congressman E. E. Roberts, Governor Tasker H. Oddie, Lieutenant Governor Gil- bert C. Ross, President Stubbs, Bishop Robinson and many pro- fessional and business men. There was fierce opposition from some newspapers, including the Reno Evening Gazette, the lead- ing Republican paper of the State, but active support from the State Journal, owned and edited by George Darius Kilborn, formerly of New York, who was always in favor 6f woman suffrage. The Western Nevada Miner, owned and edited by I. llolman Buck, gave much assistance in that part of the State. In canvassing and speaking tours over the State Miss Martin travelled over 3,000 miles and talked personally to nearly every one of the 20,000 voters. There are 240 election precincts and over 1 80 were organized with a woman leader. On Nov. 3, . every county was carried for the amendment but four, of these a county with one of the largest and oldest towns in the State. The vote in Washoe county was 1,449 f r 2 4r against : in Reno, the county seat, 938 for, 1,587 against. ( )rmsby county with Carson City gave an adverse majority of only i  ; Storey county with Virginia City of only 31. The total vote was 10,936 ayes, 7,257 noes the amendment carried by 3,679. The cost of the whole three years' campaign was only a little more than $7,000. At the annual meeting of the Washoe county Equal Franchise Society after the election it was evident that, having won suf- e, women recognized their new and enlarged responsibilities and were anxious to do something for the public welfare and their own development. A mass meeting was held in the 39 HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE Y. W. C. A. building and the Woman Citizens' Club was organized with a charter membership of 80. Mrs. Hurst was elected president. Other officers were : Vice-presidents, Mrs. Belford, Mrs. C. H. Burke, Mrs. Hood; corresponding secre- tary, Mrs. Mack; recording secretary, Mrs. Bessie Mouffe; financial secretary, Mrs. Harold Duncan ; treasurer, Mrs. Eichel- berger; auditor, Mrs. Katherine Flett; librarian, Mrs. F. C. MacDiarmid. This club succeeded in getting a year as a re- quired residence for those from other States seeking divorce and later another Legislature proposed to repeal it and restore the six months. Mrs. George F. Nixon, wife of the former U. S. Senator, was made legislative chairman and headed the women of Reno who went almost en masse to Carson City to protest but the pressure on the other side was too strong and the old law was restored. In August, 1918, The Woman Citizens' Club endorsed Mrs. Sadie D. Hurst of Reno for the Assembly, in recognition of what she had done for suffrage and for the club. She won at the primaries and also at the polls in November and was the first woman member. The submission of the Federal Woman Suf- frage Amendment to the Legislatures by Congress seemed near and at the request of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, the national president, a Ratification Committee was formed in December. Helen T. (Mrs. S. W.) Belford was acting chairman with Mesdames Walser, Hood, McKenzie, Mack, Church, Boyd, Bray, Franzman, Fannie B. Patrick and Emma Vanderlith mem- bers. At the request of this committee a resolution was pre- sented to the Legislature by Mrs. Hurst on Jan. 22, 1919, asking this body to memorialize Congress in favor of the amendment. It passed the Assembly January 23 with but one dissenting vote ; the Senate January 29 unanimously and the Nevada U. S. Sen- ators were requested to present and actively support it. In March the committee elected Mrs. Patrick delegate to the national suffrage convention in St. Louis and in April it met to hear her report and details of the proposed League of Women Voters. The following July a meeting was held to listen t<> Mrs. Minnie S. Cunningham of Texas and Mrs. Ben Hooper of Wisconsin, who were touring certain States under the ausNEVADA 391 pices of the National Association, to consult the Governors on the question of special sessions for the ratification of the Fed- eral Amendment, which had been submitted in June. Mrs. Pat- rick and Mrs. Bel ford accompanied them to Carson City and had an interview with Governor Emmet D. Boyle. In September the committee considered the offer of a conference of officers and chairmen of the National League of Women Voters to be held in Reno. It was arranged for November 2021, with Mrs. Mc- Kenzie chairman of program, Mrs. Walser of finance, Mrs. Hurst of halls and Mrs. Belford of publicity. The conference met in the Century Club House. Mrs Catt, Miss Jessie R. Haver, Dr. Valeria H. Parker, Mrs. Jean Nelson Penfield and Miss Marjorie Shuler, national chairman of publicity, were the guests of honor. A luncheon at the Riverside Hotel was attended by about 70 men and women. An evening meeting was held in the Rialto Theater with Mrs. Patrick pre- siding. Governor Boyle introduced Mrs. Catt, who gave a rous- ing speech, Wake up America, and the others were heard at this and other times on the various departments of the league's work. At the last session a State League of Women Voters was organized and later Mrs. Belford was elected chairman. RATIFICATION. Governor Boyle issued a call for the Legis- lature to meet in special session Feb. 7, 1920, for the express purpose of acting on the Federal Amendment, and in his Mrs when it convened he said: "While no certainty exists that the favorable action of Nevada will in 1920 assure to the women of the United States the same voting privileges which our own women enjoy by virtue of our State law, it does appear certain that without our favorable action national suffrage may be de- 1 for such a time as to withhold the right to vote in a presi- dential election from millions of the women of America." To Mrs. Hurst, the one woman member, was given the honor of ir.troducing the resolution to ratify in the House. On her "ii the rules were suspended, the resolution was read the '1 time by title and referred to the Committee on Federal of ten minutes was taken and when the inbly reconvened a from the Senate was received g that the resolution had passed unanimously. The House 39 2 HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE committee recommended it and Mrs. Hurst moved that it be placed on third reading and final passage. After this had been done she thanked the Assembly for the honor accorded her and closed a brief but eloquent speech by saying: "There is no necessity of asking you to ratify, for I am proud of the men of the West and of Nevada." As the vote was about to be taken W. O. Ferguson of Eureka county announced that he would vote against the ratification; that he was opposed to hav- ing the people of this State telling the women of the Union whether or not they should vote and that he came to Carson City especially to vote against the resolution. At this stage Speaker Fitzgerald stated that twenty-seven Legislatures had already ratified the amendment but so far as he was aware no woman had presided over one taking such action and he had great pleasure in being able to request Mrs. Hurst to take charge of proceedings during roll call. Twenty-five members answered in favor of ratification, and one, Mr. Ferguson, against it. Mrs. Hurst declared the resolution carried. At the suggestion of Assemblyman Sanai an opportunity was given to the women to address the legislators. Those speaking were Mrs. Patrick, chairman, and Mrs. Belford, secretary of the Ratification Com mittee; Mrs. Church, president of the State Federation of Women's Clubs, and Mrs. Eichelberger, chairman of its suffrage committee; Mrs. Hood, regent of the State University; Mrs. Maud Edwards, president of the W. C. T. U., and Mrs. L. D. Gassoway. All expressed their appreciation of the special ses- sion, to which most of the members had paid their own ex- penses. Governor and Mrs. Boyle invited the legislators and the Ratification Committee to the Mansion for luncheon. And thus was closed the Nevada chapter on woman suffrage. A STORY OF THE NEVADA SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGN. 1 In February, 1912, Miss Anne Martin of Reno, who had spent the years 1909-11 in England, during which she worked for suffrage under Mrs. Pankhurst, was elected president of the State Equal Franchise Society. Miss Martin, a native of Ne- 1 The History is indebted for this sketch to Miss B. M. Wilson, vice-president of the State Equal Franchise Society during the campaign, 1912-1914. NEVADA 393 vada, was a graduate of the State University; had the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Leland Stanford University and had been professor of history in the former. She had studied abroad and travelled widely but her whole interest had now centered in woman suffrage. Miss B. M. Wilson of Goldfield was elected vice-president and Mrs. Grace Bridges of Reno, secretary. Mrs. Stanislawsky had removed to California and the organization, with the long wait between Legislatures and no definite work, had but a small membership, no county organizations and no funds. It was obvious to Miss Martin and her associates that, judging by the experience of other States, the legislative vote of 1911 must be regarded as merely complimentary and the real battle must be fought in 1913. Miss Martin therefore began the campaign by organizing the State in 1912. She paid her own expenses on speaking trips to every county for this purpose, also on journeys to California, to the Mississippi Valley Suf- frage Conference at St. Louis in April and to the National Suf- frage Convention in Philadelphia in November. Here she enlisted the interest and financial support of national and State leaders and an advisory board of influential women outside of Nevada was formed. In February, 1913, her report made to the State suffrage con- vention in Reno showed that the Equal Franchise Society had been ;>ed in one year into a State-wide body, with prac-

every county organized and a large number of auxiliary 

'ieties, and with nearly one thousand paid-up members. There was a bank balance of several hundred dollars, from col- it meetings, monthly pledges of members and gifts from

na Howard Shaw, Mrs. Joseph Fels, Mrs. Oliver H. P. ont. Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, Mrs. George Day (Conn.), mccticut and Massachusetts suffrage associations and rn supporters, and from suffrage leagues of Cali- fornia. Oregon, Arizona and Colorado. Reports also showed that a prc^s bureau had been organized at State headquarters in pally Miss Martin and Mrs. Bridges) by which Nevada's .-five newspapers, chiefly rural weeklies, were supplied regu- larly with a ^>e< i.-il iews service; that every editor, all public libraries and railroad men's reading rooms, more than VOL- VI 394 HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE one hundred school districts and three hundred leading men and women throughout the State received the Woman's Journal (Boston) every week, which always contained Nevada suffrage news; that every voter on the county registration lists had been circularized with suffrage literature. An advisory council of the State's most prominent men had been formed. Every legislative candidate had been asked to vote for the suffrage amendment, if elected, and, as a result of the favorable public opinion created by the new State organi- zation, more than the necessary number had pledged themselves in writing, so the day after the election in November it was known that there was a safe majority in the coming Legislature if all pledges were kept. The Legislative Committee of the Equal Franchise Society was on duty and within the first two weeks of the session, in January, 1913, the amendment was passed by both Houses and approved by Governor Oddie. The problem before the State convention at Reno in February was how to educate the voters and overcome the active opposi- tion of the liquor and other vested interests, which were deter- mined to continue Nevada "wide-open" by "keeping out the women." The convention re-elected Miss Martin and left in her hands the supervision of building up a majority for the amend- ment at the election in November, 1914. During 1913 she had kept the State organization actively at work by trips through the northern and southern counties and by securing the help of suffrage speakers from other States. Miss Wilson, the vice- president and also president of the Esmeralda County League, with headquarters at Goldfield, was in general charge of the southern counties, which had a very large miners' vote. In November Miss Martin had gone as delegate to the National Woman Suffrage Convention in Washington, and there, in addi- tion to promises of an organizer and money from Dr. Shaw, the national president, she secured from Miss Alice Paul, chair- man of the Congressional Union, the services of Miss Mabel Vernon, perhaps its most capable organizer. She also obtained pledges of $1,006 from Senator Newlands; $1,000 from Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw of Boston through Mrs. Maud Wood Park; $1,000 from the National American Woman Suffrage AssociaNEVADA 395 tion ; $500 from Mrs. Pels, $300 from Miss Eileen Canfield ; also $250 from Mrs. W. O'H. Martin of Reno and many smaller sums from individuals and organizations. With the assurance of an adequate fund, amounting to over $7,000 in all, the final "drive" for suffrage for Nevada women was begun after the State convention. Miss Vernon arrived, as promised, in April and at once made a trip around the State to strengthen the county and local organizations. At State headquarters in Reno Miss Martin kept in touch with the work in every section of the State, wrote suffrage leaflets and planned the final campaign. Its concrete object was to secure the en- dorsement of labor unions, women's clubs and political parties; to rouse as many women as possible to active work and to have at least one in charge of every voting precinct ; to reach every voter in the State with literature and by a personal message through a house-to-house canvass, and to appeal to both men and women everywhere through press work and public meetings addressed by the best speakers in the country. The 20,000 voters were scattered over the enormous area of 110,000 square miles. There was only one large town, Reno, with about 15,000 inhabitants, and three or four others with a population of a few thousands each; the rest of the people lived far apart in families or small groups, in mining camps on dis- tant mountains and on remote ranches in the valleys. Nothing could prevent a heavy adverse vote in Reno and other towns where the saloons, with their annexes of gambling rooms, dance halls and "big business" generally, were powerful, so everything depended on reducing their unfavorable majority by building up the largest possible majorities in the mining camps and rural districts. "I very vote counts" was the slogan. In July, H;I 4, Miss Martin and Miss Vernon started nut on their final canvass of the Stale, "prospecting for votes" in the mine underground in the vast mountains by tunnel, lad- T in buckets lowered 1y windlass to talk to the miners who M shift" and could not attend the street or hall meet- ings. To reach less than 100 voters ;,t Austin, the county of I.auder county, required a two daV journey over the d< many places were a several days' trip away from a rail HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE road. By automobile, wagon, on horseback, climbing up to mining camps on foot, the canvassers went; making a house-to- house canvass of ranches many miles apart; travelling 150 miles over the desert all day to speak to the "camp," which was always assembled on the street in front of the largest and best lighted saloon, on their arrival at dusk. Many were the courtesies they received from shirt-sleeved miners and cowboys. They were also greatly assisted by the suffrage association's local chairmen, who would hastily secure substitutes to cook for their "hay crews" and drive miles to arrange meetings. They always tried to reach a settlement or hospitable ranch house for the night. Where this was not possible they slept on blankets in hay fields or on the ground in the heart of the desert itself. The trip covered 3,000 miles. Meanwhile at State headquarters in Reno leaflets that had been carefully written as appeals to "give Nevada women a square deal" were addressed to voters' lists as they registered for the approaching election, under the direction of the society's treas- urer, Mrs. Bessie Eichelberger. A State labor conference representing 6,000 members en- dorsed the amendment and every labor union that took a vote on it. The official endorsements of the Democratic, Progressive and Socialist parties were obtained. Individual Republicans sup- ported it but the party refused its approval and the leading Re- publican newspaper, the Reno Evening Gazette, tinder the orders of George Wingfield, multi-millionaire, with other newspapers he controlled, bitterly fought the amendment to the last. Only one or two newspapers, notably the Nevada State Journal, ac- tively supported it but many published campaign news. Reno papers contained over 200 columns of suffrage matter. Fremont Older, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, gave to State head- quarters the valuable services and paid the expenses of Miss Bessie Beatty, a member of its staff, to direct the State-wide press campaign of news and advertisements planned for Septem- ber and October. With the assistance of President Stubbs and in spite of the opposition of Regent Charles B. Henderson, a College Equal Suffrage League was formed at the State Uni- versity, under the leadership of Miss Clara Smith, and a suffrage NEVADA 397 essay contest was promoted in the schools of the State. Through Judge William P. Seeds' and Miss Martin's efforts a Men's Suffrage League was formed, to counteract the so-called Business Men's League, organized to fight the amendment. A state-wide Anti-Suffrage Society was organized during the last months, led by Mrs. Jewett Adams and Mrs. Paris Ellis of Carson, Mrs. Frank M. Lee of Reno and Mrs. John Henderson of Elko. Miss Minnie Bronson of New York and Mrs. J. D. Oliphant of New Jersey, sent by the National Anti-Suffrage Association, toured the State under their auspices. In contrast with the hardships of travel to remote places endured by the loyal workers for suffrage and the economic problems always to be solved, the speakers for the "antis" only visited the large towns, were provided with every obtainable luxury and the meet- ings well advertised and arranged. The organizer promised by the National Suffrage Association, Mrs. Laura Gregg Cannon, arrived in September and was sent at once to organize more thoroughly the southern counties, as success depended on an overwhelming vote from the miners and ranchers there. Miss Margaret A. Foley of Boston also came, as arranged by Miss Martin, for constant speaking through the northern and southern counties during the last two months. Jane Addams gave a priceless four days to a whirlwind tour. The Overland Limited was stopped for her to speak at and Vinnemucca. She ended her trip at Reno, where she addressed an overflow mass meeting at the Majestic Theater just two weeks before election day. A large public dinner was

i in her honor at the Riverside Hotel by the State Franchise

Society. Dr. Shaw, tireless crusader and incomparable speaker, lied swiftly through the State by train and automobile dur- ing the eight days she gave in October, which were filled with >tions and crowded meetings. Mrs. Martin i^ave a recep- in her home in Reno, whose hospitality was extended ughout the campaign to those who came from outside the State to help it. Dr. Shaw's strenuous itinerary included meet- at Battle Mountain, Winiiennuva, Lovelocks. Reno, aslioc-. on City, Virginia City. li, < ioldtield, 1 .as Vegas and 'iite. She made many hundreds of votes for the amendment. HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE Other notable outside speakers and workers, whose interest was aroused by Miss Martin and who gave their services during the nearly three years' sustained effort, were Miss Annie Kenney of London, Mr. and Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw, Miss Ida Craft and "General" Rosalie Jones of New York; Mrs. Antoinette Funk of Chicago; Mr. and Mrs. William Kent, Dr. Charles F. Aked, J. Stitt Wilson, Miss Gail Laughlin, Dr. Mary Sperry, Mrs. Sara Bard Field, Miss Maud Younger, Miss Charlotte Anita Whitney, Mrs. Alice Park, Mrs. Eleanor Stewart, Mrs. Mary Ringrose of California. The last named did valuable work among the Catholics. Miss Mary Bulkley and Mrs. Alice Day Jackson, a granddaughter of Isabella Beecher Hooker, whom Miss Martin had interested on her visit to Connecticut, came at their own expense and for three weeks canvassed Reno, Carson City, Virginia City and other places. Miss Vernon's work in organization and her many strong speeches on the streets of Reno and in meetings throughout the State were an important factor in winning votes. While many splendid Nevada women worked with enthusiasm and great efficiency in every county, yet without Miss Martin's leadership in organizing them and direction of the campaign during the years 1912-13-14, and without the money she gave and raised, woman suffrage in Ne- vada would probably have been delayed for several years. She personally contributed in her travelling expenses and other ways over $2,000. Aside from this sum the entire three years' cam- paign was made at a cost of $7,000. Out of the 240 precincts in the State every one that had ten votes in it was canvassed and open air or hall meetings held before election. More than 180 were organized, each with a woman leader, who, with her committee, "picketed the polls" every hour during election day, handing out the final appeal to give women a square deal by voting for the amendment. The suffrage map showing Nevada as the last "black spot" in the West was printed in every newspaper and on every leaflet, put up in public places and on large banners hung in the streets. The amendment received the largest proportionate vote for woman suffrage on record. Reno and Washoe county, as had been anticipated, went against it by a majority that was NEVADA 399 brought down to 600. Of the remaining fifteen counties, three others, the oldest in the State Ormsby, Storey and Eureka also defeated the amendment, but the favorable majorities of the other northern counties and the staunch support of the miners in the south won the victory. Esmeralda, a mining county and one of the largest in population, gave a majority for the amend- ment in every precinct. Out of 18,193 votes cast on it, it had a majority in favor of 3,679, and Nevada gave its leverage on Congress for the Federal Amendment. At the annual convention of the State Equal Franchise Society in Reno in February, 1915, the Nevada Woman's Civic League was formed as its successor. It continued an affiliated member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, pledged to support the Federal Amendment. Its object was to meet a general demand of the newly enfranchised women for informa- tion about the wise use of the ballot.

 

1. The History is indebted for this chapter to Mrs. O. H. Mack, vice-president of the State Equal Franchise Society.