Index:A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages-Volume I .pdf

Title	A history of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, I
Author	Henry Charles Lea
Source	pdf
Progress	To be proofread
Transclusion	Index not transcluded or unreviewed

Pages (key to Page Status)

- - - - subtitle - title colo preface iv v - toc viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 - - - - -

CONTENTS.

BOOK I.-ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION OF THE INQUISITION.

CHAPTER I.-THE CHURCH.

	Page
Domination of the Church in the Twelfth Century	1
Causes of Antagonism with the Laity	5
Election of Bishops	6
Simony and Favoritism	7
Martial Character of Prelates	10
Difficulty of Punishing Offenders	13
Prostitution of the Episcopal Office	16
Abuse of Papal Jurisdiction	17
Abuse of Episcopal Jurisdiction	20
Oppression from the Building of Cathedrals	23
Neglect of Preaching	23
Abuses of Patronage	24
Pluralities	25
Tithes	26
Sale of the Sacraments	27
Extortion of Pious Legacies	28
Quarrels over Burials	30
Sexual Disorders	31
Clerical Immunity	32
The Monastic Orders	34
The Religion of the Middle Ages	39
Tendency to Fetishism	40
Indulgences	41
Magic Power of Formulas and Relics	47
Contemporary Opinion	51

Chapter II.—HERESY

	Page
Awakening of the Human Intellect in the Twelfth Century	57
Popular Characteristics	50
Nature of Heresies	60
Antisaccrdotal Heresies	62
Nulity of Sacraments in Polluted Hands.	62
Tanchelm	64
Éon de l'Étoile	66
Peculiar Civilization of Southern France	66
Pierre de Bruys	68
Henry of Lausanne	69
Arnaldo of Brescia	72
Peter Waldo and the Waldenses	76
Passagii, Joseppini, Siscidentes, Runcarii	88
Chapter III.-THE CATHARI
Attractions of the Dualistic Theory	89
Deriation of Catharism from Manichæism	89
Belief and Organization of the Catharan Church	93
Missionary Zeal and Thirst for Martyrdom	102
Not Devil-worshipers.	105
Spread of Catharism from Slavonia	107
Diffusion throughout Europe in the Eleventh Century	108
Increase in Twelfth Century.	110
Comparative Exemption of Germany and England	112
Growth in Italy. Efforts of Innocent III.	114
Its Stronghold in Southern France	117
Its Expected Triumph.	121
Failure of Crusade of 1181	124
Period of Toleration and Growth	125
CHAPTER IV.-THE ALBIGENSIAN CRUSADES
Policy of the Church towards Heresy	129
Suppression of Heresy in the Nivernais	130
Translations of Scripture forbidden at Metz.	131
Power of Raymond VI. of Tonlouse	132
Condition of the Church in his Dominions	134
Innocent III. Undertakes the Suppression of Heresy	136
The Prelates Refuse their Aid	137

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Arnaud of Citeaux Sent as Chief Legate	139
Fruitless Effort to Organize a Crusade in 1204	139
The Bishop of Osma and St. Dominic Urge Fresh Efforts in 1206	141
Attempt to Organize a Crusade in 1207	144
Murder of Pierre de Castelnau, Jan. 16, 1208	145
Crusade successfully Preached in 1208	147
Raymond's Efforts to Avert the Storm	149
His Submission and Penance; Duplicity of Innocent III.	150
Raymond Directs the Crusade against the Vicomte de Béziers	153
Sack of Béziers.—Surrender of Carcassonne	154
Pedro of Aragon and Simon de Montfort	157
De Montford Accepts the Conquered Territories.—His Difficulties	159
Raymond Atacked.—Deceit Practised by the Church	162
His Desperate Efforts to Avert a Rupture	166
First Siege of Toulouse—Raymond Gradually Overpowered	167
Intervention of Pedro of Aragon	170
Raymoud Prejudged.—Trial Denied him	173
Pedro Declares War.—Battle of Muret, Sept. 13, 1213	175
De Montfort's Vicissitudes.—Pious Fraud of the Legate	178
Raymond Deposed and Replaced by De Montfort.	179
The Lateran Counel—It Decides in De Montfort's Favor	181
Rising of the People under the Younger Raymond	184
Second Siege of Toulouse in 1217.—Death of De Montfort	185
Crusade of Louis Cuœr-de-Lion.—Third Siege of Toulouse	187
Raymod VII. Recovers his Lands.—Recrudescence of Heresy	189
Negotiations Opened.—Death of Philip Augustus	190
Louis VIII. Proposes a Crusade.—Raymond Makes Terms with the Church	191
Duplicity of Honorius III—Council of Bourges, Nov. 1225	193
Louis Organizes the Crusade in 1226	197
His Conquering Advance.—His Retreat and Death	199
Desultory War in 1227.—Negotiations in 1228	201
Treaty of Paris, April, 1229.—Persecution Established	203
CHAPTER V-PERSECUTION
Growth of Intolerance in the Early Church	209
Persecution Commences under Constantine	212
The Church Adopts the Death-penalty for Heresy	213
Duty of the Ruler to Suppress Heresy	215
Decline of Persecuting Spirit under the Barbarians	216

	Page
Hesitation to Punish in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries	218
Uncertainty as to Form of Punishment	220
Burning Alive Adopted in the Thirteenth Century	221
Evasion of Responsibility by the Church	223
The Temporal Authority Coerced to Persecute	224
Persecution of the Dead	230
Motives Impelling to Persecution	233
Cruelty of the Middle Ages	234
Exaggerated Detestation of Heresy	236
Influence of Asceticism	238
Conscientious Motives	239
CHAPTER VI.-THE MENDICANT ORDERS.
Material for Reform within the Church	243
Foulques de Neuilly	244
Durán de Huesca anticipates Dominic and Francis	246
St. Dominic, his Career and Character	248
His Order founded in 1214.—Its Success	251
St. Francis of Assisi	256
His Order Founded.—Injunction of Poverty	257
He Realizes the Christian Ideal.	200
Extravagant Laudation of Poverty	264
Influence of the Mendicant Orders	266
Emotional Character of the Age.—The Pastoureaux.—The Flagellants	268
The Mendicants Rendered Independent of the Prelates.	273
Their Utility to the Papacy	274
Antagonism between them and the Secular Clergy.	278
The Battle Fought out in the University of Paris	281
Victory of the Mendicants.—Unappeasable Hostility	289
Degeneracy of the Orders	294
Their Activity as Missionaries	297
Their Functions as Inquisitors	299
Inveterate Hostility between the Orders	302
CHAPTER VII-THE INQUISITION FOUNDED.
Uncertainty in the Discovery and Punishment of Heretics	305
Growth of Episcopal Jurisdiction	308
Procedure in Episcopal Courts.—The Inquisitorial Process	309
System of Inquests	311

	Page
Efforts to Establish an Episcopal Inquisition	313
Endeavor to Create a Legatine Inquisition	315
Fitness of the Mendicant Orders for the Work.	318
Secular Legislation for Suppression of Heresy	319
Edict of Gregory XI. in 1231.—Secular Inquisition Tried	324
Tentative Introduction of Papal Inquisitors	326
Dominicans Invested with Inquisitorial Functions	328
Episcopal Functions not Superseded	330
Struggle between Bishops and Inquisitors	332
Settlement when Inquisition Becomes Permanent.	335
Control Given to Inquisitors in Italy; in France; in Aragon	336
All Opposing Legislation Annulled	341
All Social Forces Placed at Command of Inquisition	342
Absence of Supervision and Accountability	343
Extent of Jurisdiction	347
Penalty of Impeding the Inquisition	349
Fruitless Rivalry of the Bishops	350
Limits of Extension of the Inquisition	351
The Northern Nations Virtually Exempt	352
Africa and the East	355
Vicissitudes of Episcopal Inquisition	356
Greater Efficiency of the Papal Inquisition	364
Bernard Gui's Model Inquisitor	367
CHAPTER VIII—ORGANIZATION
Simplicity of the Inquisition	369
Inquisitorial Districts.—Itinerant Inquests	370
Time of Grace.—Its Effieiency	371
Buildings and Prisons	373
Personnel of the Tribunal	374
The Records.—Their Completeness and Importance	379
Familiars.—Question of Bearing Arms	381
Resources of the State at Command of Inquisitors	385
Episcopal Concurrence in Sentence.	387
The Assembly of Experts	388
The Sermo or Auto de fé	391
Co-operation of Tribunals	394
Occasional Inquisitors-general	307

CHAPTER IX—The INQUISITORIAL PROCESS
	Page
Inquisitor both Judge and Confessor	399
Difficulty of Proving Heresy	400
The Inquisitorial Process universally Employed	401
Age of Responsibility—Proceedings in Absentia. The Dead	402
All Safeguards Withdrawn.—Secrecy of Procedure	405
Confession not Requisite for Conviction	407
Importance Attached to Confession	408
lnterrogatory of the Accused	410
Resourees for Extractiug Confession.—Deceit	411
Irregular Tortures, Mental and Physical.—Delays	417
Formal Torture	421
Retricted by Clement V.	424
Rules for its Employment	426
Retraction of Confessions.	438
CHAPTER X.-EVIDENCE.
Comparative Unimportance of Witnesses	430
Flimsiness of Evidence Admitted	431
The Crime Known as "Suspicion of Heresy"	433
Number of Witnesses.—No Restrictions as to Character or Age	434
Mortal Enmity the only Disability	436
Secrecy of Confessional Disregarded	437
Suppression of Names of Witnesses	437
Evidence sometimes Withheld	439
Frequency of False-witness.—Its Penalty	440
CHAPTER XI.-The DEFENCE
Opportanity of Defenee Reduced to Minimum	443
Denial of Counsel	444
Malice of Witnesses the only Defence	446
Prosecution of the Dead	448
Defence practically Impossible.—Appeals	449
Condemmation virtually Inevitable	453
Suspicion of Heresy,— Light, Vehement, and Violent.	454
Purgation by Conjurators	455
Abjuration	457

CHAPTER XII.—THE SENTENCE
	Page
Penance not Punishment	459
Grades of Penance	462
Miscellaneous Penances	463
Flagellation	464
Pilgrimages	465
Crusades to Palestine	466
Wearing Crosses	468
Fines and Commutations	471
Unfulfilled Penance	475
Bail	476
Abuses.—Bribery and Extortion	477
Destruction of Houses	481
Arbitrary Penalties	488
Imprisonment	484
Troubles about the Expenses	489
Treatment of Prisoners	491
Comparative Frequency of Different Penalties	494
Modification of Sentences	495
Penitents never Pardoned, although Reprieved	496
Penalties of Descendants	498
Inquisitorial Excommunication	500
CHAPTER XIII-CONFISCATION
Origin in the Roman Law	501
The Church Responsible for its Introduction	502
Varying Practice in Decreeing it	504
Degree of Criminality Entailing it	507
Question of the Dowers of Wives	509
The Church Shares the Spoils in Italy	510
In France they are Seized by the State	513
The Bishops Obtain a Share	514
Rapacity of Confiscation	517
Alienations and Obligations Void	522
Paralyzing Influence on Commercial Development	524
Expenses of Inquisition, how Defrayed	525
Persecution Dependent on Confiscation	529

СHAPTER XIV.—ТHE STAKE.
	Page
Theoretical Irresponsibility of the Inquisition	534
The Church Coerces the Secular Power to Burn Heretics	536
Only Impenitent Heretics Burned	541
Relapse.—Hesitation as to its Penalty.—Burning Decided upon	543
Difficulty of Defining Relapse	547
Refusal to Submit to Penance	548
Probable Frequency of Burning	549
Details of Execution	551
Burning of Books	554
Influence of Inquisitorial Methods on the Church	557
Influence on Secular Jurisprudence	559
APPENDIX	563